Canonical Cross Loadings Research Articles

THE INVESTIGATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHARMACEUTICAL CONSUMPTION AND HEALTH STATUS

It is thought that it is important to reveal the contribution of pharmaceutical consumption to health outcomes because the share of pharmaceutical expenditures in health expenditures is quite high and the debate about controlling healthcare costs. The study aims to examine the relationship between pharmaceutical consumption and the health status of EFPIA member countries with canonical correlation analysis. It was found that the health status of the EFPIA member countries and their pharmaceutical consumption were strongly correlated (rc=75.9). According to canonical cross loadings, the variable of life expectancy at birth (0.846), which has the strongest relationship with its own set, also establishes the strongest relationship with pharmaceutical consumption (0.642). The pharmaceutical consumption dataset remarkably correlates with antidepressant use and lipid use, respectively. According to canonical cross loadings, antidepressant use, which had the strongest association with its own set, had the strongest association with the health status dataset (0.592). This research provides evidence that pharmaceutical consumption and the health status of EFPIA member countries are positive associated. It is thought that the potential of pharmaceutical-related interventions can be exploited as a way to improve the health status.

Linking negative affect, personality and social conditions to structural brain development during the transition from late adolescent to young adulthood

BackgroundThe transition from late adolescence to early adulthood is a period that experiences a surge of life changes and brain reorganization caused by internal and external factors, including negative affect, personality, and social conditions. MethodsNon-imaging phenotype and structural brain variables were available on 497 healthy participants (279 females and 218 males) between 17 and 22 years old. We used sparse canonical correlation analysis (sCCA) on the high-dimensional and longitudinal data to extract modes with maximum covariation between structural brain changes and negative affect, personality, and social conditions. ResultsSeparate sCCAs for cortical volume, cortical thickness, cortical surface area and subcortical volume confirmed that each imaging phenotype was correlated with non-imaging features (sCCA |r| range: 0.21–0.38, all pFDR < 0.01). Bilateral superior frontal, left caudal anterior cingulate and bilateral caudate had the highest canonical cross-loadings (|ρ| = 0.15–0.32). In longitudinal data analysis, scan-interval, negative affect, and enthusiasm had the highest association with structural brain changes (|ρ| = 0.07–0.38); at baseline, intellect and politeness were associated with individual variability in the structural brain (|ρ| = 0.10–0.25). LimitationsThe present study used non-imaging variables only at baseline, making it impossible to explore the relationship between changing behavior and structural brain development. ConclusionsIndividual structural brain changes are associated with multiple factors. In addition to time-dependent variables, we find that negative affect, enthusiasm and social support play a numerically weak but significant role in structural brain development during the transition from late adolescence to young adulthood.

The Fidelity Assessment Common Ingredients Tool: Does it Measure Empowerment and Satisfaction with Peer Run Programs?

Research Objectives To investigate whether the Fidelity Assessment Common Ingredients Tool (FACIT) has a relationship between empowerment and satisfaction with people who have psychiatric disabilities and attend Peer Operated Service Programs (POSP) in New Jersey. Design The FACIT was administered along with the Personal Empowerment Scale (PES), the Making Decisions Empowerment Scale (MDES), and the Self-help Agency Satisfaction Scale (SHASS). Two research assistants administered the FACIT, and on a subsequent visit, administered the three surveys. Canonical correlational analysis (Hair et al., 2015) was used to determine if there was a relationship between the FACIT and satisfaction and empowerment. Setting The study occurred in community POSP where people with psychiatric disabilities attend for mutual self-help, and peer led activities (Swarbrick, 2007). Participants A convenience sample consisting of 206 participants, who self-identified as having a serious mental illness, participated from 19 POSP. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures The FACIT survey consists of 46 items and six domains and measures how well a peer run organization is adhering to the peer model (Johnsen et al., 2005; SAMHSA, 2011). The PES focuses on independent social functioning (Segal et al., 1995), the MDES measures self-empowerment (Rogers et. al., 1997), and the SHASS measures satisfaction with self-help programs (Segal et al., 2000). Results Canonical correlational analysis found a relationship between satisfaction and empowerment and the six subscales of the FACIT (p < .05). Canonical weights indicated that PES contributed to the highest variance, and canonical cross loadings had a moderate correlation between PES and the FACIT. Redundancy analysis determined that the shared variance between the FACIT and satisfaction and empowerment was very small. Further analysis discovered that 62% of the FACIT items are about structure and organization, with 27% about empowerment, and 11% about satisfaction. Conclusions While a relationship was found between empowerment and satisfaction and the FACIT, these do not appear to be the main focus, which is more about how the POSP is structured and organized. Implications for using the FACIT at peer programs will be presented. Author(s) Disclosures None. To investigate whether the Fidelity Assessment Common Ingredients Tool (FACIT) has a relationship between empowerment and satisfaction with people who have psychiatric disabilities and attend Peer Operated Service Programs (POSP) in New Jersey. The FACIT was administered along with the Personal Empowerment Scale (PES), the Making Decisions Empowerment Scale (MDES), and the Self-help Agency Satisfaction Scale (SHASS). Two research assistants administered the FACIT, and on a subsequent visit, administered the three surveys. Canonical correlational analysis (Hair et al., 2015) was used to determine if there was a relationship between the FACIT and satisfaction and empowerment. The study occurred in community POSP where people with psychiatric disabilities attend for mutual self-help, and peer led activities (Swarbrick, 2007). A convenience sample consisting of 206 participants, who self-identified as having a serious mental illness, participated from 19 POSP. Not applicable. The FACIT survey consists of 46 items and six domains and measures how well a peer run organization is adhering to the peer model (Johnsen et al., 2005; SAMHSA, 2011). The PES focuses on independent social functioning (Segal et al., 1995), the MDES measures self-empowerment (Rogers et. al., 1997), and the SHASS measures satisfaction with self-help programs (Segal et al., 2000). Canonical correlational analysis found a relationship between satisfaction and empowerment and the six subscales of the FACIT (p < .05). Canonical weights indicated that PES contributed to the highest variance, and canonical cross loadings had a moderate correlation between PES and the FACIT. Redundancy analysis determined that the shared variance between the FACIT and satisfaction and empowerment was very small. Further analysis discovered that 62% of the FACIT items are about structure and organization, with 27% about empowerment, and 11% about satisfaction. While a relationship was found between empowerment and satisfaction and the FACIT, these do not appear to be the main focus, which is more about how the POSP is structured and organized. Implications for using the FACIT at peer programs will be presented.

INVESTIGATING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STUDENT SATISFACTION CRITERIA: A HYBRID MODEL BASED ON DEMATEL AND CANONICAL CORRELATION ANALYSIS

This study aims to investigate the relationship between students’ satisfaction criteria with a hybrid model, conducting both DEMATEL and Canonical Correlation Analysis. The dataset is obtained from Turkey University Satisfaction Survey (TUSS) 2020, consisting of a total of 192 universities and 39,386 students. TUSS has six factors, namely, "campus and the fulfilment of campus life”, “academic support and interest”, “richness of learning opportunities and resources”, “personal development and career support”, “satisfaction with the learning experience”, and “satisfaction with the institution’s management and operation”. DEMATEL is conducted to understand the cause and effect relationship and group these factors into two categories as dependent and independent sets. To investigate the relationship between these sets more deeply, Canonical Correlation Analysis is (CCA) carried out. The results of CCA are interpreted through canonical weights, canonical loadings, canonical cross-loadings, the proportion of explained variance, and redundancy index. The findings of the study suggest that to increase the overall satisfaction towards the institution, academic support and interest, as well as personal development and career support, should be delved into very carefully.

Canonical correlations in agricultural research: Method of interpretation used leads to greater reliability of results

Canonical correlations analyzes are being used in the agrarian sciences and constitute an important tool in the interpretation of results. This analysis is performed by complicated mathematical equations and it is only possible to use it thanks to the development of computational software, which allow different interpretations of results, and it is up to the researcher to choose according to his knowledge. Canonical correlations can be interpreted using canonical weights, canonical loadings, or canonical cross-loadings. In Brazil, most of the works that use these analyzes interpret the canonical weights. Therefore, this study aims to show, through an analysis of canonical correlations, the best way to interpret the results, so that they are presented in the most reliable way possible. Data from an experiment with two cultivars of biquinho pepper seeded in 5 light spectrums were performed. The variables were root length and volume, plant height, number of leaves, fresh shoot and root mass, shoot dry mass. Two groups of variables were organized, the multicollinearity was determined through the condition number and the inflation factor of the variance. Canonical correlations analysis was carried out, and weights, loadings, and canonical cross-loadings were estimated for the interpretation of the results. After the interpretations, it was defined that the canonical cross-loadings should be preferred for the interpretation of the canonical correlations. Weights or canonical coefficients provide dubious results of relationships between groups of characters and should be avoided.

Linked patterns of biological and environmental covariation with brain structure in adolescence: a population-based longitudinal study

Adolescence is a period of major brain reorganization shaped by biologically timed and by environmental factors. We sought to discover linked patterns of covariation between brain structural development and a wide array of these factors by leveraging data from the IMAGEN study, a longitudinal population-based cohort of adolescents. Brain structural measures and a comprehensive array of non-imaging features (relating to demographic, anthropometric, and psychosocial characteristics) were available on 1476 IMAGEN participants aged 14 years and from a subsample reassessed at age 19 years (n = 714). We applied sparse canonical correlation analyses (sCCA) to the cross-sectional and longitudinal data to extract modes with maximum covariation between neuroimaging and non-imaging measures. Separate sCCAs for cortical thickness, cortical surface area and subcortical volumes confirmed that each imaging phenotype was correlated with non-imaging features (sCCA r range: 0.30–0.65, all PFDR < 0.001). Total intracranial volume and global measures of cortical thickness and surface area had the highest canonical cross-loadings (|ρ| = 0.31−0.61). Age, physical growth and sex had the highest association with adolescent brain structure (|ρ| = 0.24−0.62); at baseline, further significant positive associations were noted for cognitive measures while negative associations were observed at both time points for prenatal parental smoking, life events, and negative affect and substance use in youth (|ρ| = 0.10−0.23). Sex, physical growth and age are the dominant influences on adolescent brain development. We highlight the persistent negative influences of prenatal parental smoking and youth substance use as they are modifiable and of relevance for public health initiatives.

Impact of implementing lean practices on firm performance: a study of Northern India SMEs

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impingement of lean manufacturing practices (LMPs) in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) of Northern India and their relationship with firm performance. This paper makes an attempt to identify the lean practices, which are more beneficial and their impact on firm performance. Design/methodology/approach In this study, a qualitative survey of 183 Northern India SMEs is collected and analysed using correlation, regression, canonical analysis and ANOVA test are conducted for developing relationships between them. Findings The outcome of this study indicates that the embracement of lean is necessary for their survival in this competitive spirit. Lean practices helped the SMEs to cope up with the persistent stress given by the spirited market. From the data investigation, it is revealed that total productive maintenance, supplier management, just-in-time and five S practices enhance the firm performance. Other practices such as plant management practices, operational and people practices found in a lesser extent than previous ones. From the correlation, it is revealed that lean practices have a strong relationship with firm performance. In one-way ANOVA test results indicating that the number of firms, which are less in the initial stage of lean implementation and much more impressive in a transition stage. Research limitations/implications The chosen approach for this research study was the cross-sectional one limited to the northern region of India and the investigated variables. Practical implications This study will help the stakeholders and manufacturers to enhance the performance of firms using LMPs, especially in a developing country. From these findings, practitioners and academicians would focus on vital issues related to firm enhancement apart from operational measures. Originality/value This study is one of the first attempts in which relation is developed between LMPs and firm performance and further data are investigated using canonical cross loadings and ANOVA analysis.

Concurrent and Criterion-Referenced Validity of Trunk Muscular Fitness Tests in School-Aged Children

A cause of limited physical activity levels in youth is the presence of low back pain (LBP), therefore proper assessment of low back function in physical education settings is needed to identify children who may be at risk. The purpose of this study was to determine the concurrent and criterion-referenced validity of field tests of low back and core muscular endurance in school-aged children. The sample consisted of 4th through 10th grade students (N = 370) who completed low back and core muscular fitness tests on four separate testing days during their physical education classes. Field measures related to low back function included the Box 90˚ Trunk Extension (Box 90˚) and the FITNESSGRAM Trunk Extension (FG-TE). Field measures related to overall core function consisted of a Lateral Plank, Prone Plank, and a Static and Dynamic Curl-up. Criterion measures of low-back muscular endurance included the Parallel Roman Chair Dynamic Trunk Extension (PRC-DTE) and the Parallel Roman Chair Static Trunk Extension (PRC-STE). Multivariate analysis using canonical correlations showed moderate correlations between low back and core measures (P < .001). The Lateral Plank, Prone Plank, and Dynamic Curl-up had moderate-to-strong canonical cross-loadings with the low back measure variate. The FG-TE displayed an insignificant canonical coefficient, and weak canonical loadings and cross-loadings. Measures of overall core function also significantly agreed with the criterion measures in classifying students into ranked tertile groups (P < .001). These results suggest that assessment of specific low back muscular function can be easily evaluated using tests of overall core muscular endurance as an alternative to the FG-TE in physical education settings.

PHB2 SF-12 Osteoarthritis-Specific Health Index: Development And Validation

OBJECTIVE:To develop and validate SF-12 osteoarthritis-specific health index (SF-12 OASHI). METHODS:Patient data on SF-12 and six osteoarthritis (OP) clinical variables (physician and patient global assessments, pain intensity, knee pain on weight bearing and motion, time to walk 50 feet) at baseline and week, 6, from two placebo-controlled clinical trials (n = 422), assessing efficacy of NSAIDs in OA patients were used. Using canonical correlation analysis, a SF-12 OASHI was developed in 75% of the sample (n = 317) by adding individual SF-12 item scores at baseline, each multiplied by their respective OA specific weights (canonical crossloadings on clinical variables). Validation (developmental sample) and cross-validation (25% holdout sample [n = 105], and another clinical trial sample [n = 170]) of the SF-12 OASHI were conducted by examining its correlation with clinical variables, and by computing the relative validity (RV) estimates of SF-12 OASHI as compared to physical (PCS12) and mental component summary scores (MCS12), using baseline and change scores at 6 weeks. Correlation between SF-12 component score and clinical variable was divided by correlation between OASHI and respective clinical variable to arrive at the RV. RESULTS: SF-12 OASHI demonstrated significant correlations with individual clinical variables ranging from −0.19 to −0.54 (p < 0.05). In general, SF-12 OASHI was more sensitive than the PCS12 and MCS12 scores as indicated by higher correlation coefficients with clinical variables, at baseline, in developmental and two cross-validation samples. At baseline, the RV coefficients for SF-12 OASHI ranged from 0.64 to 1.09 for PCS12 and 0.37 to 0.89 for MCS12. In general, SF-12 OASHI also showed more responsiveness to changes in clinical variables at 6 weeks as compared with PCS12 and MCS12 scores. CONCLUSION:The SF-12 OA-specific health index is a comprehensive and more sensitive measure of patient quality of life in OA as compared with PCS12 and MCS12.