Liberty Cap Research Articles

Review: Explosions in the Mind: Composing Psychedelic Sounds and Visualisations, by Jonathan Weinel

Review: <i>Explosions in the Mind: Composing Psychedelic Sounds and Visualisations</i>, by Jonathan Weinel

Summer Mechanical Hedging to Prune Eight Cider Apple Cultivars

Mechanical hedging was evaluated at Washington State University Northwestern Washington Research and Extension Center, Mount Vernon, WA, in 2019 and 2020 on eight cider apple (Malus ×domestica) cultivars with four bearing habits: tip—Golden Russet, Harrison; spur—Brown Snout, Cap of Liberty; semispur—Tom Putt, Campfield; and crab—Puget Spice, Hewe’s Virginia Crab. Trees were planted on ‘Geneva 935’ (Malus hybrid) rootstock in one replicate block in 2014 and the second replicate block in 2016 and the central leader of all trees was headed in 2017 to equalize tree size and stage of development. Summer hedging was carried out on all cultivars on 16 July in 2019 and 7 July in 2020. The response of different cultivars was evaluated both years by measuring canopy area removed, shoot biomass removed, and fruit removed, and the amount of time to hedge was measured. Additionally, fruit diameter and fruit yield per tree were measured at harvest both years, and fruit weight was measured at harvest only in 2020. The hedger traveled at an average speed of 1.32 mph; it took 6 seconds on average to hedge both sides of one tree when in-row spacing was 6 ft and took 1.25 minutes to maneuver around the end of a row. The estimated time to hedge 1 acre was 1.45 hours when the hedger traveled at 116 ft/min and the orchard had 10 rows spaced 12 ft apart. Biomass removed on an area and weight basis was less in 2020 than in 2019, whereas yield per tree was 2.6 times greater in 2020 than 2019, and cultivars within a bearing habit differed in these responses to hedging both years. Fruit damaged by the hedger was assessed but observed to be negligible for all cultivars. Yield per tree was negatively correlated with fruit diameter (P &lt; 0.001) and positively correlated with the number of fruit removed per tree (P &lt; 0.025). Further research is needed to assess the long-term effects of hedging on biomass removal, yield, and biennialism to determine whether summer mechanical hedging is a cost-effective and suitable method for managing cider apple orchards.

The Cap of Liberty: Roman Slavery, Cultural Memory, and Magic Mushrooms

The commonest psychedelic mushroom growing naturally in Britain, Psilocybe semilanceata, is known in English as the Liberty Cap. This name, which references an ancient Roman social practice, has caused considerable speculation in modern literature. This article provides a conclusive etymology for how a magic mushroom acquired this obscure name.

Light microscopy can reveal the consumption of a mixture of psychotropic plant and fungal material in suspicious death

Light microscopical examination of plant and fungal remains in the post mortem gut may be capable of demonstrating the ingestion of unexpected natural psychotropic materials. This is demonstrated here in a case in which a 'shaman' was accused of causing the death of a young man. The deceased had participated in a ceremony which involved the drinking of ayahuasca in order to induce a psychotropic experience. Ayahuasca is an infusion of Banisteriopsis caapi (ayahuasca vine), which produces a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, and one or more additional tropical plants, generally Psychotria viridis (chacruna) which produces dimethyltryptamine (DMT). The monoamine oxidase inhibitor prevents DMT from being broken down in the gut, so enabling its passage into the bloodstream and across the blood/brain barrier. Toxicological tests for DMT demonstrated the presence of this compound in the body. The deceased was reported to be in the habit of using Psilocybe semilanceata (liberty cap). This fungus (popularly called magic mushroom) contains psilocybin which is hydrolysed in the gut to psilocin; this compound mimics a serotonin uptake inhibitor, and also invokes psychotropic experiences. Microscopical examination established that the ileum and colon contained spores of Psilocybe and, in addition, pollen of Cannabis sativa and seeds of Papaver cf. somniferum (opium poppy). Both the plant species yield psychotropic substances. Palynological and mycological analysis of containers from the deceased person's dwelling also yielded abundant trace evidence of pertinent pollen and spores. The police had requested analysis for DMT but there was no screening for other psychotropic substances. Investigators were surprised that a mixture of hallucinogenic materials had been consumed by the deceased. The charge was modified from manslaughter to possession of a ‘Class A’ drug as the deceased had been consuming psychotropic substances not administered by the 'shaman'. Where death involving drugs from plants or fungi is suspected, microscopical examination of samples from the gut can provide a rapid and effective method for assessing, in a temporal context, the presence of ingested materials that may not have been previously suspected. The example presented here also demonstrates the need for caution in interpreting toxicological results where screening for unusual compounds has been limited.

Freedom's Cap: The United States Capitol and the Coming of the Civil War

As Congress did its share to tear the country apart during the 1850s, a bisectional coalition pushed for the addition of ornate House and Senate wings to the Capitol. By December 1863, when Thomas Crawford's Statue of Freedom was hoisted atop the new cast-iron dome—innovative for both the architect Thomas U. Walter's design and the army engineer Montgomery Meigs's construction methods—the project's main patron, Jefferson Davis, was leading a rebellion against the government headquartered in the building he nurtured. Davis never returned to see that Crawford had indeed crowned the Statue of Freedom with an odd eagle's head cap, devised after Davis resisted a liberty cap, a symbol of freed slaves. Guy Gugliotta applies his skills as a political journalist to the “puzzle” of Davis and Robert Toombs cooperating with William Seward and Stephen Douglas to transform the cramped, ill-functioning Capitol into the embodiment of republican majesty (p. 37). Even as he emerged as a dangerous sectionalist, Mississippi senator Davis worked with Virginia senator R. M. T. Hunter, later the Confederate secretary of state, and with the Whig presidents Zachary Taylor (Davis's former father-in-law) and Millard Fillmore to defeat mundane renovation schemes. While Franklin Pierce's secretary of war, Davis found a like-minded protégé in Meigs, a fellow West Pointer assigned as supervisor when Walter had difficulty coping with Congress's meddling. Meigs, whose egotism matched his inventiveness and rectitude, ran up costs on the Capitol and the Washington Aqueduct, which the engineer simultaneously oversaw. Determined to have first-rate craftsmen, Meigs recruited immigrant artisans such as the fresco painter Constantino Brumidi and protected them amid Know-Nothing party insistence that real Americans work on the Capitol.

Radical Sympathy: Periodical Circulation and the Peterloo Massacre

This essay analyses representations of sympathy in radical periodicals in the immediate aftermath of the Peterloo Massacre of August 1819. Recent accounts of the Regency radical press have noted that cheap journals employ a studied language of rational enlightenment in order to counter charges that they provoke unrest. I argue that these periodicals also employ a language of feeling. Through references to the suffering body, radical journals display moral outrage at the atrocity of Peterloo, but they also put the language of feeling to instrumental political use. Using sympathy as a figure for the transmission of riotous emotion within a crowd, these texts signal the physical power of the masses, but significantly, sympathy is also made a model for the processes of distribution through which these texts are diffused throughout the nation. Radical writers exploit the function of sympathy as a physiological process, through which disruption in one part of a body causes instant disruption in another. In a brief moment after Peterloo, the press becomes the circulatory medium through which both national emotional distress and political response can be co-ordinated. My analysis focuses on the often short-lived radical journals produced in the immediate aftermath of Peterloo, The Cap of Liberty, The London Alfred, The White Hat and The Democratic Recorder. I discuss these titles alongside the longer-running Hone’s Reformist Register, The Black Dwarf, The Gorgon, and The Medusa. In signalling the ephemeral and embattled nature of their existence, these journals mark the uncertain distinction between textual diffusion, emotional exchange and physical unrest at this moment of crisis.

The League of Nations, Public Ritual and National Identity in Britain, c.1919-56

On the morning of Saturday 8 November 1919, the streets linking the historic Guildhall in the City of London to the Royal Courts of Justice two miles to the west began to fill with crowds drawn by the promise of a dazzling visual spectacle. The occasion was the Lord Mayor’s Show, an ancient ritual first performed in the thirteenth century to mark the installation of a new occupant in London’s highest municipal office. The fortunes of the annual procession had waxed and waned over the centuries, but by the time of the First World War its status as one of the most eagerly anticipated dates in the civic calendar was once more assured. 1 As on previous occasions, spectators lining the route in 1919 marvelled at the brilliant display of civic and military pageantry, the mayor’s familiar gilded coach and the eye-catching banners of the London livery companies interspersed with marching bands and columns upon columns of smartly uniformed troops. This year, however, the Lord Mayor’s Show unveiled a novel feature. Filling a large slot between the pipers of the Scots Guards and the Worshipful Company of Musicians could be seen a lavish pageant dedicated to the League of Nations, the supranational body created only months before by the Allies at the Paris Peace Conference. At the head of the pageant strode the Herald of Peace, followed by a horse-drawn wagon festooned with foliage and conveying five exotically attired women representing the continents of the world. Appearing next, as the Times correspondent described, was ‘a long cavalcade of women on horseback, personating the Allied States and neutral countries, all in the national costumes, and attended by ‘‘maids of honour’’, young girls in white with flowing veils and bearing roses’. 2 Onlookers feasted their eyes upon France wearing her liberty cap and tricolour robe, Italy in green, red and white with a wreath of grapes on her head, Japan, whose hair was garlanded with yellow chrysanthemums, and beyond her the United States, clad in stars and stripes. The dominions and the four nations of the United Kingdom followed on, with the helmeted figure of Britannia bringing up the rear. It was, the Times reporter gushed, ‘really one of the most wonderful sights of the kind ever seen in the streets of London’. 3 The League of Nations was to make a repeat appearance at the Lord Mayor’s Show exactly a decade later in the shape of an intricately decorated horse-drawn car occupied by a giant birthday cake, marking the tenth

The Importance of Myths in American Politics

10 Historically Speaking · July/August 2008 The Importance of Myths in American Politics" Rick Shenkman« If the people believe there's an imaginary river out there, you don't tell them diere's no river there. You build an imaginary bridge over the imaginary river." -Nikita S. Khrushchev (as remembered by Richard Nixon) Myths have played a role in American politics from the beginning. Holding Americans together as a people in the early years of the republic like a kind of national glue was the myth of George Washington. In a country with weak national institutions and no traditions , the Washington myth was vital. Had he not been godlike, his fellow citizens still would have pretended that he was. Between the Revolution and the Civil War Americans went on a mythmaking binge, turning almost everybody who came to prominence into a larger-than-life mythical character: Ben Franklin, Davy Crockett, Abe Lincoln, and dozens of others. They didn't call it nation building, but that was what they were doing. Myths have been especially important to the United States because, as a nation of immigrants, it lacks a common ancestry and tribal ties. The founding fathers themselves fell for the myths, save possibly for the ornery John Adams, who denounced the merry mythmaking he encountered all around him as so much nonsense (in part because he felt that his own contributions had been underestimated ). And there is no denying that after the masses got the vote in the 1830s (when property qualifications were abolished), myths became the driving force in American politics. Where in the past politicians had debated issues in detail and often at a high level, now more and more they invoked myths. Particularly in the modern era myths have been vital because they help voters sort through the chaos of conflicting information in which they find themselves almost drowning. Any number of dates might be selected as a key turning point. But if one must choose, the most obvious year is 1840. This is the election fittingly remembered for a slogan. The winner, Whig William Henry Harrison, was the Tippecanoe referred to in the famous line, 'Tippecanoe and Tyler, * FromJustHo»StupidArt Weihung the Truth abouttheAmerican Voter (Basic Books,June 2008). Copyright O Rick Shenkman. Reprinted with the permission of Basic Books. too." Though it wasn't the first campaign to feature a slogan, the Tippecanoe line was the first campaign slogan anybody still recalls. No one today remembers "Huzzah for Gen. Jackson! Down with die Yankees," or "Marty Van Ruin," a deft jab at Harrison 's opponent, Martin Van Buren, on whose watch the economy had slipped into a devastating depression. But after Tippecanoe won the execuAn 1840 Whig campaign print, showing William Henry Harrison greeting a wounded veteran before a log cabin by a river. The cabin flies an American flag with the words 'Harrison & Tyler" and with a liberty cap on its staff. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division (reproduction number, LC-USZ62-5550). tive mansion with the help of a dazzling slogan, every president of the United States came into office in part on the back of a simplistic phrase designed to generate an emotional charge from the masses. There wasn't much more to Harrison's election than his various slogans. He had no other qualification for office other than diat he was once a general . He had not written any books. He had never given a memorable speech. He had no position on die major issues of the day. The great fear of his handlers was that he might actually say something if given the chance to speak at a public gathering. Party bosses arranged that should Harrison be elected, Daniel Webster and Henry Clay would actually run the government, Clay from his position in the Senate and Webster from his in the cabinet. When the party convened to select Harrison, the delegates even chose to forego the writing of a party platform. His chief claim, that he was a general , was overrated. He hadn't distinguished himself in battle beyond winning a much-disputed victory over Indians at the Battle of Tippecanoe nearly thirty years earlier, where he lost about a...

Relationship of acid phosphatase activity and Brix/acid ratio in apples

This research was undertaken to determine the relationship of acid phosphatase and Brix/acid ratio in apples. High-acid cultivars of apples (Zapata, Cap of Liberty, and Edward VII) exhibited low Brix/acid ratios while low-acid cultivars of apples (Empire and Idared) had high Brix/acid ratios. The coefficient of correlation ( r 2) for acid phosphatase and Brix/acid ratio in apples was calculated to be 0.96. An inverse relationship appeared to exist between the acid phosphatase activity and the acidity in apples ( r 2=0.83). The results of this study indicate that acid phosphatase could serve as a marker for breeding new fruit cultivars with a desirable Brix/acid ratio.

Sentiment and Space in Lydia Maria Child's Native American Writings, 1824-1870

Sentiment and Space in Lydia Maria Child's Native American Writings, 1824–1870 Laura L. Mielke In her 1824 children's book, Evenings in New England, Lydia Maria Child (then Lydia Maria Francis and writing as "An American Lady") includes the dialogue "Personification" in which Aunt Maria helps her nephew Robert interpret a personification of North America: a "young female, clothed in a robe all covered with stripes and stars, carrying a cap upon a high pole, around which an eagle is fluttering; and occasionally looking back upon an Indian, who is aiming his bow and arrow at a wild deer" (3). Aunt Maria, Child's alter ego, offers a straightforward interpretation: "[F]or several hundred years after America was discovered, it was inhabited only by Indians. Now the country is mostly filled by Europeans, and we look back to the savage state as to what we have been" (3). The tableau of America embodies the progressive narrative of history wherein the civilized European figuratively and literally takes the place of the savage Native American and neglects, or perhaps denies, the plurality of the young country. Forty-three years later, in A Romance of the Republic (1867), Child provides her audience with another tableau of America, drawing on common republican symbols such as the flag and liberty cap; however, this time the personification is decidedly interracial and intercultural: Under festoons of the American flag, surmounted by the eagle, stood Eulalia, in ribbons of red, white, and blue, with a circle of stars round her head. One hand upheld the shield of the Union, and in the other the scales of Justice were evenly poised. By her side stood Rosen Blumen, holding in one hand a gilded pole surmounted by a liberty-cap, while her other hand rested protectingly on the head of Tulee's Benny, who was kneeling and looking upward in thanksgiving. (440)1 Cousins Eulalia King and Rosen Blumen are the daughters of biracial mothers fluent in English, Spanish, and French and fathers of Anglo and Germanic extraction, respectively, while Benny is the child of freed slaves. Performed for the birthday of Mr. King, a Civil War veteran who lost a leg fighting for emancipation, this tableau celebrates what Child saw as the ideal outcome of the North's victory: a national family unified across race, ethnicity, and region through the diffusion of culture within a nurturing domestic setting. These disparate national tableaux, framing Child's long and varied career, depend upon radically contrasting definitions of national membership. Between 1824 and 1867 , Child's image of America shifts from a people [End Page 172] defined by their historical and geographic distance from noble but ill-fated savages to a multi-racial citizenry united by familial bonds. We recreate the contrast between these two "living pictures" when we read and teach the novel Hobomok, A Tale of Early Times (1824), Child's earliest engagement with the Indian Question, alongside abolitionist writings such as An Appeal in Favor of that Class of Americans Called Africans (1833), excerpts from Letters from New-York (1843), and A Romance of the Republic. Our focus on Hobomok and its dramatization of the succession of races, that is, causes us to miss the development of Child's often radical defense of Native American rights and the relationship of that defense to her arguments for abolition. In abolitionist writings from An Appeal in Favor of that Class of Americans Called Africans to A Romance of the Republic, Child conjures moving domestic scenes such as the separation of families, the abuse of slaves at the hands of both masters and mistresses (supposed parental figures), and the creation of forced and improper sexual relationships. Like Harriet Beecher Stowe, Child spurs the sympathy of the reader by converting the slave from chattel to endangered child. Child's domestic-familial arguments on behalf of Native Americans also infantilize the group, but in slight contrast, reflect Child's attention to the endangerment not of bodies but of habitations. In a variety of genres, from short stories and children's literature to journalistic essays and a political tract, Child describes and analyzes Native American difference and Euro-American sympathy in terms of...

What the clinician needs to know about magic mushrooms

This term refers to mushrooms that grow naturally and have hallucinogenic (sometimes called psychedelic) properties. Consumption of different species has occurred in various cultures over the centuries, with use in ritual ceremonies in Mexico being particularly well known. In the UK at present the species most commonly used is Psilocybe semilanceata, also known as the ‘liberty cap’ mushroom. This grows in many areas, particularly in dark places and after heavy rainfall, with fruition occurring from September to November. It is creamy-yellow or brown in colour, very small (5–15 mm across) with a thin fragile stalk. In the USA a closely related type is used.

TRANSFORMATIONS OF A REVOLUTIONARY EMBLEM: THE LIBERTY CAP IN THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

Journal Article TRANSFORMATIONS OF A REVOLUTIONARY EMBLEM: THE LIBERTY CAP IN THE FRENCH REVOLUTION Get access RICHARD WRIGLEY RICHARD WRIGLEY Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar French History, Volume 11, Issue 2, June 1997, Pages 131–169, https://doi.org/10.1093/fh/11.2.131 Published: 01 June 1997

Radical Expression: Political Language, Ritual, and Symbol in England, 1790-1850.

This book examines radical politics in Britain in the wake of the American and French revolutions. Radical thinkers of the period expressed and disseminated their ideas not only in the formal language of journals and pamphlets, but also through symbols, such as the cap of liberty, which was hoisted at radical gatherings to invoke the ideas of the French Revolution. Even drinking rituals took on political meaning when radicals subverted the loyal toast to His Sovereign Majesty, the King with toasts To the People, the source of all legitimate power. The book thus provides a colorful history of popular politics, examining such institutions as the Rotunda in London, a veritable circus of radical free thought where the Devil's chaplain preached deist sermons in full canonical robes. On a broader level, the book is an important contribution to discussions about the formation of political ideologies and communities of opinion, debates that are of great interest to historians today.

The Liberty Cap as a Revolutionary Symbol in America and France

The Liberty Cap as a Revolutionary Symbol in America and France

The Liberty Cap as a Revolutionary Symbol in America and France

The Liberty Cap as a Revolutionary Symbol in America and France

The Red Cap of Liberty: A Study of Dress Worn by French Revolutionary Partisans 1789-94

The Red Cap of Liberty: A Study of Dress Worn by French Revolutionary Partisans 1789-94

Book reviews

The Liberty Cap, A Catalogue of Non‐Sexist Materials for Children by Enid Davis, Academy Press Limited, 1977, 360 N. Michigan Avenue, Chicago, ILL 60601 The Creatively Gifted Child: Suggestions for Parents and Teachers by Joe Khatena, Vantage Press 1978, 516 West 34th Street, New York, N.Y. 10001, 121 pages Counseling the Intellectually Gifted Child by Avner Ziv, Toronto: Guidance Centre, Faculty of Education, University of Toronto, 1977 Teaching Creative Thinking and Problem Solving by John Feidhusen and, Donald Treffinger, Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co., 1978, 2460 Kerper Blvd., Dubuque, Iowa 52001

A New Genus of Freshwater Crabs from Guatemala, with a Key to the Middle American Genera (Crustacea Decapoda, Pseudothelphusidae)

Phrygiopilus, a new genus of Pseudothelphusidae, and two new species, P. chuacusensis and P. acantho phallus, are described from Guatemala. The structure of their gonopods is entirely different from that of any other crabs in the family, and their relationships are unknown. Notes on identification and distribution of freshwater crabs of the West Indies, Mexico, and Central America are given, along with a key to the genera and subgenera, and a table listing generic and sub- generic names appearing in the literature. collected in Guatemala; subsequently, another species with the same basic gonopod type was received from the U. S. National Museum. These two species are described, along with a new genus to accommo- date them. An increase in research on American freshwater crabs has resulted in a confusing number of new genera and species, and several different classifications (see, for example, Bott, 1969; Pretzmann, 1965). The taxonomic publications seem to be directed principally toward other specialists, but nonspecialists also need to learn more about these widespread and interesting animals. Not only are tropical freshwaters increasingly studied by limnologists, but the role of freshwater crabs as intermediate hosts of Paragonimus, the human lung fluke, is becoming more significant as parasitologists report an alarming number of cases of human paragonimiasis in the New World. I am presenting some notes on field identification, the more im- portant facts about the distribution of the genera of Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies, a table of generic and subgeneric names appearing in the literature, and a key to the genera and subgenera. Phrygiopilus new genus Diagnosis.-The first male gonopod bears a large process which extends beyond the apex a distance about equal to the length of the gonopod from the marginal setae to the apex, and is as wide or wider than the main part of the gonopod. The margin is strongly curved laterad. The spine field and apical spines are in a groove formed by the proximal part of the gonopod and the supra-apical process, and this area projects strongly laterad. Type species.-Phrygiopilus chuacusensis, n. sp. Etymology.-The name Phrygiopilus (masc.) refers to the resem- blance of the distinctive supra-apical process of the gonopod of the type species to the liberty cap of the ancient Phrygians.

Virginia's Great Allegory of William Pitt

HE full-length allegorical portrait of William Pitt by Charles Willson Peale is only painting that directly links colonial Virginia with American Revolution. The portrait is also Peale's first commission of public importance. And so this enormous canvas, eight feet high and five feet wide, deserves attention from all who are interested in Peale as an artist, and from all who are interested in revolutionary spirit as manifest in art. Here Earl of Chatham, statesman of Year of Wonders, silvertongued champion of British liberty, stands before us clad in a Roman Consular Habit. A cloak draped over his tunic falls to ground behind him. His sturdy, sandalled legs are bare from knee. And we find him in very act of speaking in Defence of Claims of AMERICAN Colonies, on Principles of Constitution.' His lordship has not only appeared for occasion in garb of republican Rome, but with a series of exhibits appropriate to his theme, drawn from that and other periods of history. His left hand holds Magna Charta. His right arm, extended, points to a statue of BRITISH Liberty sculptured in act of trampling underfoot petition of Stamp Act of I765. There can be no doubt of all this, as her right hand rests on British shield, her left holds a liberty cap on a pole and there at her feet paper is clearly marked Congress at New-York. Below her, in bas-relief on side of her tall pedestal we behold an American Indian, alert and watchful, bow in hand and a dog at his side. Bow and dog, we are informed, represent the natural Faithfulness and Firmness of AMERICA. In foreground of picture a Roman altar stands, its flame alight and laurel crown of civic virtue resting near flame. Carved on corners of altar and draped with sculptured laurel we see heads of Sidney, on our left, Hampden on right, and between them a banner

ERYTHOXYLON COCA AS A HEART TONIC.

After the 1871, San Francisco, meeting of theAmerican Medical Association, I went to the Yosemite Valley and ascended the Cap of Liberty, 12,500 feet above sea level. I remember the ascent, which was so steep that I had to pull myself up by the bushes! The diminished atmospheric pressure was such that I could not climb more than forty feet at a time. My pulse ran so high that I could not count it. My heart beat so violently that I felt it would stop if I did not pause, and my whole body was bathed in sweat. As my heart was somewhat enlarged and so weak that its usual beats were forty per minute, I suppose I ran an imminent risk of losing my life, but as a result I had herpes zoster. This California mountain experience helps me to understand how climbers have vertigo on the summit