Voice Capacity Research Articles

Examining the role of national governance capacity in building the global low-carbon agricultural supply chains

The majority of related research has traditionally focused on examining the individual influences of national governance capacity and technological innovation on carbon emissions and economic performance, neglecting the effects and influence mechanisms on carbon efficiency within agricultural supply chains, which is not conducive to advancing a low-carbon transition that includes agricultural concerns. This study addresses these gaps by investigating the correlation between national governance capacity (considering voice and accountability, political stability and absence of violence/terrorism, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law and corruption control) and agricultural supply chain carbon efficiency and investigating the influence mechanism and mediating role of technological innovation. The relevant findings are twofold. 1) The impact of national governance capacity and its components on agricultural carbon efficiency follows an inverted U-shaped curve. 2) Technological innovation can act as a mediator between national governance capacity and select factors of voice and accountability, government effectiveness and regulatory quality to enhance agricultural supply chain carbon efficiency. The findings offer valuable insights for policymakers and managers in agricultural supply chain enterprises seeking to transition towards low-carbon agriculture.

A comprehensive survey of automatic dysarthric speech recognition

The need for automated speech recognition has expanded as a result of significant industrial expansion for a variety of automation and human-machine interface applications. The speech impairment brought on by communication disorders, neurogenic speech disorders, or psychological speech disorders limits the performance of different artificial intelligence-based systems. The dysarthric condition is a neurogenic speech disease that restricts the capacity of the human voice to articulate. This article presents a comprehensive survey of the recent advances in the automatic dysarthric speech recognition (DSR) using machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) paradigms. It focuses on the methodology, database, evaluation metrics, and major findings from the study of previous approaches. From the literature survey it provides the gaps between exiting work and previous work on DSR and provides the future direction for improvement of DSR. The performance of the various machine and DL schemes is evaluated for the DSR on UASpeech dataset based on accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. It is observed that the DL based DSR schems outperforms the ML based DSR schemes.

Survey of Automatic Dysarthric Speech Recognition

The need for automated speech recognition has expanded as a result of significant industrial expansion for a variety of automation and human-machine interface applications. The speech impairment brought on by communication disorders, neurogenic speech disorders, or psychological speech disorders limits the performance of different artificial intelligence-based systems. The dysarthric condition is a neurogenic speech disease that restricts the capacity of the human voice to articulate. This article presents a comprehensive survey of the recent advances in the automatic Dysarthric Speech Recognition (DSR) using machine learning and deep learning paradigms. It focuses on the methodology, database, evaluation metrics and major findings from the study of previous approaches. From the literature survey it provides the gaps between exiting work and previous work on DSR and provides the future direction for improvement of DSR.

Prevalence of Benign Vocal Fold Lesions: Long-Term Results From a Single European Institution

Hoarseness and limited voice capacity are often associated with benign vocal fold (VF) lesions. Despite their high clinical prevalence, epidemiological investigations focusing on these structural alterations are rare. The aim of the study was to present current European data on five typical lesion types (VF nodules, polyp, cyst, contact granuloma, Reinke´s edema). Retrospective investigation. Video recordings of laryngoscopies from all patients with one of the above-mentioned VF pathologies were subjected to a review process. Data collected arose from a single institution over a period of 13years. They were evaluated statistically with respect to lesion type, sex, age at first diagnosis, and affected side. In a total of 535 patients, VF polyps occurred most frequently, followed by Reinke's edema and nodules. Each of the lesion types studied was significantly associated with sex and, except VF cysts, all diagnoses were also significantly related to age. Female sex was a risk factor for VF nodules, cysts, and Reinke's edema, whereas male sex was associated with polyps and contact granulomas. VF nodules occurred predominantly in young patients, VF polyps in middle-aged, Reinke's edema, and contact granulomas in later adulthood. The predominantly affected side (bilateral, right, or left VF) depended on sex. Different prevalences from previous studies resulted from inconsistencies in terms of classification framework, terminology, and definition. In addition to endoscopic findings, socio-cultural backgrounds must also be considered when studying benign VF lesions. Prophylactic voice care education for all populations and concomitant efficacy studies are required. Further research is needed to verify possible correlations between sex and the affected side. A non-binary view could broaden the spectrum of phoniatric research issues.

GROUP RIGHTS, GENDER JUSTICE, AND WOMEN’S SELF-HELP GROUPS: EXIT, VOICE, AND LOYALTY IN AN INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY IN INDIA

AbstractThis essay addresses tensions within political philosophy between group rights, which allow historically marginalized communities some self-governance in determining its own rules and norms, and the rights of marginalized subgroups, such as women, within these communities. Community norms frequently uphold patriarchal structures that define women as inferior to men, assign them a subordinate status within the community, and cut them off from the individual rights enjoyed by women in other sections of society. As feminists point out, the capacity for voice and exit cannot be taken for granted, for community norms may be organized in ways that deny women any voice in its decision-making forums as well as the resources they would need to survive outside the community. This essay draws on research among the Gond, an indigenous community in India, to explore this debate. Given the strength of the forces within the community militating against women’s capacity for voice or exit, the question motivating our research is: Can external organizations make a difference? We explore the impacts of two external development organizations that sought to work with women within these communities in order to answer this question.

Voice Quality of Choir Singers and the Effect of a Performance on the Voice

The voice use of choir singers is understudied despite the imbalance of high vocal demands versus low vocal education, and consequently increased risk for voice problems. Also, there is a lack of information on the effects of a performance on choristers' voices. Available studies included performances of at least one hour. To date, no studies investigated the effects of a choir performance with a duration resembling vocal warm-ups. The first purpose of this study was to determine the voice quality, capacities, symptoms and voice-related quality of life of choir singers. Secondly, the effect of a short choir performance, resembling warm-up duration (15 minutes), on the choristers' voices was investigated. A randomized controlled trial was used. Thirty adult choir singers (25 women, 5 men; mean age: 32 years) were assigned randomly to an experimental group or a control group. Participants in the experimental group sung in choir for 15 minutes immediately after their pre voice assessment, whereas the control group was instructed to have standard voice use (one-on-one conversation with the investigator, no singing) across that time span. A second voice assessment was repeated afterwards. The choir singers showed excellent voice quality and capacities with mean scores on the Dysphonia Severity Index and Acoustic Voice Quality Index of 7.5 and 2.0, respectively. Auditory-perceptually, the mean grade score was 5/100 corresponding with a normal to mildly deviant voice quality. Patient-reported outcome measures showed mean deviant scores, indicating a considerable singing voice handicap. The choir singers seem vulnerable for stress with a high occurrence rate of 76.7% (23/30). Compared with the control group, the Dysphonia Severity Index significantly improved, whereas the self-perceived presence of vocal fatigue and complaints increased after 15 minutes of choir singing. Fundamental frequency increased in both groups, being more outspoken in the experimental group. Choir singers show excellent voice quality and capacities, that further improve after a short choir performance of 15 minutes. Vocal fatigue and complaints, on the other hand, already increased after that short time span. Realizing that vocal load is much higher in real-life rehearsals, competitions and performances, choristers deserve and need a qualitative voice training and a strict follow-up. Future research should focus on effective vocal warm-up and cool-down programs for this population.

THE ROLE OF COMPOSERS AND CONDUCTORS IN THE PROCESS OF YOUNG CHORISTERS’ MUSICAL DEVELOPMENT

We can influence the development of children’s musical and cognitive capacities as well as the increase in their general perceptive capacities by means of singing. Conductors and composers who create music literature for children significantly influence their musical development along with the development of their musical sensitivity. They must, however, be aware of the physiology of children’s voice apparatus, emotional development, and the shaping of voice and aural capacities within the age groups they deal with. An important element is also the collaboration of a conductor and a composer during the process of creation and preparation of a piece featuring a children’s choir. The author describes how children’s voice, musical and cognitive capacities develop during subsequent periods of their musical development, what differences there are in the structure of voice apparatus in adults and in children and what results from these differences, she also touches on the issue of a child’s voice range. Moreover, she outlines how, thanks to cooperation, a conductor and a composer may contribute to the improvement of music competencies in children. She then pays attention to what a composer should take into consideration while writing music for children depending on their age in order to help them shape their musical talents, and to the fact that by creating relevant children’s repertoire he can influence the shaping of a child’s personality. The author also writes what a conductor should be guided by when choosing the repertoire and constructing vocal exercises for working with children, plus how he can make his classes attractive and thus interesting for children. To conclude, she makes readers reflect on what qualities people working with children should cultivate in themselves as they are the ones that often determine the future of young singers. Keywords: children’s choirs, youth choirs, a child’s vocal apparatus, vocal apparatus development, choir compositions for children, work of a conductor with children’s ensembles.

On Speech as the Political Faculty in the Anthropocene. The Sensualities of Voice and Taste Combined

The paper revises the idea of speech as a fundamental political faculty in response to the challenges of the Anthropocene. First, it is argued that, rather than as a subsystem of language, speech should be conceptualised as the expression of the embodied capacity of voice (in this respect, the paper follows Adriana Cavarero’s [2005] argument). Secondly, vocality is linked to the faculty of taste (understood as in Arendt’s reading of Kant) to locate politics in the broader order of materiality (physis).

HIGH QUALITY LOW BITRATE VOICE CODEC FOR TRANSMISSION OVER ADVANCED LTE

In mobile communication systems bit-rate reductions while maintaining an acceptable voice quality are necessary to achieve efficiency in channel bandwidth utilization and users satisfaction. As Long-Term Evolution(LTE) converging towards all-IP solutions and supporting VOIP service, the voice signals are converted into coded digital bit-stream and sent over the network. This paper proposes the implementation of codebook excited linear prediction (CELP) voice codec algorithm based on two source-rates of low 9.6Kbps and medium 16Kbps for achieving a perceptible level of voice quality, while efficiently using available bandwidth during the transmission over advanced LTE. The architecture of proposed CELP codec model is implemented to decompose the voice signal into a set of parameters that characterize each particular frame at the encoder part, these parameters are quantized and encoded for transmission to the decoder. The investigation showed that the configuration of the link and the applied CELP codec mode mainly influence on the obtained voice capacity and quality. The quantifying also shows that the voice quality can be traded for the enhanced capacity, since the low rate codec will produce lower voice quality than higher rate codec. Also, this paper is achieved, during theconfiguration of the system with higher channel quality indicator (CQI) index, increasing in the capacity gain to a saturated value of about 500 and 1000 users per cell over 5MHz bandwidth for transmit diversity (TD) and Open-Loop Spatial Multiplexing (OLSM) respectively and up to 1000 and 2000 users per cell over 10MHz channel bandwidth for TD and OLSM respectively.

Realigning Dispossession and Negotiating Development: The Konda Reddis’ ‘Capacity to Aspire’

Culture for long has been undermined in development planning by setting it in opposition to future thinking development. Through the concept of cultural ‘capacity to aspire’, Appadurai offers a method of intervention in bringing culture to the forefront of development. The paper uses this method in explicating the Konda Reddis’ (Andhra Pradesh state, South India), capacity to aspire through their engagement with the state’s development policy envisaged and implemented for them. In the process, the paper questions, can the Adivasi; or have the Adivasis; or do the Adivasis; engineer the capacity to aspire within and outside the rhetoric of poverty and development. The conversations and group discussions carried out with the Konda Reddis show their ‘capacity for voice’, how they build ‘consensus through dissensus’ and negotiate development by altering their ‘terms of recognition’. These three aspects which together reflects their capacity to aspire, voices a counter knowledge production to the dominant, the state, that they have been keenly observing and engaging with, and concluding as a system of promises without the will to deliver. Through conviction, and compliance, the Konda Reddis negotiate development.

Contested Understandings in the Global Garment Industry after Rana Plaza

ABSTRACTThis Introduction synthesizes the key themes of this special cluster of articles and explores the implications of the three contributions on garment supply chains after the Rana Plaza disaster. The three articles examine the perspectives of key stakeholders in garment value chains — global buyers, managers of garment factories in Bangladesh, and workers at these factories — and analyses their responses to the new governance initiatives that emerged in the aftermath of Rana Plaza. Placing the contrasting perspectives of these stakeholders alongside each other starkly reveals how their different positions within hierarchically organized global value chains form the particular lens through which they view post‐Rana Plaza initiatives. This special cluster scrutinizes the particular understandings of these stakeholders and reveals the very different capacity for voice and influence that they bring to bear in shaping outcomes. It reflects on the contradictory imperatives faced by actors in the garment industry caught between a logic of competition on the one hand and global labour standards norms on the other. The Introduction concludes by examining the prospects for a re‐embedding of the market in global value chains via the activation of civil society.

“Because I’m a girl”: Troubling shared visions for music education

In light of recent discussions on the importance of shared visions in teacher education, this inquiry raises necessary questions as to whose visions shape unified and shared visions, and whose remain absent, unspoken, or silenced in the margins. The starting point for this inquiry was a set of visions for music education in Nepal that were co-constructed with over 50 musician-teachers working in the Kathmandu Valley, during a series of 16 workshops guided by Appreciative Inquiry’s 4D cycle. Despite the challenges female musician-teachers encounter in their pursuit of music in Nepal, no reference to these injustices was apparent in the resulting shared visions. This inquiry therefore engages with the nature and possible causes of this lack of reference, leaning on economist and philosopher Amartya Sen’s (2009) idea of justice and social-cultural anthropologist Arjun Appadurai’s (2004) notions of the capacity to aspire and the capacity for voice. The critical (Kuntz, 2015) and reflexive (Alvesson & Sköldberg, 2009) work guiding this inquiry suggests that while the workshops were guided by the aim to be inclusive, the need to come to consensus when co-constructing shared visions both reflected and obscured the injustices experienced by female musician-teachers. The article concludes by offering insights for music teacher education.

The usefulness of the acoustic and the capacity analysis of singing voice.

The aim of the study was to assess the acoustic and capacity analysis of singing voice using DiagnoScope Specialist software. The study was conducted in 120 adults subjects, including 74 women and 46 men aged 21-5, were divided into 3 groups: I -40 subjects (treatment group) - professional vocalists, II- 40 subjects (treatment group) - semiprofessional vocalists, III- 40 subjects (control group) - students of The Military Medical Faculty at Medical University of Lodz - nonsingers. The research methodology included: primary medical history, physical examination (otolaryngological), vdeolaryngoscopic examination, the GRBAS scale for subjective voice evaluation, diagnostic voice acoustic and capacity analysis using DiagnoScope Specialist software, survey on lifestyle patterns which may affect voice quality. Average value of the fundamental frequency F0 was the highest in professional vocalists' group was 316,46 Hz in women and 165,09 Hz in men, in semiprofessional vocalists' group was accordingly 260,50 Hz and 149,26 Hz, in nonsingers' group was accordingly 261,23 Hz and 159, 27 Hz. Average value of Jitter parameter in professional vocalists' group was 0,30% in women and 0,54% in men, in semiprofessional vocalists' group was accordingly 0,31% and 0,57%, in nonsingers' group was 0,31% and 0,56%. Average value of Shimmer parameter in professional vocalists' group was 3,27% in women and 3,75% in men, in semiprofessional vocalists' group was accordingly 3,46% and 3,77%, in nonsingers' group was 4,33% and 4,39%. Average value of NHR index in professional vocalists' group was 3,28% in women and 6,00% in men, in semiprofessional vocalists' group was accordingly 3,23% and 6,72%, in nonsingers' group was 3,89% and 6,13%. Values of the parameters which are measuring the character of the voice, relative period-to-period fundamental frequency perturbations, relative period-to-period amplitude perturbation and level of buzzing together with other methods have diagnostic and predictive value in early detection of voice disorders. Capacity analysis in singing voice showed very low values of the following parameters: phonation time, true phonation time, no phonation coefficient, voice efficiency coefficient and voice capacity. Key words: The acoustic and capacity analysis, singing voice.

Acoustic and capacity analysis of the vocal organ in patients with functional and organic larynx disorders using the DiagnoScope Specialist software.

The aim of the study was to assess the acoustic and capacity analysis of singing voice using DiagnoScope Specialist software. The study was conducted in 131 adult subjects, including 74 women and 46 men aged 21-51, divided into 3 groups: I - 40 subjects (treatment group) - professional vocalists, II - 40 subjects (treatment group) - semiprofessional vocalists, III - 40 subjects (control group) - students of The Military Medical Faculty at the Medical University of Lodz - nonsingers. The research methodology included: primary medical history, physical examination (otolaryngological), videolaryngoscopic examination, the GRBAS scale for subjective voice evaluation, diagnostic voice acoustic and capacity analysis using DiagnoScope Specialist software, survey on lifestyle patterns which may affect voice quality. R esults: Average value of the fundamental frequency F0 was the highest in professional vocalists group; it was 316.46 Hz in women and 165.09 Hz in men. In semiprofessional vocalists group it was accordingly 260.50 Hz and 149.26 Hz, in nonsingers group it was accordingly 261.23 Hz and 159.27 Hz. The mean value of Jitter parameter in professional vocalists group was 0.30% in women and 0.54% in men, in semiprofessional vocalists group it was accordingly 0.31% and 0.57%, in nonsingers group it was 0.31% and 0.56%. The mean value of Shimmer parameter in professional vocalists group was 3.27% in women and 3.75% in men, in semiprofessional vocalists group it was accordingly 3.46% and 3.77%, in nonsingers group it was 4.33% and 4.39%. The mean value of the NHR index in professional vocalists group was 3.28% in women and 6.00% in men, in semiprofessional vocalists group it was accordingly 3.23% and 6.72%, in nonsingers group it was 3.89% and 6.13%. Values of the parameters which measure the character of the voice, relative period-to-period fundamental frequency perturbations, relative period-to-period amplitude perturbation and level of buzzing together with other methods have diagnostic and predictive value in early detection of voice disorders. Capacity analysis in singing voice showed very low values of the following parameters: phonation time, true phonation time, no phonation coefficient, voice efficiency coefficient and voice capacity.

Towards an Enabling Environment for Social Accountability in Bangladesh.

Social accountability refers to promoting good governance by making ruling elites more responsive. In Bangladesh, where bureaucracy and legislature operate with little effective accountability or checks and balances, traditional horizontal or vertical accountability proved to be very blunt and weak. In the presence of such faulty mechanisms, ordinary citizen’s access to information is frequently denied, and their voices are kept mute. It impasses the formation of an enabling environment, where activists and civil society institutions representing the ordinary people’s interest are actively discouraged. They become vulnerable to retribution. Social accountability, on the other hand, provides an enabling environment for activists and civil society institutions to operate freely. Thus, leaders and administration become more accountable to people. An enabling environment means providing legal protection, enhancing the availability of information and increasing citizen voice, strengthening institutional and public service capacities and directing incentives that foster accountability. Donors allocate significant shares of resources to encouraging civil society to partner with elites rather than holding them accountable. This paper advocate for a stronger legal environment to protect critical civil society and whistle-blowers, and for independent grant-makers tasked with building strong, self-regulating social accountability institutions.

From Knowledge to Informational Basis: Capability, Capacity to Aspire and Research

This article explores the way the process of transformation of knowledge into an ‘informational basis’ (of policies and of public choice) represents a good terrain for building an effective exchange and collaboration between the capability approach and other efforts, in the social sciences, to emphasize the crucial role of agency, actors’ critical capacities and voice. Beyond the rhetorical image of our self-claimed ‘knowledge societies’, the analysis of the contemporary characteristics of the relationship between knowledge and an informational basis leads us to reconceive research in terms of a human right to actively participate in the knowledge-making process, enabling citizens’ capacity for voice to intervene in the construction of the informational bases of the collective decision. Starting from focusing on these transformations through research cases about the informational basis framing the relationship between safety and work, the article shows how, beyond labour issues, at stake is the relationship between knowledge and democracy, as the core moment of the latter, before the political choice is the cognitive one. An effective interaction between the capability approach and other social science perspectives of research centred on agency and capacity offers very helpful analytical tools for a critical appraisal and inquiry into these transformations.

Distributed and Adaptive Medium Access Control for Internet-of-Things-Enabled Mobile Networks

In this paper, we propose a distributed and adaptive hybrid medium access control (DAH-MAC) scheme for a single-hop Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled mobile ad hoc network supporting voice and data services. A hybrid superframe structure is designed to accommodate packet transmissions from a varying number of mobile nodes generating either delay-sensitive voice traffic or best-effort data traffic. Within each superframe, voice nodes with packets to transmit access the channel in a contention-free period (CFP) using distributed time division multiple access, while data nodes contend for channel access in a contention period (CP) using truncated carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance. In the CFP, by adaptively allocating time slots according to instantaneous voice traffic load, the MAC exploits voice traffic multiplexing to increase the voice capacity. In the CP, a throughput optimization framework is proposed for the DAH-MAC, which maximizes the aggregate data throughput by adjusting the optimal contention window size according to voice and data traffic load variations. Numerical results show that the proposed MAC scheme outperforms existing quality-of-service-aware MAC schemes for voice and data traffic in the presence of heterogeneous traffic load dynamics.

Automatic classification of laryngeal mechanisms in singing based on the audio signal

Laryngeal mechanisms are physical adjustments of the vocal tract that enable the human voice capacity of producing a wide frequency range. They are also directly related to the notion of registers, a common concept in singing that may be defined as different vocal qualities or timbre changes by the singers. Thus, laryngeal mechanisms are an important parameter of human voice production, both for speech and for singing. Until now, the identification of laryngeal mechanisms is a manual labor. A trained clinician needs to analyze the outcomes of electroglottography (a specific clinical procedure) to make the distinction among these mechanisms. This paper presents a method for the automatic classification of laryngeal mechanisms. The approach consists of calculating textural features extracted from the images of the spectrogram of the audio signal and making the distinction among the mechanisms using a classifier. Our proposal achieved promising results without parameter optimization. This fact indicates that it is suitable to perform the discrimination between laryngeal mechanisms employing the visual aspect of spectrograms. Besides, there are no other work in literature concerning about automatically classifying these mechanisms, and further, based only on the voice signal.

Evolution of Modern Communication Systems

Modern communications technology revolutionized the way, mobility and efficiency of electronic communications. Starting from with Alexander Graham Bells’ telephone experiments to widely practiced W-CDMA network and the nearly achieved 4G mode of communications, all had and will have great contributions in today’s voice/data network arena. Wireless technology has achieved evolutionary success aiming at unified target: efficiency, performance and feasibility in high mobile environment. The mobile experience is expanding everywhere fulfilling the basic electronic communication needs. The first generation (1G) was analog. 1G established seamless mobile connectivity used for basic mobile voice until being replaced by the second generation (2G) digital telecommunications technologies which increased voice capacity delivering mobile to the masses with network infrastructure supporting text messaging. The success of digital voice and simple data prompted to the development of cellular wireless communication system with improved data connectivity and more accessible features leads to followed by the third generation (3G). Third generation system having mobile optimization for data enabling mobile broadband services with better and higher speed of data transfer and connectivity. The fourth generation (4G) having more capacity for faster and better wireless mobile broadband experiences with accessing capability to wide range of communication services, including advanced mobile services, and enhancement in the quality of services with increase in the bandwidth. In this paper we address the evolution of wireless modern mobile communication systems, from first generation (1G) to the widely practiced third generation (3G), recently introduced fourth generation (4G) and some glimpse of foreseeable future of fifth generation (5G).

How to challenge a culturalization of human existence? Promoting interculturalism and ethical thinking in education

What if culture appears to be a universal solution – and problem – to all human encounters in the multicultural school? When teachers explain the problems encountered by minority pupils simply by reference to their cultural (religious) backgrounds, one faces the danger of culturalization where the other’s difference is explained only by his/her ethnicity. Culturalization is highly problematic because it emphasizes stereotyped inter-group differences and by doing so erases intra-group and inter-individual differences. The article argues that culture is fundamental in human existence, but it should not be an ambiguous dimension if the school seeks to help the learner get a stronger capacity of voice and aspiration. In order to challenge culturalization of human existence, it is crucial for education to promote the paradigm of interculturalism. Such a paradigm requires educators to acknowledge multiple forms of identity belongings for the individual and to resist the interpretation of culture as common sense. Education becomes intercultural and provides liberating categorizations for the individual when it acknowledges the true value of chosen cultural affiliations and individual aspirations. Nonetheless, promoting interculturalism might not be sufficient. Facing the potential danger of culturalization, we also need to foster ethics in education, in order to deconstruct the categories of cultural identity and belonging. Drawing on the philosophy of Emmanuel Levinas (1905-1995) the article argues that loving the other implies the act of loving the other person as a brother and as a stranger. Responsibility understood as an ethical responsibility opens up the community’s traditional structures and promotes a politics of ethical difference. Justice, thus, is not only about how well rights and duties are enforced, but also a matter of the other’s right to be other. Difference as a category is in other words not cultural but refers to the fundamental uniqueness of each subject, defined as both a concrete and irreplaceable human being. Although Levinasian ethics is demanding and does not provide any concrete guidance to educators, it adds a necessary dimension of definition and justification to our responsibility towards the other beyond any categorization. Consequently, a pedagogy of ethical disruption and the event of ethical subjectivity is made possible through the exploration of intercultural education.