Canthal Index Research Articles

Assessment of canthal index among the Nepalese and Indian MBBS students of a Medical College in Eastern Nepal

Assessment of canthal index among the Nepalese and Indian MBBS students of a Medical College in Eastern Nepal

Anthropometric Study of Canthal Index among Yorubas of Owo Origin in Ondo State, Nigeria

The canthus is the angle where the upper and lower eyelids converge. The terms "inner canthus" and "outer canthus" refer to the medial and lateral canthuses, respectively. The aim of this study is to determine the inner, and outer canthal distance as well as canthal index between males and females of Owo origin in Ondo State, Nigeria. This study adopted the descriptive cross-sectional survey of the quantitative design. For each subject, the inner canthal distance and outer canthal distance was measured and recorded while the canthal index was calculated. Data obtained for this research was analysed using descriptive statistics (Mean and Standard deviation) to test the hypotheses of this study and inferential statistics (t-test) to describe the nature of the data. The statistical test was done with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS version 24.0). Results showed that in the outer canthal distance, the mean value in male was statistically significantly greater than in females (p<0.05). Results also showed that in the inner canthal distance, the mean value in male was statistically significantly greater than in females (p<0.05). It was concluded that there was a significant sexual dimorphism in canthal parameters among Owo males and female population.

INNER AND OUTER INTERCANTHAL DISTANCES IN A NIGERIAN POPULATION

This study investigated the inner and outer intercanthal distances in a Nigeria population. Materials and Methods: The cross sectional study was carried on 384 adults (males and females) between the ages of 18-35years. This study was carried in Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria. A pair of digital venier calipers was used to carry out anthropometric measurement of the inner and outer intercanthal distances measured between the medial and lateral ends of the palpebral fissures respectively.The canthal index (CI) was calculated as [ICD x 100]/OCD. Simple descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated from the data obtained. Gender and age differences were scrutinized using the students’ t-test and correlation respectively. P value <0.05 was accepted as significant difference. Results: The mean canthal dimensions for the Nigerian population was inner-canthal distance (38.65±1.49mm), outer-canthal distance (76.25±4.03mm), and canthal index (50.85±3.50). According to gender, inner-canthal distance was 39.15±1.44mm and 38.15±1.38mm, outer-canthal distance was 76.59±4.13mm and 75.89±3.91mm, and canthal index was 51.26±3.46 and 50.41±3.52 for male and female respectively. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the inner-canthal distance and canthal index between male and female. There was insignificant correlation between: age and inner-canthal distance (r= 0.082, p= 0.108), age and outer-canthal distance (r= -0.024, p= 0.641), and age and canthal index (r= 0.064, p=0.213). Conclusion: Sexual dimorphism occurred as the inner canthal distance and canthal index were significantly higher in males compared to females in the Nigerian population.

Analysis of orbitofacial anthropometry in children with pseudostrabismus.

The aim of the study was to analyze orbitofacial anthropometric parameters such as inner and outer canthal distances (ICD and OCD), palpebral fissure length (PFL), interpupillary distance (IPD), and canthal index (CI) in children with pseudostrabismus and to compare the measured IPD (mIPD) with calculated IPD (cIPD). This was a prospective study of sixty children (6 months-18 years) with pseudostrabismus. ICD, OCD, PFL, and IPD were measured by digital Vernier caliper. The formula used was cIPD: 0.21+0.24 ICD+0.58°CD for males and 1.4+0.31 ICD+0.41°CD for females. Values measured by caliper were compared with that calculated by the formula. The formula used was CI: ICD × 100/OCD. Data were analyzed statistically. The mean age was 6.66 ± 3.57 years. Telecanthus was the most common finding (55%). The mean ICD and OCD in males were 30.89 ± 3.33 mm and 87.96 ± 8.09 mm and in females were 30.91 ± 3.05 and 86.22 ± 6.81 mm, respectively. The mean right eye PFL in males was 28.53 ± 2.63 mm and in females was 27.66 ± 2.22 mm and left eye PFL in males was 28.53 mm ± 2.63 and in females was 27.66 ± 2.22 mm. CI in males was 35.10 ± 1.65 and in females was 35.84 ± 1.71. Mean mIPD and cIPD: male - 55.37 ± 4.75 mm and 58.56 ± 5.34 mm, female - 53.32 ± 4.74 mm and 46.26 ± 3.71 mm. A good agreement was found between mIPD and cIPD. This study helps in documenting the anthropometric pattern of the orbitofacial parameters in children with pseudostrabismus which can act as reference data. This helps in the management of orbitofacial, craniofacial syndromes/deformities and lid reconstructive surgeries in retaining ethnical features and obtaining better function. In children's spectacle frame 1 and lens making, where measuring IPD is difficult, cIPD can be a simple alternative.

Anthropometric study of facial indices among Bangladeshi women

Background: Craniofacial anthropometric values and indices are vital for experts from different walks of science. Variations in such values are evident in racial and geographical attribute. Furthermore, anthropological classification would assist clinicians in planning regional surgeries, forensic identification and many more. Objective: In this study we aimed to measure the head-face landmarks in a particular population and to correlate their association. Methodology: To assess intra population variation, the fronto-occipital circumference, facial height, bizygomatic breadth, bitragion breadth, bigonial breadth, width of mouth, intercanthal width, biocular breadth and body height of 100 Bangladeshi women (age 25-45 years) were measured and craniofacial indices were calculated. Frequencies were observed while comparing the variables by ANOVA using SPSS version 17. Result: The mean values of facial indices revealed as prosopic index 103.8 ± 12cm, zygomandibular index 81.1 ± 7.44cm, canthal index 36.93 ± 2.3cm and circumference-interorbital index 2.26 ± 0.4cm. 86% of subjects were clustered to hyperleptoprosope group (very narrow face) and 69% had wide jaw with closely placed eyes. No significant (p>0.05) correlation was denoted between variables and facial indices. Conclusion: The result of this study would provide an access to baseline data of local standards for anthropometric evaluation which might help the clinicians in planning regional surgeries and forensic experts in identification. Northern International Medical College Journal Vol. 12 No.1 July 2020, Page 503-506

Ocular phenotype related SNP analysis in Southern Han Chinese population from Guangdong province

Ocular phenotype is recognizable among Asians, including eyelid fold, fissure inclination, and canthal index. Here we screened 27 facial phenotype-associated SNPs and reported a preliminary study in 246 Chinese individuals of Han origin in Guangdong province. Results showed that rs17760296 could explain 6.2% of the eyelid fold variation and double eyelids were more likely to appear when one’s genotype was TT. With respect to the canthal index, rs4791774 and rs642961 were significantly associated with it. However, no individual SNP was associated with fissure inclination. We further constructed two models to predict eyelid fold and canthal index and evaluated them with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and support vector machine (SVM) regression, respectively. The models showed a moderate-to-high predictive capacity (AUC = 0.75, sensitivity = 76%, and specificity = 72%) for the eyelid fold while a mild performance (R2 = 0.1074, MSE = 0.0005, P-value = 0.024) for the canthal index. In conclusion, our study indicates that rs17760296 could be selected into the facial phenotype prediction system for the Southern Han Chinese population. More SNPs are encouraged to improve the prediction accuracy of the canthal index besides rs4791774 and rs642961.

Anthropometric Periocular Soft Tissue Analysis From Preadolescence to Young Adulthood: Photogrammetric Measurements.

The periocular region has a central role in the prediction of ethnicity, understanding emotional expression, age, and sex. The aim of this study was to determine the sex-related growth changes in the periocular region of Turkish preadolescents, adolescents, and young adults. The study included a total of 234 individuals (preadolescents: 34 females and 40 males; adolescents: 40 females, 40 males, and young adults: 40 males and 40 females). A total of 7 periocular parameters (3 bilateral, 3 unilateral linear, and 1 angular measurement) were analyzed statistically to determine sex-related differences. The palpebral fissure and canthal indexes were also calculated. Of the 14 periocular measurements, 9 were found to be sexually dimorphic in certain age groups ( P < 0.05). Right-left palpebral fissure width and left palpebral fissure height were significantly different between young adult males and females ( P = 0.018, P = 0.013, and P = 0.027, respectively). A significant sexual dimorphism was observed for outercanthal distance and canthal index in 3 age groups ( P < 0.05). The data collected in this study may serve as a sex-dependent database source for the Turkish population during normal growth from preadolescence to young adulthood. The present study results would be useful for planning and designing aesthetic and post-traumatic surgical interventions in the periocular region as well as personal identification in this population.

A comparative analysis of canthal index of ekowe indigenes, bayelsa state

Human body parts are useful in the predictive study of the unknown. The aim of this study is to know the normative values of the canthi of the Ekowe people. Measurements such as inner and outer canthal distances were carried out. The mean value of the innercanthal distance for males and females are 3.55±0.58 and 3.43±0.52. The mean outer canthal distance for male and female is 13.91±0.84 and 13.62±0.76. The canthal index for male and female is 25.59±4.54 and 25.30±4.03. Sexual dimorphism exists and statistical significant difference was noticed in the outer canthal distance between the males and females (P˂0.05). This study has provided us with normative reference values of inner and outer canthal distances and canthal index for the Ekowe Population which is import to the health care givers, Anatomist, ophthalmic industry and anthropologist

Anthropometric Assessment of Canthal Distances and Canthal Index of South Indian Region: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Orbitofacial anthropometric measurements can be used in identification of gender and ethnicityin forensic anthropology. It also plays a crucial role used in plastic surgery and for identifying geneticsyndromes. Canthus is the term employed to explain the either corner of the eyes. Inner canthus is alsocalled as medial or nasal canthus. Outer canthus, is otherwise called as lateral or temporal canthus. Normalcanthal values can function as a guide for the diagnosis of pathology and interventions for craniofacialabnormalities. Thus, it is necessary to have a knowledge about the local data of those parameters sincethis standard reflects the doubtless different pattern of craniofacial growth resulting from racial, ethnic,sexual and dietary differences. Hence this study is undertaken to find out the normative inner canthal andoutercanthal distance measurement in population of South Indian region.Aims and Objectives: The present study was done to find out the normal inner and outercanthal distanceand also canthal index of population of South Indian ethnic origin and also to analyse the sexual dimorphismin them.Materials and Method: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 volunteers of agegroup 18-25 years of both sexes belonging to South Indian region. Innercanthal distance(ICD) and Outercanthal distance(OCD) were measured using digital vernier caliper.Canthal index was calculated. All thedata were analysed using SPSS 16.0 version software and correlated with gender.Results: Mean innercanthal distance was found to be 2.64 ±0.51 cm in males and 2.51 ±0.46 cm in femalesrespectively in the present study. There is significant sexual dimorphism in ICD . The study also showedoutercanthal distance to be 10.35± 0.81cm in males and 10.19 ±1.02 cm in females respectively. Canthalindex was 25.71 ±4.91 in males and 24.83±7.83 in females. There is no significant sexual dimorphism inOCD and Canthal index.Conclusion: It was observed that all the values were significantly higher in males than females of southIndian ethnic origin. And there is a significant sexual dimorphism in inner intercanthal distance.

Anatomical study of canthal index: The morphometrical study

Background: Anthropometry is the hallmark technique for biological anthropometry and has become increasingly important in health assessment across this century. Craniofacial anthropometry is study of face and skull. The local data on inner canthal distance, outer canthal distance and canthal index may signify the differential developmental pattern resulting from various factors such as gender, age, genetic and climate and may help in craniofacial surgery, orthodontists, congenital anomalies and forensic science.&#x0D; Objectives: The objective of the study is to compare anthropometric dimension related to inner canthal distance, outer canthal distance and canthal index.&#x0D; Methodology: The outer and inner canthal measurements of Nepali population wereobserved in 318 normal male and female. Out of total samples, 156 male and 162 female of age 17 – 25 years were taken for study since study was done in medical college preclinical students. The inner and outer canthal distances were measured by using a digital sliding caliper graduated in millimeters. The canthal index was calculated.&#x0D; Results: There was statistically significant difference in inner canthal distance among female (31.84± 2.22)mm and male (34.48 ±3.35)mm (P&lt;0.001). We found statistically significant difference in the outer canthal distance among female 94.30±3.42 mm and male 96.54±4.77mm (P&lt;0.001); moreover, there was significance difference in mean canthal index among female and male (33.77±2.42 and 35.79±3.76; P&lt;0.001) respectively.&#x0D; Conclusion: This work has generated normative values for canthal dimensions of Nepali population. The study would be of benefit not only to anthropometrist, oral and maxillofacial surgeons, plastic surgeons, forensic medicine, but also to orthodontists and dysmorphologists.

Inter: Ethnic comparison of canthal dimensions between ibibios and ijaws in Nigeria

Canthal index is an important component of craniofacial anthropometry with no universal normative value. It varies greatly among individuals and most especially across ethnic groups. This study was aimed at comparing the canthal index between the Ibibio and Ijaw populations of Nigeria. Four hundred (400) adult participants with ages ranging from 19-31 years were included in the study. Two hundred (200) participants consisting of 100 males and 100 females were randomly selected from the Ibibio and Ijaw ethnic groups of AkwaIbom and Bayelsa states, respectively, in Nigeria. A digital Vernier caliper was used to measure the inner and outer canthal distances and the canthal index was calculated from the values obtained. The results showed that Ibibio males and females had inner canthal distance of 3.49±0.05cm and 3.36±0.03cm; outer canthal distance of 10.34±0.22cm and 10.06±0.15cm, and mean canthal index of 33.77±0.83 and 33.42±0.54, respectively. The Ijaw males and females had inner canthal distance of 3.85±0.12cm and 3.69±0.16cm; outer canthal distance of 11.09±0.16cm and 10.92±0.42cm, and mean canthal index of 34.73±1.02 and 33.71±0.73, respectively. Using z-test (p

Anthropometric Analysis on the Ocular Region Morphology of Children and Young Adults in Chinese Han Population.

The periocular features vary in different age groups and ethnic populations. In this study, the authors sought to determine whether age-related differences exist for certain periocular parameters between children and young adults of Chinese Han population. OU of 310 children (aged 7-10 years) and 301 young adults (aged 20-30 years) were evaluated by 2-dimensional photogrammetry. All the subjects were of Chinese Han population. The eyelid crease profiles were classified according to their morphology. Periocular measurements, including 11 linear and 3 angular parameters were acquired from standardized photographs, 3 indices were further derived. The presence of epicanthal fold was also recorded. Each of the parameters was compared between the age groups. A statistical difference was found between the 2 age groups for the distribution of eyelid crease types. Statistical significances existed between the age groups for various parameters, these include palpebral fissure height and width, margin reflex distance, intercanthal and outercanthal width, distance from the medial end of the eyebrow to the medial canthus, distance from the lateral end of the brow to the lateral canthus, crease height and eyebrow height, angle of endocanthion and exocanthion, palpebral fissure inclination, palpebrae fissure index, canthal index, and angular index (p < 0.05). The incidence of epicanthal fold tended to decrease with increase of age. Age differences exist in periocular features between children and young adults of Chinese Han population. Standards of periocular measurements based on age and race could provide reliable guidelines for clinical examination and planning periocular surgery.

Facial Anthropometric Proportion of Chinese Han Nationality.

Facial anthropometric measurements play an important part not only in forensic cases but also in clinical treatments. The utilization of 2D photograph methods in facial anthropometric studies to found database with age, gender, ethnicity, and region was expanded by other races but little for Han nationality. This study was undertaken to describe reference ranges of facial anthropometric proportions of Han nationality and compare the anthropometric characteristics with other ethnicities. Our subjects focused on full-face photos of Han nationality in South China which consisted of 1176 healthy person (425 adult males, 421 adult females and 157 underage boys and 173 underage girls). Eight anthropometric landmarks on photos were examined by ImageJ software, and 7 anthropometric ratios were analyzed. The results indicated sex- and age- and ethnics-related anthropometric variations in Chinese Han nationality in South China. For adults, females have larger ratios in intercanthal-nasal width and lip height index and smaller nose width index; for impubes, boys were larger in lip height index and smaller in lip width ratios than girls, but as age achieved, the underage boys and girls exhibited a significantly larger nose width index and lip width index, smaller canthal index, intercanthal-nasal width and lip height index. Comparing with Japanese, India, North American and Persian, Chinese Han showed great difference in facial anthropometric proportions.

An Anthropometric Comparison of Inner Canthal Distance, Outer Canthal Distance and Canthal Index in the Indian and Nepalese Undergraduate Students of Nepalgunj Medical College

Background: The canthal distances are one of the most important aspects in ascessing the facial aesthetics. Several authors have described changes in the canthal distances attributable to race and gender.Aims and Objectives: To compare the inner canntahl distance, outer canthal distance and canthal index in between Nepalese and Indian undergraduate students of Nepalgunj Medical College.Materials and Methods: The study was conducted to compare canthal distances and canthal index among 320 (160 Indians: 100 male,60 female and 160 Nepalese: 100 male and 60 female) undergraduate students of Nepalgunj Medical College of age group 18-24 years at Department of Anatomy, Chisapani, Banke. Inner canthal distance(ICD) and Outer canthal Distance(OCD) were measured by using round end spreading caliper and Canthal Index were calculated by ICD/OCD *100. The value obtained was compared among Indian and Nepalese students in both sexes by using student t-test.Result: The study showed that there was no any significant difference on the value of inner and outer canthal distances and canthal index observed between Nepalese and Indian population except on the value of canthal index which was significantly different between Indian male and Nepalese male population. However, when the comparison was done between the sexes, inner and outer canthal distances and canthal index of males are larger than females except on the value of canthal index of Indian males and Indian females which was non-significant.Conclusion: There occurred a sexual dimorphism within Indian and Nepalese population except on canthal index of Indian male and Indian female but there wasn't any significant differences between Nepalese and Indian population of same sex except on canthal index of Indian male and Nepalese male. JNGMC, Vol. 14 No. 2 December 2016, Page: 12-14

Craniofacial morphometric study of adult Ogoni people of Nigeria

Craniofacial anthropometry requires series of direct standard anthropometric measurement of the bones of the human skull. The study was aimed at establishing baseline data of the craniofacial parameters which are head circumference, intercanthal distances, canthal index and circumference interorbital index of the adult Ogonis of Nigeria. A total of three hundred and eighty two (382) subjects were selected randomly from Kibagha in Gokana local government area, Bori in Khana local government area, Nonwa in Tai local government area and Alesa in Eleme local government area all in Ogoni. Three hundred and eighty two (382) subjects which include one hundred and eighty nine (189) and one hundred and ninety three (193) for males and females respectively with a non-stretchable plastic ruler with 0.5cm interval was used for the measurement and the data. The results showed among others, the mean age value as 30.81±10.13 for male and 32.64±10.91 for female, head circumference (male 56.41±1.52cm, female57.05±2.02cm), intercanthal distance (male 3.56±0.30cm, female 3.47±0.26), outer canthal distance (male 12.53±0.49cm, female 12.39±0.55cm), canthal index (male 28.41±1.79cm, female 28.15±1.83cm) and circumference inter-orbital index (male 6.31±0.44cm, female 6.09±0.40cm). It showed statistical significant difference between the male and female among the parameters measured indicating sexual dimorphism. Discriminate function analysis of Wilkis’ Lambda test also confirms accurateness and predictability of the statistical significant difference of male and female measured variables. The knowledge from the study can provide information for craniofacial assessment for important clinical questions in research especially during surgery on the cranium development forensic investigation in personal identification in the population and society at large.

Ophthalmology national normative database series (4): Normal ranges of interorbital anthropometric values in healthy sudanese children

Background: The knowledge of the normal ranges of interorbital anthropometric values among schoolchildren aged 6–15 years is very important because normal values of facial measurements, inner canthal distance (ICD), outer canthal distance (OCD), canthal index, and circumferential interorbital index are useful parameters in the evaluation and treatment of congenital or posttraumatic deformities of the cephalic and facial regions such as telecanthus, ocular hypotelorism, and craniosynostosis. Objective: To assess the normal ranges of interorbital anthropometric values in schoolchildren and to measure the interorbital distances and to define the effects of age and gender in Al-Shifa area, Khartoum State. Materials and Methods: Systematic interorbital anthropometric measurements were done in 980 schoolchildren aged 5–16 years. Measurements of far Interpupillary Distance (FIPD), Near Interpupillary Distance (NIPD), Outer Canthal Distance (OCD) and Inner Canthal Distance (ICD) were taken in all study population. Comparisons were made between their gender and age using the Chi-square test. Results: In total, 980 individuals were studied. Out of these, 675 (68.9%) individuals were boys and 305 (31.1%) were girls. The mean age of the study group was 9.47 ± 2.71 years; there was a statistically significant difference in all measurements (P Conclusion: Significant interorbital measurement differences were found between Sudanese children according to gender and age. The present study suggests that age and gender should be considered in Sudanese children in any orbital surgery. To individualize the treatment planning and diagnosis, it is important for the surgeons to have a knowledge of these local Sudanese interorbital norms.

Orbitofacial Assessment of Indian Americans and Its Significance – An Anthropometric Study

Background: For the perception of facial attractiveness, the orbital region in the face acts as a key determinant factor. The Orbitofacial measurements vary with sex and race. Orbital region in the face is one of the most important regions in plastic, reconstructive and ophthalmic surgery and anthropometric evaluation. There are no reports available on the Orbitofacial anthropometry in Indian American population. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to determine the normal average values of linear measurements of the orbital and eyebrow regions and to determine any significant sex differences that exist in the Indian American students of American University of Antigua (AUA), Antigua. Methods: The direct orbitofacial anthropometric measurements (orbital and eyebrow linear measurements, height of the orbit to the length of the eye fissure ratio and canthal index) were carried out using digital caliper in 100 men and 100 women Indian American students (18 to 30 years) of AUA, Antigua and compared between sexes. Results: The orbital and eyebrow linear measurements of Indian American men showed higher value when compared to women. Outer canthal distance, inner canthal distance and thickness of the eyebrow showed statistically significant sexual difference. The palpebral fissure width, height of the orbit and inter eyebrow distance showed no statistical significant sexual difference. Height of the orbit to length of the eye fissure ratio and Canthal index were calculated and showed higher value in men when compared to women. Conclusion: The Orbitofacial anthropometric data obtained in the present study can be used as a reference value for Indian Americans and can be made use in diagnostic procedures, designing of products like optical spectacle frames and lenses, surgical procedures and also in studies involving facial attractiveness.

Normative anthropometric analysis and aesthetic indication of the ocular region for young Chinese adults.

The ocular region is of prime importance for the facial aesthetic outlook. Various anthropometric analyses for the periocular region have developed to ensure a pleasing postoperative appearance. However, little information exists for Chinese young adults. In this study, authors not only analyzed the periocular anthropometric characteristics, but, more importantly, searched out the most meaningful aesthetic indicators of the population. The cross-sectional study was executed using two-dimensional photogrammetry acquired from 162 Chinese young adults (79 males, 83 females) between 20-30 years old. Anthropometric parameters including palpebral fissure length and height, intercanthal and outercanthal width, crease height, angle of endocanthion and exocanthion, axis of palpebral fissure, palpebral fissure index, canthal index, and angular index were acquired from standardized photographs. Then, 134 volunteers (20-30 years old) gave each photograph a score within 1-5 points to evaluate their ocular aesthetic attractiveness. The correlation between anthropometric parameters and aesthetic assessment was analyzed. A statistical difference between genders was found for palpebral fissure length and height, outercanthal width, angle of exocanthion, palpebral fissure index and canthal index (p < 0.05), with no statistical difference found for crease height between genders. Moreover, the palpebral fissure index, canthal index, crease height, and angle of exocanthion were significantly associated with aesthetic assessment. The normative anthropometric parameters are fundamental to interpret the morphology of eyes and to design plastic surgery for young Chinese adults. The parameters of palpebral fissure index, canthal index, crease height, and angle of exocanthion are strong indicators of aesthetic assessment.

Canthal and Cephalic and Indexes of Children with Homozygous Sickle Cell Disease in Port-Harcourt

This research was conducted in view of the importance of anthropmetric indices of the head and face in forensic medicine, surgery, paediatrics and medical imaging. this study was put forward to determine some of the effects of chronic diseases on head and face of children with homozygous sickle cell disease. A comparative study on canthal and cephalic indexes were carried on 100 patients, 54 male and 46 females who are homozygous for sickle cell anaemia, who attended the sickle cell clinic at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital between the ages of 3-17years. The same was done for 500 growing children, 291 males and 209 females between 3-17years. The head length, head breadth, inner and outer canthal distances were measured. the results showed a mean cephalic index value of 79.89± 0.87 for the normal growing children while that of the sickle cell children was 79.54± 2.14 which is not statistically significant (p>0.05). The mean canthal index for healthy children was 35.16±1.01 as against 37.28±1.65 for sickle cell children, which is statistically significant. This result determined the possible effects of chronic diseases such as sickle cell anaemia on the diversity of head and face shapes in children.

Study of canthal index in Nepalese undergraduate medical students of BPKIHS, Nepal: gender and ethnic differences

Background: Craniofacial anthropometry is a technique used in both physical and clinical anthropology comprising precise and systematic measurements of the human skull. It also includes measurement of the medial and lateral canthal distances. People of different genetic background subjected to significantly different environmental influences have different craniofacial morphology.Objectives: To find out effect of gender and ethnicity on Canthal anthropometry.Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out to determine and compare canthal anthropometry among 299 undergraduate students (Male=161, Female=138) of different ethnic groups (Indo-Nepalese, indigenous and Tibeto-Nepalese) of age group 19-21 years at BPKIHS. Medial and lateral canthal distances were measured by using straight vernier caliper and canthal index (medial canthal distances / lateral canthal distance × 100) for all three ethnic groups in both sexes were compared.Results: The study has shown that the female students had higher canthal index than male students (27.65±12.35 vs 23.96±5.76). When compared on the basis of ethnicity, Indo-Nepalese had highest value of canthal index followed by Indigenous and Tibeto-Nepalese.Conclusion: In conclusion, genetics and environmental factors are responsible for the variation in canthal indices and other craniofacial indices between and within populations. Therefore, its standard values are largely applicable for clinical assessment of patients with syndrome affecting canthal anatomy.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v3i2.11231Journal of Kathmandu Medical CollegeVol. 3, No. 2, Issue 8, Apr.-Jun., 2014Page: 78-81