Capacity Factor Values Research Articles

GREEN HPLC DETERMINATION OF PHENYTOIN AND METHOD VALIDATION

Objective: In this study, the chromatographic behavior of the antiepileptic drug phenytoin was determined by the green HPLC method. The optimization of the developed method was based on the capacity factor values of phenytoin in varying water-ethanol binary mixtures and the ethanol concentration in the mobile phase where the compound was analyzed. Material and Method: Ethanol-water binary mixtures containing 35%, 40%, and 45% (v/v) ethanol were used in the optimization for the determination performed by the RPLC method. Retention times of the compound were determined with the Zorbax SB-CN (150x4.6 mm, 3.5 µm ID) column. Analyzes were performed at a constant flow rate (0.3 ml/min) and column temperature (37°C). The optimum condition for quantitative analysis was determined as an ethanol-water binary mixture containing 40% (v/v) ethanol with a pH of 6.5. Result and Discussion: In this study, the hydrophobicity of phenytoin was calculated using the logk-φ relationship. The optimum condition was determined using the obtained chromatographic data, and the quantitative determination of phenytoin in the commercial tablet formulation was made by the internal standard method. Under these conditions, excellent linearity (r>0.99) was obtained in the concentration range of 0.8-2.8 μg/ml. The detection limit of the developed method is 0.021 μg/ml; the limit of quantitation was calculated as 0.064 μg/ml. The recovery value of the method was determined as 99.61%. It was concluded that the parameters of precision, accuracy, and method robustness were appropriate for the validation procedures.

Wind energy cost evaluation based on a techno-economic assessment in the Algerian highlands

Wind energy is an important and growing source of renewable energy. It is becoming increasingly integrated into electricity markets around the world. In Algeria in particular, the integration of wind power into the electricity grid is being developed based on a government project to achieve a high penetration rate. In this context, this study is elaborated to analyse the techno-economic assessment of the electrical energy production from four selected wind turbines: Vestas V-80; Suzlon S-82; Enercon E-58 and Gamesa G-114, installed at three sites in the Algerian highlands, namely El Beidh, Sétif and Djelfa. The three highland sites are chosen due to their good wind potential. On the other hand, the Algerian transmission electrical network DZ-114 bus presents some technical problems in the highlands related to low voltage profiles. Therefore, wind farm integration in these three sites can be beneficial as voltage magnitude support. Besides, it can be an important tool to reduce fossil fuel consumption and pollutant gases from conventional plants. Wind potential assessment and economic analysis were carried out for the three selected sites using wind speed data measured 10 m above ground level over 10 years. The results obtained confirm that the Gamesa G114 wind turbine is the most suitable for all the sites and in particular for El Bayadh, as it offers both the highest annual energy production (AEP) and capacity factor (CF) values in all the selected sites and guarantees the lowest unit energy cost (UEC) compared to other types of wind turbines.

Influence of material properties of liquid absorption filters for concentrated photovoltaic/thermal hybrid systems

A concentrated photovoltaic/thermal system with a liquid filter is an effective technique to utilize the whole solar spectrum for power production. However, fundamental issues still need further investigation, including the structure of flow design and absorptive fluid selection principles. This paper presents a comparative study of optimized configurations of fluid flow channels in a concentrated photovoltaic/thermal system. MATLAB was used to study the influence of fluid thermal properties and transmittance on the system performance. The results showed that increasing the ideality factor from 0.5 to 1 can improve the overall exergy efficiencies of the coupled and decoupled concentrated photovoltaic/thermal system by 2.2 % and 2.4 %, respectively. Moreover, it was found that the coupled concentrated photovoltaic/thermal is more suitable for electrical production when the heat capacity exceeds 2500 J/kgK. The coupled system’s outlet temperature is boosted to 20˚C when the ideality factor is decreased by 20 % but requires significantly lower specific heat capacities. Overall energy efficiency tends to be higher at high heat capacity and low ideality factor values, while exergy efficiency tends to be higher at high heat capacity and high ideality factor values.

Performance of grid-connected photovoltaic systems in Northern and Southern Hemispheres under equatorial climate

This work studied the actual and simulated technical performance between two grid-connected photovoltaic (GCPV) systems representing opposite latitudes. The system with a capacity of 5.4 kWp installed in Kelantan, Malaysia represents the northern equator, and the 183.6 kWp system installed in Cikarang, Indonesia, denotes the southern equator. The performance was simulated using PVsyst software, which included the energy output (E_outt), reference yield (Y_r), final yield 〖(Y〗_f), performance ratio (PR), and capacity factor (CF). The mean bias error (MBE) between the actual and simulated technical performance were as follows; for system A, the yearly MBE for the E_out, Y_r, Y_f, PR, and CF were -0.4%, 17.1%, -1.4%, -15.8%, and 1.4%, respectively, and for system B, the E_out, Y_r, 〖 Y〗_f, PR, and CF values were 9.80%, 18.3%, 10.0%, -7.2%, and 10.0% respectively. The results have proven that PVsyst has successfully simulated the yearly E_out, 〖 Y〗_f and CF for both systems including PR, for system B, with MBE less than 10%. However, it is noteworthy to highlight that PVsyst significantly overestimated the Y_r of both systems up to 18.3% and conversely underestimated the PR for system A by 15.8%, which highly likely caused by the Meteonorm imported weather data.

Renewable Energy Complementarity (RECom) maps – a comprehensive visualisation tool to support spatial diversification

Abstract. Maps showing the mean wind speed only give an inaccurate indication of the quality of locations for future wind power developments. Calculating the capacity factor and plotting that on a map gives a better indication of the expected mean power output, but the outcome depends on the turbine choice. In this article, we introduce a general step-by-step method for improved visualisation of potential wind power locations. First, the mentioned dependency on turbine choice is compensated for by putting the expected mean power output in relation to the expected mean power output of all other wind parks of the region. This relative capacity factor results in comprehensive wind resource maps and can be plotted for the situation today and also for a future scenario. Since the expected income of a potential wind park is the product of mean power output and mean market value, looking at the relative capacity factor only does not give the full picture. The mean market value is influenced by the merit order effect that is mainly driven by covariance with other wind parks and the capacity factor's relation to production at low-wind moments. A market value factor is introduced that captures the expected mean market value relative to other wind parks, based on a simplified power market model. Finally the Renewable Energy Complementarity (RECom) index is defined, combining the relative capacity factor and market value factor into a single index, resulting in RECom maps. This map can comprehensively show the revenue potential of different locations for potential future wind power developments.

Evaluation of a Database of the Spanish Wind Energy Resources Derived from a Regional Reanalysis

An enhanced database (RetroDB) of the Spanish wind energy resources, derived from a high spatial resolution integration with the WRF model, is proposed and evaluated. RetroDB provides hourly capacity factor (CF) values for the Spanish regions, along the period of 2007–2020, with an unprecedented spatial resolution. RetroDB estimates were benchmarked based on the ERA5 global reanalysis. A comprehensive evaluation study of both RetroDB and ERA5 estimates was conducted using surface and tall mast measurements, along with actual CF values. The extent to which RetroDB and ERA5 reproduced the CF spatial variability, distribution, and ramp distribution were specifically addressed. The results showed no differences between the global and regional reanalysis performance regarding nationally aggregated wind energy estimates. Nevertheless, RetroDB clearly shows a superior performance reproducing the wind speeds’ and CFs’ spatial and temporal distributions. This was found to be related to the higher reliability of RetroDB reproducing the aloft winds in complex topographic areas. Overall, the results clearly indicate that, in areas such as the study region, where the wind resources are mostly associated with topographic enhancements, high spatial resolution regional reanalyses are preferable over relative coarse reanalyses (e.g., ERA5), particularly for wind energy integration studies. RetroDB database is made publicly available.

The impact of green FDI on environmental quality in less developed countries: A case study of load capacity factor based on PCSE and FGLS techniques

This paper examines the effect of green foreign direct investment (GFDI) on environmental quality (EQ) in 34 less-developed countries (LDCs) from 2003 to 2021. We analyze balanced panel data using Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) and Panel-Corrected Standard Errors (PCSE). Our findings reveal several vital insights: (1) GFDI helps improve EQ. (2) Environmental costs associated with economic growth are negative. (3) Trade openness positively influences EQ. (4) EQ is enhanced by institutional quality, energy use, and population expansion in the chosen countries. (5) The existence of a U-shaped curve was established. This is valuable to the relatively scanty literature on GFDI, especially in LDCs. To the best of our awareness, this study simultaneously employs the Load Capacity Factor (LCF) and Total Value of Announced Greenfield projects as proxies for environmental sustainability and GFDI for the first time. Secondly, incorporating PCSE and FGLS models in this context is an innovative methodological strategy. The present research work provides to the existing theoretical and empirical discussions on GFDI and EQ and has practical implications that inform policy-making.

Offshore wind power plant site selection in the Baltic Sea

The selection of suitable sites for offshore wind power plants is an important marine spatial planning problem in the Baltic Sea. The application of multiple and different decision support tools (DSTs) can facilitate site selection. This study employs a geographical information system (GIS) integrated with the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) model, and GIS with multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) using an analytical hierarch process (AHP), fuzzy logic, weighted linear combination (WLC), and the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) as an extension of MCDA. The core novelty of the study is the use of several concurrent state-of-the art techniques to quantify the detailed spatial pattern of suitability of different sea areas for offshore wind power plant installations for the entire Baltic Sea at an unprecedented, for such a large sea area, resolution. Important parameters were identified and data from the Global Wind Atlas, HELCOM, and EMODnet portals were used. The most appropriate areas exhibit LCOE values between 42 and 58 €/MWh, MCDA values in the range of 0.78–0.92, and capacity factor values from 0.52 to 0.55. The areas identified as the least appropriate were characterized by LCOE values ranging from 107 to 210 €/MWh, MCDA values between 0.34 and 0.59, and capacity factor values within the range of 0.30–0.43. The outcomes using both methodologies were similar. The decision preferred are mostly locations close to shore in shallow water and with a high capacity factor. The largest suitable areas are in the south-west Baltic Sea whereas some suitable locations are identified further to the north and east.

Sustainable solar energy development in Zakho, Iraq: a techno-economic and environmental assessment

This study presents a solar energy roadmap aimed at attracting investors to capitalize on the abundant solar resources in Zakho, Iraq, for clean energy technology. The objective is to mitigate global warming effects caused by fossil fuel combustion and promote sustainable technological development. To end this, the study employs RETScreen Expert software to validate the techno-economic and environmental viability of a grid-connected solar photovoltaic system utilizing climatic data from the Astronaut Office Information System (NASA) Database. Additionally, the Photovoltaic Geographical Information System (PVGIS) modeling method determines optimal angles for installing residential rooftop Photovoltaic (PV) systems across selected locations. Results indicate that all selected locations are suitable for solar photovoltaic projects, with Rezgari identified as the optimal district due to its highest annual solar radiation of 1863.117 kWh/m2 and the highest annual electricity production at 7905.38 kWh. The capacity factor (CF) values fall within the range of 17.395-17.574%. The study reveals an annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction ranging from 6.9876 to 7.1123 (tCO2) across four districts. Considering the financial and environmental indicators, Rooftop Photovoltaic Systems emerge as a sustainable and efficient solution to enhance the environment and prove economically viable in Zakho City.

Comparative analysis of different methods in estimating wind speed distribution, and evaluation of large‐scale wind turbine performance in Rahva‐Bitlis, Turkey

AbstractIn this study, wind characteristics and electricity generation potential from wind energy were investigated in the Bitlis‐Rahva region in eastern Turkey. Ten‐minute wind data from the Bitlis meteorological station were used in the study. The determination of the wind speed (WS) distribution was carried out using the WindPRO program together with the Weibull and Rayleigh distributions. R2, RMSE, and χ2 goodness‐of‐fit tests were used to measure the accuracy of the velocity distribution process. A digital elevation model of the power generation site was created to evaluate wind data and predict turbine performance. Wind power generation performance was evaluated using five different wind turbines (WTs). A power curve model was developed for the WTs to determine the capacity for energy generation. According to the error tests, it has been determined that the results obtained with the WindPRO program can represent the observed wind data most accurately. The results from the WindPRO program analysis showed an average annual WS of 3.26 m/s and a power density of 49.77 W/m2. Increasing height was found to increase WS and power density. The prevailing wind direction was found to be South‐Southwest with a frequency value of 27.5%. The largest capacity factor was obtained from the WT with the largest rotor diameter and rated power. Out of all the WTs examined, the turbine with the largest rated power and rotor diameter produced the greatest amount of energy. According to the capacity factor values calculated for the selected WTs, the region is not considered efficient for wind energy investments. However, as WS and power density increase with increasing altitude, it is thought that different higher parts of the region may be more efficient in terms of wind energy utilization.

Pollution Effect of Used Engine Oil on Chemical Properties and some Heavy Metals of Sandy Soil

Used engine oil pollution is a serious multidimensional problem affecting all aspects of the environment leads to changes the physical, chemical and microbiological properties of the soil and this leads to the accumulation of nutrient and heavy metals in the soil and eventually transfers to plant. This research was carried out to study the effect of used engine oil pollution and incubation period on some chemical properties and heavy metals of the soil. Sandy soil contaminated with used engine oil levels of 0.0, 2.5, 5, 15, 30 and 60 ml. kg-. Soil samples were incubated for two and four weeks with the pollutant. The results showed that there was a significant effect of the two incubation periods and the levels of the pollutant in reducing the pH values in all samples. An effect of the incubation period and oil level factors in increasing the values of organic matter and cation exchange capacity factor was observed in the studied samples, and the effect was evident in the second incubation period. It was noted that there was a fluctuation in the concentrations of the studied heavy elements between significant and non-significant increases as a result of adding different levels of used engine oil.

A Novel Approach in Skin Care: By-Product Extracts as Natural UV Filters and an Alternative to Synthetic Ones.

The cosmetic industry has been focusing on replacing synthetic ingredients with natural ones, taking advantage of their bioactive compounds. This work assessed the biological properties of onion peel (OP) and passion fruit peel (PFP) extracts in topical formulations as an alternative to synthetic antioxidants and UV filters. The extracts were characterized regarding their antioxidant capacity, antibacterial capacity and sun protection factor (SPF) value. Results revealed that the OP extract exhibited better results, which can result from the high concentrations of quercetin, as identified and quantified in HPLC analysis. Afterward, nine formulations of O/W creams were produced with minor changes in the quantity of additives: OP and PFP extract (natural antioxidants and UV filters), BHT (synthetic antioxidant) and oxybenzone (synthetic UV filter). The stability of the formulations was determined for 28 days; it was verified that they remained stable throughout the study period. The assays of the formulations' antioxidant capacity and SPF value revealed that OP and PFP extracts have some photoprotective properties and are excellent sources of antioxidants. As a result, they can be incorporated in daily moisturizers with SPF and sunscreens replacing and/or diminishing the quantities of synthetic ingredients, reducing their negative effects on human health and the environment.

Performance investigation and estimation of the 1 kWp photovoltaic array for an isolated hilly area in India

AbstractThis paper presents the assessment of solar resources, investigation of performance, and estimation of normalized performance indices of a 1 kWp Solar PV system in India's climatology of an isolated hilly area. The monthly and yearly mean normalized performance indices are estimated. The annual mean values of the daylight hours, cell temperature, and ambient temperature are 12.7 h/d, 10.89°C, and 1.25°C, respectively. The yearly mean values and corresponding ranges of monthly mean values of capacity factor, performance ratio, array yield, reference yield, final yield, array capture loss and system loss are obtained as 23.60%, 59.82%, 2.83 h/d, 4.63 h/d, 2.69 h/d, 1.8 h/d, 0.14 h/d and (17.56–29.07)%, (47.93–75.55)%, (2.24–3.42) h/d, (2.85–6.1) h/d, (2.13–3.25) h/d, (0.60–2.99) h/d and (0.11–0.17) h/d, respectively. The Levelized Cost of energy is reduced to 85% and 68.22% by using the proposed solar PV/ battery system compared to DG and DG/Battery systems. A saving of 14.8 kl of diesel and the corresponding reduction of emissions of carbon monoxide (244.22 kilograms), unburned hydrocarbons (10.66 kg), particulates (1.48 kg), and nitrogen Oxides (229.42 kg) have also been achieved per year. These findings effectively provide optimal power solution strategies for policymakers in the concerned area.

Analysis of Wind Turbine Distances Using a Novel Techno-Spatial Approach in Complex Wind Farm Terrains

Among the current challenges facing the energy sector is finding environmentally friendly and high-performance forms of energy generation. One such form of energy generation is from the wind. In addition to the fluctuations that cause changes in the generated energy, another factor that significantly affects the overall efficiency of wind farms is the distance between the turbines. In that context, a distance of at least three diameters (3D) onwards is necessary to enable a stable operation. This is more difficult to implement for mountainous terrain due to the terrain configuration’s influence, the turbine units’ positioning, and the mutual influence resulting from their position in the area under consideration. This work investigates the interdependence of the terrain features, the placement of ten turbines in different scenarios, and the impact on the overall efficiency of the wind farm. The place where the wind farm is considered is in Koznica, a mountainous area near Prishtina. An analysis has been carried out for two-diameter (2D), three-diameter (3D), and five-diameter (5D) turbine blade spacing for turbines with a rated power of 3.4 MW. The study considers placement in the following forms: Arc, I, L, M, and V. The results show that for 2D distance layout, the capacity factors for Arc, I, L, M, and V placements have the values: 32.9%, 29.8%, 31.1%, 30.6%, and 37.1%. For the 3D distance, according to these scenarios, the capacity factor values are: 29.9%, 30.8%, 30.4%, 29.3%, and 35.6%. For the longest distance, 5D, the capacity factor values are: 28.9%, 29.9%, 29.4%, 27.6%, and 30.6%. The value of the capacity factor for an optimal layout; is achieved at 39.3%.

Techno-economic assessment of small wind turbines under la Guajira-Colombia resource conditions

Hydroelectric plants broadly sustain Colombian electricity demand. However, wind power emerges to improve the Colombian energy matrix and capacity, satisfying the energy demand. Thus, this study evaluates the technical and economic feasibility of projects based on Small Wind Turbines (SWTs), based on the Colombian wind resource availability. Furthermore, due to the Colombian diversity of energy sources, sensitivity to climate changes and a high percentage of non-interconnected territory, the SWTs excels as an off-grid energy system alternative. For this purpose, the annual energy production and the capacity factor of 24 SWT and the wind resource in Puerto Bolívar, La Guajira, are considered. A techno-economic study that includes cash flow analysis and net present value is used to determine economic viability, considering a financing percentage sensitivity analysis. From the results, it can be concluded that an SWT based project increases its profitability by increasing the IRR value and lowering the financing percentage. Further, the best SWT models can be related to a higher capacity factor value based on the economic phase.

SHALLOW FOUNDATION BEARING CAPACITY ANALYSIS BASED ON CONE PENETRATION TEST

In the simple buildings, shallow foundations can be used to support the construction above them. This shallow foundation has various types, including the type of footplate which can be calculated using the Terzaghi equation. In the Terzaghi equation, it requires dimension parameters of the footing and soil material parameters such as cohesion and soil volume weight which requires laboratory testing to obtain it. Meanwhile, Schmertmann provides an equation to obtain the Terzaghi bearing capacity factor in the form of Nq and Nγ by using the Cone Penetration Test (CPT). This bearing capacity factor value can be used to calculate the bearing capacity using the Terzaghi Equation. In addition, Schmertmann also provides an equation to directly calculate the bearing capacity value based on CPT data. Based on this problem, this study analyzes the bearing capacity of various footplate dimensions using the Schmertmann approach. The study took place in the Argoboga, Salatiga which the type of soil based on the CPT test value generally is sandy soil. The results show that the bearing capacity calculated by the Nq correlation method is greater than the Nγ correlation method and the direct correlation method. In addition, the greater the difference between the dimensions and the depth of the foundation, the greater the deviation of the bearing capacity results between each method.

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY STUDY OF N-HEXANE AND CHLOROFORM FRACTIONS OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF MELASTOMA MALABATHRICUM L. LEAVES: AN IN VITRO STUDY OF ANTIOXIDANT AND SPF VALUES

Objective: This research aimed to qualitatively determine the chemical compound constituents, antioxidant capacity, and sun protection factor (SPF) value of extract of the leaves of Melastoma malabathricum L. using GC-MS. Methods: The detected compounds were identified by processing the raw GC-MS data using ChemStation software and comparing results with the NIST mass spectral database. Antioxidant capacity was measured using 1,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The SPF contained in the n-hexane and chloroform fractions separated from the ethanol extract of the leaves of Melastoma malabathricum L was identified. Results: The GC-MS test results revealed that 21 and 29 peaks of separation occurred in the n-hexane and chloroform fractions. The highest peak values are hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (a fatty acid group also known as palmitic acid) (100%) in the n-hexane and chloroform fractions. The highest chemical content in n-hexane and chloroform fractions was obtained at 20 min. The thin-layer chromatography (TLC) results indicated that the n-hexane and chloroform fractions contained steroid and terpenoid compounds. The antioxidant capacity test using DPPH showed that the n-hexane and chloroform fractions of ethanol extract of the leaves of Melastoma malabathricum L had IC50 values ​​of 49.2±7.9 g/ml and 11.3±3.65 g/ml, respectively. Using FRAP, the IC50 values ​​of the n-hexane and chloroform fractions were identified as 365.2±133.6 g/ml and 80.8±8.9 g/ml, respectively, categorizing them as strong and weak antioxidants. SPF testing produced SPF values ​​for the n-hexane and chloroform fractions of ethanol extract of Melastoma malabathricum L leaves of 11.7±0.1 and 21±0.4, respectively. Conclusion: The study results show that the antioxidant activity and the SPF values of the chloroform fraction are greater than those of the n-hexane fraction. In conclusion, the n-hexane and chloroform fractions are found to have antioxidant properties in the weak and solid categories and the ability to protect against sunlight in the vulnerable category.

Multi-objective optimization of a CSP-based dish Stirling field layout using Genetic Algorithm and TOPSIS method: Case studies in Ouarzazate and Madrid

CSP systems have experienced significant growth with great ability to supply clean and eco-friendly electrical power. In this paper, multi-objective optimization is carried out to design the most energy and cost-effective Solar Dish Stirling (SDS) power plant. Meteorological data from two different sites have been considered to simulate the technical and economical performances of 10 MW SDS power plant. Two main energy and economic conflicting objective functions were considered with the ultimate goal to maximize of the annual Capacity Factor and minimize the Total Cost of Site Improvements simultaneously. Several parameters such as the separation distance between collectors, ground slope, slot gap height and width have been parametrically assessed to find out effects on the Capacity Factor and the Total Cost of Site Improvements. First, a third-order multiple non-linear surrogate model was constructed. The model validity was demonstrated by the R-square values which were found to be 0.995 and 0.9964 for Ouarzazate and Madrid, respectively. Then, multi-objective optimization using Elitist Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) has been applied to address the trade-off between the two objective functions. The obtained Pareto Front was identified accordingly and final optimal solution was determined using Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) decision-making method. Final optimal solution corresponded to Capacity Factor (CF) values of 22.99% and 12.91% and a Total Cost of Site Improvements (TCSI) of 2.69 M$ and 2.60 M$, for Ouarzazate and Madrid, respectively.

Analysis of Wind Speed Data and Wind Energy Potential for Seven Selected Locations in KSA

Al-Baha region, located in Saudi Arabia, is one of the main tourism and leisure areas. The authority at Al-Baha Governorate plans to use clean and renewable energy in its tourism facilities. The importance of this study is to assess the possibility of building a wind farm in Al-Baha and to select the best site for this purpose. This paper presents an analysis of long-term wind data for the annual and monthly variability in Al-Baha region of southwestern Saudi Arabia. Al-Baha region has an area of 9921 square kilometers and is divided into seven regions (groups) based on their similar measurements and wind speed values. The analysis used 40 years of annual and monthly wind speed data between 1981 and 2020. The analysis showed that Group III has the highest mean wind speed values in the northeastern part of the Al-Baha region, ranging from 5.4 m/s to 5.9 m/s at 50 m above the surface. Group VI (5.1 - 5.6 m/s) east of the Al-Baha area recorded the second-highest mean wind speed, while group V southwest of the Al-Baha area recorded lower values. The maximum wind speeds observed in Group III in January, February, March, and July were 6 m/s or higher. A frequency analysis ensures that 79% of the year’s wind speeds exceed 4 m/s at 50 m above the surface of the Group III site. Wind power was considered for 17 wind turbines of different sizes. The Soyut Wind 500 machine was found to produce maximum energy of 1420 MWh/year. The highest performance values for the Soyut Wind 500 machine occurred in winter and summer, while the calculated capacity factor values at a hub height of 50 m were 41% and 32%, respectively. The assessment concluded that generating electricity from wind at G III in the northeast of the Al-Baha region is a good decision.

Investigation of Re(VII) diffusion in Tamusu clayrock core by through-diffusion method

Abstract Tamusu area is the primary pre-selection site of clayrock disposal repository for high-level radioactive waste (HLW) in China. However, the research on the migration behavior of nuclides in Tamusu clayrock is still in its infancy. For the first time in laboratory, the diffusion behavior of Re(VII) in Tamusu clayrock core was studied by means of through-diffusion method. The effects of pH, ionic strength and humic acid on the diffusion behavior of Re(VII) in clayrock were studied. The effective diffusion coefficient, apparent diffusion coefficient and rock capacity factor value were obtained. All the experimental conditions of Re(VII) diffusion in Tamusu clayrock are compared with other geological samples under the same conditions in literature data. The diffusion mechanism of radionuclide in Tamusu clay is discussed, which can provide experimental data for site selection and safety assessment of high-level radioactive waste repository in China. The experimental results showed an effective application and reference for the countries disposed HLW in mudrocks or clayrocks, such as France, Belgium etc. in Europe. Moreover, this research can provide the original data support for the metallogenic regularity and prospecting prognosis of rare element rhenium in different geological environments.