Cap Method Research Articles

Will the Institute for Clinical and Economic Review’s Shared Savings Approach Decrease Value-Based Prices Most for the Most Severe Diseases?

ObjectivesTo identify the types of disease most likely to be affected by the Institute for Clinical and Economic Review’s (ICER) shared savings assumptions. MethodsFor diseases with treatments that were Food and Drug Administration approved between 2019 and 2023, annual direct and indirect economic burden and characteristics of each disease were extracted from peer-reviewed literature. ICER’s shared savings methodology was applied 2 ways: 50/50 shared savings and $150 000 cost-offset cap. The primary outcome was the difference in eligible cost savings provided by a hypothetical disease cure under ICER’s 2 shared savings methods. Characteristics of diseases most impacted by these 2 methods were evaluated descriptively. ResultsFood and Drug Administration approved 260 therapies for 89 unique diseases between 2019 and 2023. Shared savings reduced value of a hypothetical cure for hemophilia A most (50/50 method: −$367 670 per year; cap method: −$585 340 per year), followed by acute hepatic porphyria (50/50 method: −$333 948; cap method: −$517 896) and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (50/50 method: −$291 997; cap method: −$433 993). Compared with diseases with annual burdens <$150 000, those ≥$150 000 had earlier disease onset by 22.0 years (age 12.3 vs 34.3), lower life expectancy by 10.6 years (55.8 vs 66.4 years), and lower disease prevalence (4.7 vs 1981.5 per 100 000). Shared savings’ impact on health-benefit price benchmarks was projected to be larger for diseases with shorter life expectancy (ρ = −0.319; p =.005), worse quality of life (ρ = -0.263; P =.020), and lower prevalence (ρ = −0.418; P < .001). ConclusionsICER’s shared savings assumptions would most likely have the largest negative impact on health-benefit price benchmarks for rare, severe, and pediatric diseases.

Construction Technology and Application of TBM in Shengli Tunnel of Tianshan Mountain under poor geological conditions

When a tunnel boring machine (TBM) excavates in poor geological conditions like fracture zones, soft rock with high ground stress, hard rock with high ground stress, and water inrush ground, severe problems such as surrounding rock collapse, convergence, rock burst and water and mud outburst are usually encountered. These problems existed in the Tianshan Shengli Tunnel project in Xinjiang, China. Several methods and techniques were adopted to reduce construction risks and improve construction efficiency. The seismic wave reflection long-distance geological forecasting method was employed to forecast and predict these adverse geological conditions. The pre-reinforcement construction method was employed on the surrounding broken rocks in front of the tunnel face to lower the risks of tunnel collapse and machine jamming. A combined steel arch was applied to prevent tunnel arch collapse. An artificial cap method was applied to prevent the jamming caused by high-ground stress soft rock. Measures such as spraying water on the tunnel face and drilling stress holes were employed to prevent rock bursts caused by high-ground stress in hard rock. Implementing the advanced pipe shed method during water influx, sudden mud, and other working conditions reduced the risk of groundwater damage to equipment and lowered risks to personnel safety. The successful application of these techniques can provide a reference for TBM tunnel construction in similar ground conditions.

Green Synthesis of Starch‐Capped CdS Nanoparticles Doped with Copper (II) and Manganese (II): Structural, Optical, and Photocatalytic Properties

Pure CdS and Cu²⁺/Mn²⁺‐doped CdS nanoparticles were synthesized using a green capping method via mechanochemical techniques, with starch as the capping agent. Characterization using XRD revealed a cubic phase structure of CdS nanoparticles, evidenced by peaks at 2θ values of 26.30°, 43.80°, and 51.80° corresponding to the (111), (220), and (311) planes, respectively. SEM‐EDAX analysis confirmed the presence of Cd, Cu, Mn, and S elements in the samples. Diffuse reflectance analysis indicated an average crystallite size ranging from 111 nm to 139 nm, accompanied by a band gap energy ranging from 2.25 to 1.95 eV. Raman spectroscopy identified peaks at 366 cm‐¹, 482 cm‐¹, and 556 cm‐¹, attributed to the skeletal modes of the pyranose ring in starch, thus confirming its presence in the starch‐capped CdS nanoparticles.

Case Report: Halting terminal osseous overgrowth post tibia amputation in children: a report of three cases

Terminal osseous overgrowth is a common complication after trans-diaphyseal amputation in children, leading to pain, soft tissue problems, and recurrent surgical procedures. We report three different cases with post-amputation issues of osseous overgrowth, ulceration, and deformity over the amputation site. The first case involves a 9-year-old boy with a right leg congenital amputation secondary to amniotic band syndrome. The right below-knee stump later experienced recurrent episodes of osseous overgrowth, leading to ulceration. After the prominent tibia was resected and capped with the ipsilateral proximal fibula, a positive outcome was achieved with no more recurrent overgrowth over the right leg stump. The second case involves a 9-year-old girl born with an amniotic constriction band over both legs. Her left leg remained functional after a circumferential Z-plasty, but the right leg was a congenital below-knee amputation. Multiple refashioning surgeries were performed on the right leg due to osseous overgrowth but the patient continued to experience recurrent overgrowth causing pain and difficulty fitting into a prosthesis. We performed osteocartilaginous transfer of the proximal part of the ipsilateral fibula to the right tibial end, successfully preventing the overgrowth of the tibia without any complications. The third case involves an 11-year-old boy with a history of meningococcal septicemia who underwent a right below-knee amputation and left ankle disarticulation due to complications of septic emboli. He experienced a prominent right distal tibia stump, which later developed into valgus deformity as a result of the previous insult to the proximal tibial growth plate. We performed a corrective osteotomy over the proximal right tibia and capped the entire tibia with the ipsilateral fibula as an intramedullary splint for the osteotomy site. Post-operatively, we achieved satisfactory deformity correction and successfully halted the recurrent overgrowth over the right tibia stump. The method of ipsilateral fibula capping is safe and effective in managing the osseous overgrowth complications in trans-diaphyseal amputations among children. Therefore, it is a reasonable option during primary below-knee amputations in children compared to multiple refashioning surgeries.

Effect of Canopy Cover Level of Cacao and Shade Trees on Splash Erosion On Cacao Land

In smallholder cacao plantations, the protective crops used varied, so they have different effects on splash erosion. The management of land cover with a canopy of cacao and shade trees on cacao fields, aims to control of splash erosion. This study was conducted by directly measuring the magnitude of splash erosion under several levels of canopy cover. The magnitude of splash erosion was determined by measuring the depth of the eroded soil using the bottle cap method. The measurements were carried out every rain event (46 rain events with rainfall varied from 0.28 to 97.04 mm). The canopy cover level was determined by analyzing the images taken using a digital camera. The images were processed by Matlab software with closure approach. The data were analyzed by regression analysis to determine the relationship between canopy cover level and the depth of splash erosion that occurred. The results showed that the level of canopy cover influence the depth of splash erosion. In addition, this study indicates that the level of splash erosion not only influenced by the level of closure and rainfall, but also strongly influenced by the size of the leaf cover. Keywords: Cacao plantation, Canopy cover, Regression analysis, Splash erosion.

Synthesis of Cryptophanes: Recent Advances

AbstractThis review covers the latest developments in the synthesis of cryptophane host molecules since the publication of the last extensive review by Brotin and Dutasta in 2009. The literature has been categorized according to the synthetic method for generating the cryptophane core and we also emphasize emerging late‐stage functionalization approaches. The synthetic strategies towards cryptophanes can be broadly categorized into the well‐established direct‐ (two‐step), template‐ and coupling (or capping) methods. The examples covered in this review mainly highlight template‐based synthesis, coupling approaches and late‐stage functionalization.

An innovative method of pilot balloon capping for submental intubation.

An innovative method of pilot balloon capping for submental intubation.

Analysis of coastline changes using Sentinel 2A imagery in the coastal area of West Pandeglang, Banten

Coastline changes on the west coast of the Pandeglang Regency are caused by hydrooceanographic parameters and human activities. These changes can be observed through remote sensing. This study aimed to identify and map these changes. The shoreline of the Sentinel 2A satellite image was extracted using the Tasseled Cap method. The shoreline was then calculated using the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) method, and field data were collected using Ground Control Points (GCP). The analysis of shoreline changes indicated the dominance of abrasion over accretion. The most significant abrasion occurred in Sidamukti Village at a rate of 26.65 metres per year, while the largest accretion occurred in Sukajadi Village at a rate of 24.92 metres per year. A comparison of the categories of coastline changes can indicate areas that are susceptible to large waves. This information can be used to provide both experience and knowledge to the people of the Pandeglang Regency. The study of coastline changes is an important reference for the development of coastal areas, harbors, tourism, and cultivation.

Optimizing diabetes classification with a machine learning-based framework

BackgroundDiabetes is a metabolic disorder usually caused by insufficient secretion of insulin from the pancreas or insensitivity of cells to insulin, resulting in long-term elevated blood sugar levels in patients. Patients usually present with frequent urination, thirst, and hunger. If left untreated, it can lead to various complications that can affect essential organs and even endanger life. Therefore, developing an intelligent diagnosis framework for diabetes is necessary.ResultThis paper proposes a machine learning-based diabetes classification framework machine learning optimized GAN. The framework encompasses several methodological approaches to address the diverse challenges encountered during the analysis. These approaches encompass the implementation of the mean and median joint filling method for handling missing values, the application of the cap method for outlier processing, and the utilization of SMOTEENN to mitigate sample imbalance. Additionally, the framework incorporates the employment of the proposed Diabetes Classification Model based on Generative Adversarial Network and employs logistic regression for detailed feature analysis. The effectiveness of the framework is evaluated using both the PIMA dataset and the diabetes dataset obtained from the GEO database. The experimental findings showcase our model achieved exceptional results, including a binary classification accuracy of 96.27%, tertiary classification accuracy of 99.31%, precision and f1 score of 0.9698, recall of 0.9698, and an AUC of 0.9702.ConclusionThe experimental results show that the framework proposed in this paper can accurately classify diabetes and provide new ideas for intelligent diagnosis of diabetes.

Access to High-Purity 7m G-cap RNA in Substantial Quantities by a Convenient All-Chemical Solid-Phase Method.

Given the importance of mRNA with 5'-cap, easy access to RNA substrates with different 7m G caps, of high quality and in large quantities is essential to elucidate the roles of RNA and the regulation of underlying processes. In addition to existing synthetic routes to 5'-cap RNA based on enzymatic, chemical or chemo-enzymatic methods, we present here an all-chemical method for synthetic RNA capping. The novelty of this study lies in the fact that the capping reaction is performed on solid-support after automated RNA assembly using commercial 2'-O-propionyloxymethyl ribonucleoside phosphoramidites, which enable final RNA deprotection under mild conditions while preserving both 7m G-cap and RNA integrity. The capping reaction is efficiently carried out between a 5'-phosphoroimidazolide RNA anchored on the support and 7m GDP in DMF in the presence of zinc chloride. Substantial amounts of 7m G-cap RNA (from 1 to 28 nucleotides in length and of any sequence with or without internal methylations) containing various cap structures (7m GpppA, 7m GpppAm , 7m Gpppm6 A, 7m Gpppm6 Am , 7m GpppG, 7m GpppGm ) were obtained with high purity after IEX-HPLC purification. This capping method using solid-phase chemistry is convenient to perform and provides access to valuable RNA substrates as useful research tools to unravel specific issues regarding cap-related processes.

Strategies for cost-effective remediation of widespread oil-contaminated soils in Kuwait, an environmental legacy of the first Gulf War

The Kuwaiti oil fire during the first Gulf War resulted in the formation of approximately 300 “oil lakes” of varying sizes that covered over 110 km2 of the desert land. This threatens the fragile desert ecosystems and human health. Following the award of over US$2 billion to the State of Kuwait by the United Nations, large-scale remediation of the oil-contaminated soils has now been on the agenda. However, how to implement the remediation program in a cost-effective way represents a major challenge. In this study, cost-effective remediation strategies were developed based on field and laboratory investigations in a typical oil lake area. Overall, most of the lighter petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs) were lost due to evaporation. Long-chain aliphatic PHCs dominated the PHCs in the investigated oil lake area. This has implications for developing remediation strategies. Toxicity assessment results showed that the majority of soils pose a low environmental risk with a hazard index <1. Therefore, intensive treatment of these PHCs may not be necessary for these soils. Although active treatment methods are needed to remove the contaminants as soon as practical for the relatively small areas of high contamination, more cost-effective passive methods should be considered to minimize the remedial costs for the larger area of the non-hotspot areas. Given the extremely low risk in terms of groundwater contamination by the contaminated soils, it may not be necessary to remove the soils from the contaminated sites. A low-cost capping method should be sufficient to minimize human exposure to the PHC-contaminated soils.

MGRM: A Multi-Segment Greedy Rewriting Method to Alleviate Data Fragmentation in Deduplication-Based Cloud Backup Systems

Data deduplication has been broadly used in Cloud due to its storage space saving ability. An issue of deduplication is the contiguous data chunks in a segment may be scattered in different containers. This phenomenon is called data fragmentation. Because of data fragmentation, a restore process must reference various containers across a wide variety of segments, thereby hurting the restore performance. Capping methods that rewrite the data chunks of low Container Reference Ratio ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CRR</i> ) containers are developed to alleviate data fragmentation. We analyze and observe from real traces that a number of segments only point to low <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CRR</i> containers, while some others only contain high <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CRR</i> containers. This interesting observation is ignored by the existing capping methods which sort containers from a single segment, falling short in searching multiple segments collectively. Thus, the reference count of selected containers in the existing capping methods is still high. To address this problem, we propose a multi-segment greedy rewriting method named MGRM. MGRM sorts containers of segments in a sequential way. More specifically, given the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i-th</i> segment currently being processed, MGRM will sort all the containers in the top <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i-th</i> segments. This salient searching feature enables MGRM to select and rewrite the true low-reference container set. Moreover, to achieve a good balance between deduplication ratio and restore performance, MGRM has two working modes: an optimal rewriting mode and a radical rewriting mode. When working in the optimal rewriting mode, MGRM aims to improve the deduplication ratio; when the radical rewriting mode, MGRM strives to improve the restore performance. MGRM adaptively switches the working mode according to workload. Furthermore, unlike the existing capping methods that improve restore performance at the cost of the deduplication ratio, MGRM pays attention to both aspects. Our extensive experimental results show that MGRM achieves high restore performance, coupled with a high deduplication ratio. In particular, compared with the two state-of-art schemes FC and FLC, MGRM improves the deduplication ratio and restore performance by up to 114.83% and 99.34%, respectively.

Effect of capping mode on control of phosphorus release from sediment by lanthanum hydroxide.

The use of in situ active capping to control phosphorus release from sediment has attracted more and more attentions in recent years. It is important to identify the effect of capping mode on the control of phosphorus release from sediment by the in situ active capping method. In this study, the impact of capping mode on the restraint of phosphorus migration from sediment into overlying water (OW) by lanthanum hydroxide (LH) was studied. Under no suspended particulate matter (SPM) deposition condition, LH capping effectively restrained the liberation of endogenous phosphorus into OW during anoxia, and the inactivation of diffusive gradient in thin film-unstable phosphorus (UPDGT) and mobile phosphorus (PMobile) in the topmost sediment served as a significant role in the restraint of endogenous phosphorus migration into OW by LH capping. Under no SPM deposition, although the transformation of capping mode from the single high dose capping to the multiple smaller doses capping had a certain negative impact on the restraint efficiency of endogenous phosphorus liberation to OW by LH in the early period of application, it increased the stability of phosphorus in the static layer in the later period of application. Under SPM deposition condition, LH capping had the capability to mitigate the risk of endogenous phosphorus liberation into OW under anoxia conditions, and the inactivation of UPDGT and PMobile in the topmost sediment was a significant mechanism for the control of sediment phosphorus liberation into OW by LH capping. Under SPM deposition condition, the change in the covering mode from the one-time high dose covering to the multiple smaller doses covering decreased the efficiency of LH to limit the endogenous phosphorus transport into OW in the early period of application, but it increased the performance of LH to restrain the sedimentary P liberation during the later period of application. The results of this work suggest that the multiple LH capping is a promising approach for controlling the internal phosphorus loading in freshwater bodies where SPM deposition often occurs in the long run.

A simple and consistent quantum-chemical fragmentation scheme for proteins that includes two-body contributions.

The Molecular Fractionation with Conjugate Caps (MFCC) method is a popular fragmentation method for the quantum-chemical treatment of proteins. However, it does not account for interactions between the amino acid fragments, such as intramolecular hydrogen bonding. Here, we present a combination of the MFCC fragmentation scheme with a second-order many-body expansion (MBE) that consistently accounts for all fragment-fragment, fragment-cap, and cap-cap interactions, while retaining the overall simplicity of the MFCC scheme with its chemically meaningful fragments. We show that with the resulting MFCC-MBE(2) scheme, the errors in the total energies of selected polypeptides and proteins can be reduced by up to one order of magnitude and relative energies of different protein conformers can be predicted accurately.

Cap analogs with a hydrophobic photocleavable tag enable facile purification of fully capped mRNA with various cap structures

Starting with the clinical application of two vaccines in 2020, mRNA therapeutics are currently being investigated for a variety of applications. Removing immunogenic uncapped mRNA from transcribed mRNA is critical in mRNA research and clinical applications. Commonly used capping methods provide maximum capping efficiency of around 80–90% for widely used Cap-0- and Cap-1-type mRNAs. However, uncapped and capped mRNA possesses almost identical physicochemical properties, posing challenges to their physical separation. In this work, we develop hydrophobic photocaged tag-modified cap analogs, which separate capped mRNA from uncapped mRNA by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Subsequent photo-irradiation recovers footprint-free native capped mRNA. This approach provides 100% capping efficiency even in Cap-2-type mRNA with versatility applicable to 650 nt and 4,247 nt mRNA. We find that the Cap-2-type mRNA shows up to 3- to 4-fold higher translation activity in cultured cells and animals than the Cap-1-type mRNA prepared by the standard capping method.

Q Factor-Based Electrically Small Antenna Radiation Efficiency Measurement Using the Wheeler Cap

In this letter, a small antenna radiation efficiency measurement method is presented. The method utilizes the antenna quality factor, where it is a modification of the original Q factor method, amended by the loss Q factor of the antenna instead of the radiation Q factor. The method is verified for two kinds of antennas: the first is designed to operate at 868 MHz having a series resonance input impedance, and a second at 433 MHz having a parallel resonance input impedance. The method shows very high accuracy and prevent errors that may occur when using the conventional Wheeler cap method if the stored energy is not treated explicitly, which is considering the same imaginary part of the input impedance or input admittance for series resonance or parallel resonance, respectively.

Retinal injury mouse model and pathophysiological assessment of the effect of arsenical vesicants

The eye is ten times more vulnerable to chemical warfare agents than other organs. Consistently, exposure to vesicant arsenical lewisite (LEW) manifests significant corneal damage leading to chronic inflammation, corneal opacity, vascularization, and edema, culminating in corneal cell death. However, despite the progress has made in the research field investigating arsenical-induced pathogenesis of the anterior chamber of the eye, the retinal damage resulted from exposure to arsenicals has not been identified yet. Therefore, we investigated the effects of direct ocular exposure (DOE) to LEW and phenylarsine oxide (PAO) on the retina. DOE to arsenicals was conducted using the vapor cap method at the MRIGlobal facility or an eye patch soaked in solutions with different PAO concentrations at UAB. Animals were assessed at 1, 3, 14, and 28 days postexposure. Results of the study demonstrated that both arsenicals cause severe retinal damage, activating proinflammatory programs and launching apoptotic cell death. Moreover, the DOE to PAO resulted in diminishing ERG amplitudes in a dose-dependent manner, indicating severe retinal damage. The current study established a prototype mouse model of arsenical-induced ocular damage that can be widely used to identify the key cellular signaling pathways involved in retinal damage pathobiology and to validate medical countermeasures against the progression of ocular damage.

Recent advances in quantum fragmentation approaches to complex molecular and condensed‐phase systems

AbstractQuantum mechanical (QM) calculations are critical in quantitatively understanding the relationship between the structure and physicochemical properties of various chemical systems. However, the sharply increasing computational cost with the system size has severely hindered applying direct QM calculations on large‐sized systems. Hence, linear‐scaling and/or fragmentation QM methods have been proposed to overcome this difficulty. In this review, we focus on the recent development and applications of the electrostatically embedded generalized molecular fractionation with the conjugate caps (EE‐GMFCC) method in probing various properties of complex large molecules and condensed‐phase systems. The EE‐GMFCC method is now capable of describing the localized excited states of biomolecules and molecular crystals with a chromophore. The EE‐GMF method is also combined with anharmonic vibrational calculations for accurate simulation of the infrared spectrum of the magic number H+(H2O)21 cluster at the coupled cluster level. With an adaptive fragmentation scheme, the EE‐GMF‐based ab initio molecular dynamics is able to directly simulate chemical reactions occurred in atmospheric molecular clusters. Furthermore, by combining the EE‐GMF(CC) method and deep machine learning techniques, neural network potentials can be efficiently constructed for accurate simulations of complex systems with the accuracy of high‐level wave function methods. The EE‐GMF(CC) method is expected to become a practical tool for quantitative description of complex large molecules and condensed‐phase systems with high‐level ab initio theories or ab initio quality potentials.This article is categorized under: Electronic Structure Theory &gt; Ab Initio Electronic Structure Methods Structure and Mechanism &gt; Computational Biochemistry and Biophysics Structure and Mechanism &gt; Reaction Mechanisms and Catalysis

MODEL FOR INCENTIVE REGULATION IN THE TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY IN THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA

The regulatory bodies in the European Union have developed many methods for economic regulation. In this article, the concept is developed for the introduction of a method for incentive regulation in the transmission of electrical energy in the Republic of Croatia, bearing in mind the overall circumstances. The Republic of Croatia is in the initial phase of introducing economic regulation in the transmission of electrical energy. Therefore, it is necessary to perform all the necessary preliminary work consistently, such as the separation of the activities within a vertically integrated enterprise, modeling of the electricity market, organizing the electricity market and the recognition of a regulatory body. In the fi rst phase, it will be necessary to begin the development and introduction of the basic and simplest incentive models for economic regulation. The article presents an algorithm for the introduction of a model for incentive regulation in the transmission of electrical energy. The analyzed algorithm is based upon the revenue cap method. The article also discusses the circumstances of introducing said method in the transmission of electrical energy in the Republic of Croatia.

Characteristics of stress field and crustal kinematics of the southern region of Sichuan-Yunnan block, southern Tibet Plateau

The Red River fault is a massive tectonic shear zone of the Sichuan-Yunnan block, southern Tibet Plateau. The target area of this study is the Red River fault's middle-northern section and adjacent areas. Considering the spatial difference of tectonic structures and the inhomogeneity of focal mechanism solutions, we divided the target area into three structural units: the northern extension area, the middle strike-slip movement area, and the west complex rupture area. The study is carried out on the basis of zoning. Using the CAP method to invert the focal mechanism of moderate earthquakes and the principal compressive and tensile stress. Restoring the seismic source spectrum of small and medium earthquakes, then inversion the stress drops in three sub-units based on Brune model using digital waveform records. Our study suggests that: (1) Many high-stress drop earthquakes occurred in the transitional areas from the Weixi-Qiaohou fault to the Red River fault and from the Chuxiong fault to the Qujiang fault, also occurred in the Changning-Baoshan-Yongping area, revealing a large accumulation of local tectonic stress. (2) Some events with Δσ ≥ 20 MPa have occurred in the prominent low-speed anomaly area, indicating that a passive deformation crossed the Red River fault and extended to the west. Yangbi MS 6.4 earthquake (2021) occurred in a strongly locked area with high potential earthquake risk. (3) In the north of the study region, the movement of the Sichuan-Yunnan block to SE-SSE orientation was governed by the dextral strike-slip movement of the NW strike fault; in the middle region, the SE-orientated movement of the block relative to the South China block was governed by the sinistral slip movement of the SN-strike faults; and in the west region, the tectonic stress was governed by clockwise rotation of the block and the sinistral slip movement of the NE strike faults. We suggest that strike slip and rotation of the Red River fault's middle section may drive and aggravate passive movement in the north section, resulting in locally geophysical field responses. Therefore, the potential risk of a large earthquake in the middle-northern section of the Red River fault should be monitored.