Canonical Criteria Research Articles

Представления о критериях Вселенского Собора в Византии в первой половине XV в. и концепция пентархии

This article examines the views of Byzantine theologians and church leaders of the 1st half of the 15th century on the criteria for an Ecumenical Council in connection with the controversy about the Union of Florence. The consideration also includes the ecclesiological tradition of the previous century, reflected in the documents of negotiations with Rome on church union and anti-Latin writings of Archbishop Nilus Cabasilas. It also briefly examines the results of Byzantine theological development, formulated in the first decades of Ottoman rule. The author shows that Orthodox theologians of the late Byzantine period, following a tradition dating back to the 1st millennium, did indeed recognize (contrary to popular beliefs) the existence of strict formal canonical criteria for the Ecumenical Council, which were defined in their eyes by the concept of the «Pentarchy» of the ancient Patriarchs: Council could be considered Ecumenical if it was recepted by representatives of the Churches of Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem. At the same time, other local Churches were assigned a secondary role. The significance of individual bishops was completely leveled out; the subject of church activity was the Patriarchy. This system of ecclesiological concepts by the 15th century already to some extent did not meet the requirements of reality; nevertheless, thanks to its collegial character, it gave the Orthodox Church the means to overcome the crisis caused by the Union of Florence. The rejection of those teachings of the Roman Church, in which it deviated from Orthodox dogma, on the part of the patriarchs of Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem, their rejection of the union (confirmed, among other things, conciliarly in Jerusalem in 1443) and the support of its opponents in the Patriarchate of Constantinople played in this process defining role. Due to this, the Council of Ferrara-Florence could not be considered Ecumenical from the point of view of the Byzantine tradition. At the same time, the development of ecclesiological thought in the 15th century. strengthened Orthodox theologians in the conviction that an Ecumenical Council was possible without the participation of Rome. The «Pentarchy» thus passed into the «Tetrarchy».

Generalized measure of quantum Fisher information

In this work, we present a lower bound on the quantum Fisher information (QFI) which is efficiently computable on near-term quantum devices. This bound itself is of interest, as we show that it satisfies the canonical criteria of a QFI measure. Specifically, it is essentially a QFI measure for subnormalized states, and hence it generalizes the standard QFI in this sense. Our bound employs the generalized fidelity applied to a truncated state, which is constructed via the $m$ largest eigenvalues and their corresponding eigenvectors of the probe quantum state $\rho_{\theta}$. Focusing on unitary families of exact states, we analyze the properties of our proposed lower bound, and demonstrate its utility for efficiently estimating the QFI.

The relationship between FR0 radio galaxies and gigahertz‐peaked spectrum sources

AbstractWe present the results of our study of the relationship between Fanaroff‐Riley type 0 (FR0) radio galaxies and gigahertz‐peaked spectrum (GPS) sources. Quasi‐simultaneous radio spectra of 34 FR0s were obtained at 2.25–22.3 GHz with the radio telescope RATAN‐600 in 2020–2021 during 2–6 epochs. Most FR0s have flat radio spectra, but we found many spectra with a peaked shape. Due to this fact and the compact nature of FR0s, we suggest their possible relationship with compact steep‐spectrum (CSS)/GPS radio sources. We analyzed broadband radio spectra of the 34 FR0s using the RATAN‐600 measurements and available literature data. There are 14 FR0 objects which can be CSS/GPS radio source candidates. Most FR0s have broader radio spectra than those of genuine GPS sources, with like in blazars. Most spectral indices at the frequencies below and above the peak do not correspond to the values typical of canonical GPS sources. We classified 3 FR0s as low‐power GPS sources according to the canonical criteria. The key issue is the variability properties of FR0s. Some FR0s demonstrate a variability level of up to 25% on a time scale of 1 year according to the RATAN‐600 measurements. The flare phenomena in FR0 objects can imply a relationship between them and blazars.

Shattered Objects: Djuna Barnes's Modernism ed. by Elizabeth Pender and Cathryn Setz

Reviewed by: Shattered Objects: Djuna Barnes's Modernism ed. by Elizabeth Pender and Cathryn Setz Elyse Blankley Shattered Objects: Djuna Barnes's Modernism. Ed. Elizabeth Pender and Cathryn Setz. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2019. Pp. 248 + 21 illustrations. $84.95 (cloth); $34.95 (paper). To reread Djuna Barnes is to revise academic literary modernism. Absent for decades from the defining accounts of modern literature despite Nightwood receiving T. S. Eliot's imprimatur [End Page 191] at its launch, Barnes's oeuvre speaks to gaps and aporia at the heart of canonical modernist studies, which long kept Barnes a marginalized figure and midcentury cult phenomenon. It is useful to identify the history of these critical omissions, but a more pressing question may be, does Barnes speak to a twenty-first century audience? Shattered Objects: Djuna Barnes's Modernism, a bracing new collection of essays, answers with a rousing affirmative. Edited by Elizabeth Pender and Cathryn Setz, published in the Pennsylvania State University Press's "Refiguring Modernism" series, the book's eleven essays address Barnes's entire body of work both in terms of genre and chronology, and they deploy a range of critical lenses—queer studies, film studies, poetics, affect studies, and more—to bring us a rich portrait of Barnes's accomplishment. The book's title speaks directly to its editors' belief that Barnes must be read on her own terms. When a critic friend dismissed Nightwood as lacking "cheer," Barnes explained to fellow writer Emily Holmes Coleman that "there is always more surface to a shattered object than a whole object, and likewise the surfaces of a fragment are less 'cheering'" (quoted in Shattered Objects, 1). Pender and Setz interpret this observation as an aesthetic credo, a defense of her quirky and challenging works. But Barnes's explanation raises more questions than it elucidates; the "shattered object" is a puzzling, logic-defying object, seemingly substituting surface for depth while foregrounding and valorizing imperfection and loss, the very qualities so often affiliated with substance. Indeed, Peter Nicholls in his afterword admits to being "haunted" by the book's title, which confounds us with ontological uncertainties (207). Here is not the modernist fear of the human slipping beast-ward but an unblinking vision of the beast becoming un-redemptively human. In order to accommodate our reading practice to Barnes's worldview, we would do well, this collection suggests, to move away from modernist "ambiguity" and acculturate ourselves to Barnes's preference for the uncertain or incomprehensible. Shattered Objects envisions a different modernism, redefined and sufficiently capacious to admit Barnes's striking and iconoclastic visual/verbal works. The essays gathered here are by leading scholars in what we might call the "New Barnes Studies." In the book's first section, "Modernism in Print," Alex Goody argues that if we place Barnes's early mass-market journalism pieces in situ—that is, in their original contexts flanked by advertising and haphazard spatial arrangements on the page—we can see how they created a gulf between Barnes's strong authorial voice and the editorial exigencies outside her control. This unresolvable tension would become a key "modernist" element of her mature work. Pender's chapter reveals that, when Barnes revised some of her early short fiction for re-publication in the 1960s, she did so under the influence of academic modernism, which had become popularized and mainstreamed. In making her stories more ambiguous and less uncertain, Barnes erased the "heady, vivacious uncertainty" that ran afoul of later canonical criteria (56). Among the essays gathered in "Human and Beast" (one of Barnes's favored tropes), Rachel Potter's chapter compels us to rethink a central challenge of reading Nightwood: that is, the failure of its characters to arrive, to develop. It is a novel of actors who live like beasts "turning" human outside the law and nation state, and Nightwood's stasis repudiates the dynamism of the bildungsroman in order to reimagine a "humanist" story that would otherwise exclude these characters. Bruce Gardiner directs us toward Barnes's relatively under-analyzed Creatures in an Alphabet (1982) filled with verse and curious illustrations of chimerical beasts composed of conflicting parts and competing identities, not unlike...

Aspectos canónicos del servicio en la Curia romana

Improving ecclesial governance entails improving the governance of persons. Service in the Roman Curia is marked by the distinction between the system of government and that of public service. The system of government is predominantly comprised of members of the clergy and, for this reason, is conditioned by the personal canonical status of the office-holders (cardinal, episcopal, priestly). Some sources of dysfunction in the Roman Curia could be overcome by harmonizing functions of government with the personal condition of the office-holder. The system of public service –predominately lay–, with follows canonical criteria regarding both the suitability of candidates and working conditions, could be improved by introducing good-market practices.

Expansile invasive growth pattern is definite evidence for the diagnosis of small hepatocellular carcinomas: a comparative study of 37 cases

Small HCCs, including seHCC and spHCC, are rarely encountered in daily practice. Definite diagnosis is difficult for general pathologists. In this study, we reviewed 1025 cases of HCC and examined the histologic characteristics of small HCCs to facilitate more accurate diagnosis. Slides of archived HCC cases were reviewed by 2 senior pathologists, and small HCCs were identified according to the canonical criteria. Additional immunohistochemical stains were performed. Thirty-seven cases of small HCC were identified, including 22 cases of seHCC and 15 cases of spHCC. We found 2 types of invasive growth patterns in these lesions. The first is the expansile invasive growth pattern, with monomorphic tumor cells penetrating through the incomplete fibrous capsules and expanding into the adjacent noncancerous liver with a spherical, hemispheric, or mushroom shape. The second is the classic stromal invasion pattern. At least one type of invasive pattern was observed in all of the 37 cases of small HCC, and the seHCCs exhibit the expansile invasive growth pattern more frequently than the classic stromal invasion pattern. On the contrary, stromal invasive pattern was more common in spHCC nodules. In conclusion, with the background of chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis, histologic features including crowdedness of hepatocytic trabeculae and the expansile invasive growth pattern are strong evidence for the diagnoses of small HCC.

PETER J. KING AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE PHILOSOPHICAL CANON: AN AFRICANIST APPRECIATION

From a perspective of an advocacy for a multi-culturally sensitive epistemology, as well as from the context of the politics of decision-making on which thinkers get inaugurated into a community of what is regarded as standard-bearers of what passes as philosophy, Peter King’s One hundred philosophers: The life and work of the world’s greatest thinkers (2004) is instructive. He creatively breaks the boundaries of the traditional canonical criteria of Western philosophy and installs into a singular chronological compendium thinkers from Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas as philosophers whose works set the frontiers of philosophic erudition. Our critical observation is that King profoundly subverts the myth and challenges the doctrine of positing European thinkers as bulwarks of a universally superior epistemic system. Drawing from the amply documented protestation of African philosophy against the supremacist tendencies of the hegemonic Western academy, as well as from Walter Mignolo’s critical framework on the proclivity of a colonial epistemology to masquerade as universal, this essay critically highlights the historico-cultural mechanisms whereby the Western philosophical tradition sets itself as the arbiter and universal measure of what passes as philosophy, or a philosopher. King’s book is presented as a commendable negation of this tendency and as a demonstration of a culturally equitable and pluraversal (as opposed to the Eurocentric universal) approach to the recognition of philosophical genius. The essay is a contribution to the demands for the transformation of the conceptualisation of philosophy in the post-colonial academy.

Phonaesthemes in morphological theory

Debate over whether phonaesthemes are part of morphology has been long and inconclusive. We contend that this is because the properties that characterise individual phonaesthemes and those that characterise individual morphological units are neither sufficiently disjunct nor sufficiently overlapping to furnish a clear answer, unless resort is made to relatively aprioristic exclusions from the set of ‘relevant’ data, in which case the answers follow directly and uninterestingly from initial assumptions. In response, we pose the question: ‘According to what criteria, if any, do phonaesthemes distinguish themselves from non-phonaesthemic, stem-building elements?’, and apply the methods of Canonical Typology to seek answers. Surveying the literature, we formulate seven canonical criteria, identifying individual phonaesthemes which are more, or less, canonical according to each. We next apply the same criteria to assess non-phonaesthemic stem-building elements. The result is that just one criterion emerges which clearly differentiates the two sets of phenomena, namely the canonical accompaniment of phonaesthemes by non-recurrent residues, and this finding is not predetermined by our assumptions. From the viewpoint of morphological theory more broadly, we assume that any viable theory must find a place for lexical stems which are composed of a recurring, sound-meaning pairing plus a non-recurrent residue. Most phonaesthemes will occur in such stems. Consequently, theoretically interesting questions can then be asked about this entire class of lexical stems, including but not limited to its phonaesthemic members. Whether they are ‘part of morphology’ or not, phonaesthemes can contribute coherently to the development of morphological theory.

INTRATEXT, DECLAMATION AND DRAMATIC ARGUMENT IN TACITUS'DIALOGUS DE ORATORIBUS

Tacitus'Dialogus de oratoribus(c. 100c.e.) may be the most perplexing of the extant Roman dialogues, quite possibly, of the entire Greco-Roman tradition. Despite advances in the rhetorical and literary appreciation of ancient dialogues, this text continues to elude understanding. Oddly, the difficulties stem neither from obscurities of subject matter and presentation nor from any anomalismvis-à-visthe norms of the genre. Six compelling speeches lucidly detail the value, history and development ofeloquentia(‘skilled speech’) from the perspective of the late first and early second centuriesc.e. They provide convincing accounts of rhetoric and its evolution: the social and political efficacy ofeloquentia(Marcus Aper's and Curiatius Maternus' prescriptions on how best to assert oneself with and against the powerful, and the famous yet notoriously tumultuous oratory of the Late Republic), evaluative categories for rhetoric, including the competing discourses that prized renown and canonical status (Vipstanus Messalla's praise of the ancients), or external and absolute aesthetic criteria; and lastly, exemplary instances (e.g. past luminaries) or suitable models for imitation (ancient and modern orators and poets). The richness of these diverse emphases, along with the complex and ambiguous reworking of literary forerunners, not to mention the open-endedness at the work's conclusion, all conspire against the expectation of a uniform message.

Defining ‘periphrasis’: key notions

We examine the notion of ‘(inflectional) periphrasis’ within the framework of Canonical Typology, and argue that the canonical approach allows us to define a logically coherent notion of periphrasis. We propose a set of canonical criteria for inflectional morphology and a set of canonical criteria for functional syntax, that is, syntactic constructions which include functional elements and which express grammatical features. We argue that canonical periphrasis is exemplified in our theoretical space of possibilities whenever a cell in a (canonically morphological) inflectional paradigm (‘feature intersection’) is expressed by a multiword construction which respects the canonical properties of functional syntax. We compare our canonically-based approach with the approach of other authors, notably, Ackerman & Stump (2004), who argue for three sufficient conditions for a construction to be regarded as periphrastic: feature intersection, non-compositionality and distributed exponence. We argue that non-compositionality and distributed exponence, while sometimes diagnostic of periphrasis on a language-particular basis, do not constitute canonical properties of periphrasis. We also examine crucial but neglected syntactic aspects of periphrastic constructions: recursion of periphrases and headedness of periphrastic constructions. The approach we propose allows us to distinguish between constructions in actual languages which approximate the ideal of canonical periphrasis to various degrees without committing us to a categorical distinction between periphrastic and non-periphrastic constructions. At the same time we can capture the intuition that there is in some languages a distinct identifiable set of multiword constructions whose principal role is to realize grammatical features.

Method for determining partial indices of symmetric matrix functions

We propose a method for determining the partial indices of matrix functions with some symmetries. It rests on the canonical factorization criteria of the author’s previous articles. We show that the method is efficient for the symmetric classes of matrix functions: unitary, hermitian, orthogonal, circular, symmetric, and others. We apply one of our results on the partial indices of Hermitian matrix functions and find effective well-posedness conditions for a generalized scalar Riemann problem (the Markushevich problem).

A novel mitochondrial tRNA Glu ( MTTE) gene mutation causing chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia at low levels of heteroplasmy in muscle

Mitochondrial respiratory chain defects are associated with diverse clinical phenotypes in both adults and children, and may be caused by mutations in either nuclear or mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). We report the molecular genetic investigations of a patient with chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) and myopathy where muscle biopsies taken 11 years apart revealed a progressive increase in the proportion of cytochrome c oxidase (COX)-deficient fibres. Mitochondrial genetic analysis of the early biopsy had seemingly excluded both mtDNA rearrangements and mtDNA point mutations. Sequencing mtDNA from individual COX-deficient muscle fibres in the second biopsy, however, identified an unreported m.14723 T > C substitution within the mitochondrial tRNA Glu ( MTTE) gene, which fulfilled all canonical criteria for pathogenicity. The m.14723 T > C mutation was absent from several tissues, including muscle, from maternal relatives suggesting a de novo event, whilst quantitative analysis of the first muscle biopsy confirmed a very low level of the mutation (7% mutated mtDNA), highlighting a potential problem whereby pathogenic mtDNA mutations may remain undetected using established screening methodologies.

Square Pegs in Round Holes: Toward a Better Model of Parish Civil Law Structures

SQUARE PEGS IN ROUND HOLES: TOWARD A BETTER MODEL OF PARISH CIVIL LAW STRUCTURES Phillip J. Brown*1 I. Introduction It is well known among canonists that the Vatican Congregation for the Council sent a letter to the bishops of the United States in 1911 regarding property ownership and church structures in civil law. The bishops were advised that the Congregation’s view of the preferred method for holding and administering church property in the U.S. was the Parish Corporation model, especially as available in the State of NewYork. The bishops were asked to take steps to employ that method in dioceses where it was available. They were also encouraged to use their influence to secure legislation making the model available in jurisdictions where it did not yet exist. The bishops were directed, in particular, to completely abandon ownership of church property in fee simple, and to utilize the so-called “corporation sole” only where the preferred Parish Corporation was not available, or at least only until the change to Parish Corporation could be made.2 It is not as well known that the American bishops were first urged “to lobby state legislatures to provide forms of incorporation consonant with Catholic polity to insure the security of ecclesiastical goods” by the Fourth Provincial Council of Baltimore in 1840.3 Nor, perhaps, that the Holy See had been prodding American bishops to advocate for laws that would allow incorporation compatible with Catholic polity in the U.S. long before that.4 Vatican concerns had arisen, no doubt, at least in part from the Church’s recent experience with revolutionary changes in political and legal systems in Europe, especially in France, and their effects on the ownership, administration, and control of church property. The The Jurist 69 (2009) 261–310 261 * School of Canon Law, Catholic University of America 1 This article is based on a presentation at the April 2008 School of Canon Law Spring Seminar Getting Civil Law Right: Canonical Criteria for Parish Civil Structures. 2 Sacred Congregation for the Council, letter, July 29, 1911, in CLD 2: 444–445 (emphasis in the original), cited in: John Beal, “It’s Déjà Vu All over Again: Lay Trusteeism Rides Again,” The Jurist 68 (2008) 547, n. 139. 3 Fourth Provincial Council of Baltimore, decree 56 in Decreta Conciliorum, 23–24, cited in Beal, 537 4 Beal, 527. 262 the jurist Church and church institutions suffered serious depredations of their property interests during the French Revolution, which heightened anxieties extending back to the period of the Protestant Reformation and beyond . Indeed, concerns over how best to protect church property interests before the civil authority have been present throughout the Church’s long history. However, the Vatican was being especially vigilant regarding church property rights during the nineteenth century because of the tremendous changes taking place in civil societies and civil legal systems . It would be especially challenging to find civil structures that would adequately mirror canonical structures and governance in the United States because of its commitment to avoid any kind of formal relationship between the civil government and the Church or any of the Christian churches or other religious bodies. Therefore, when all is said and done, it is not possible to attempt a solution to the puzzle of how best to structure Catholic parishes in American civil law without considering some historical background,5 and also certain aspects of the attitude of the United States Constitution toward religion. Why is the civil structure of parishes such an important question? For a number of reasons, of course, most of them the same in civil as in canon law: first and foremost of all, the unavoidable relationship between the legal structure of an entity and property ownership. There is an unavoidable relationship between structure and governance; between structure and the administration of property; between structure and the administration of revenues produced by an entity.6 There has never been a completely adequate model for the civil structuring of Roman Catholic parishes in the United States. The 2008 Spring Canonical Seminar of the Catholic University of America School of Canon Law addressed the challenges involved in trying to achieve a 5...

The Parish: Theological and Canonical Parameters

THE PARISH: THEOLOGICAL AND CANONICAL PARAMETERS1 Thomas J. Green* This article will attempt to clarify certain fundamental theologicalcanonical dimensions of the parish according to official church teaching as expressed in Vatican II and especially in the 1983 code.2 The author hopes thereby to put the canonical-civil law observations of his workshop colleagues in a somewhat broader theological-canonical context.3 At the end of this text a brief bibliography highlights some sources the author found particularly valuable in preparing these reflections.4 (A) Introduction This text stresses the nature of the parish as a principal Eucharistic community of the faithful involving clergy and laity (and perhaps religious ) even prior to our consideration of its leadership figures, who are especially called to foster its mission. In a certain sense the parish is the fundamental ecclesial community, the lowest level constitutional form of church organization. It is the backbone of that organization and is baThe Jurist 69 (2009) 213–236 213 * School of Canon Law, Catholic University of America 1 This article is a slightly modified version of an introductory presentation given on April 4, 2008 at the annual spring canonical seminar in Washington, D.C. sponsored by the School of Canon Law and entitled “Getting Civil Law Right: Canonical Criteria for Parish Civil Structures.” 2 While the aforementioned seminar presentation focused on the Latin code, the author provides appropriate references here to the Eastern code for completeness sake. The text will cite the Latin code as canon or canons with the canon number(s) and the Eastern code as CCEO, c or cc. with the canon number(s). 3 See the immediately following articles by Attorney Mark Chopko and Dr. Phillip Brown, S.S. 4 The author was especially influenced by the reflections of a Belgian canonist Alphonse Borras cited in the bibliography. See Alphonse Borras, Les communautés paroissiales. Droit canoniqiue et perspectives pastorales. (Paris: Cerf, 1996) 31–85. The author also found rather helpful a July 2006 interdisciplinary session at Loyola University of Chicago entitled “Can You Tell Me What a Parish Is?” For the text of the seminar papers , see Chicago Studies 46 (2007) 3–141; 147–237. Finally the author appreciates the extensive work on the parish done by James Coriden of the Washington Theological Union, especially his comments on the rights and obligations of parishes as juridic persons . See, e.g., idem, The Parish in Catholic Tradition: History, Theology, and Canon Law (Parish in Tradition) (Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press, 1997) 59–81. 214 the jurist sically oriented to responding to the Church’s call to be a sacramental sign of human salvation, a light to the nations (Lumen gentium). It is central to the discovery and ongoing nurturing of the spiritual identity of most Catholics. The parish is surely a much more comprehensive reality than its key leadership figure the pastor despite the two codes’ focusing most of their attention on his varied service to his fellow believers.5 There is a post-Vatican II shift away from a somewhat more institutional view of the parish in the 1917 code, which did not describe the parish as such given its emphasis on the pastor and the means of his support . However, canon 216 spelled out certain fundamental elements: a territorial subdivision of diocese, a church building, a specified group of people, and a pastor. That code viewed the pastor-parishioner relationship in terms of the former’s actively providing pastoral care for the latter who were viewed as somewhat passive recipients of such care. It seems rather important that our present codes no longer view the parish primarily as an institution for pastoral service, a branch office of a large diocesan corporation. Hence we need to avoid viewing the parish from a significantly business-oriented perspective with the pastor’s being viewed as a branch manager subordinate to the bishop as the diocesan CEO.6 Following Fox, who spoke at the aforementioned July 2006 Chicago symposium on the parish,7 one might discuss the parish from a triple frame of reference: a) conciliar teaching on the Church, especially the theme of communion strongly emphasized by recent popes8 b) a reading of the noteworthy signs...

Getting Civil Law Right: Canonical Criteria for Parish Civil Structures

Getting Civil Law Right: Canonical Criteria for Parish Civil Structures

Ammissione Alle Nozze e Prevenzione Della Nullità Del Matrimonio ed. by Miguel A. Ortiz

This reviewer would have liked a paragraph included [p. 154] acknowledging that those with graduate degrees [e.g., STL, STM] in other than canon law disciplines; or in arts/sciences [e.g., psychology, criminology ] are authorized tribunal members. Referring to such simply as non-degreed in canon law is misleading and limiting; especially if they are duly appointed, experienced practitioners, and members of the CLSA.A paragraph or at least an expansion of the inclusion of indults (p. 145) could affirm these ecclesial ministers and help recruit others. In conclusion, this addition to the CLSA handbook series is, by far, a “must have and use” volume for all serving in tribunals. Michael A. Boccaccio Pastor, St. Philip Church, Norwalk, CT Diocese of Bridgeport, CT AMMISSIONE ALLE NOZZE E PREVENZIONE DELLA NULLITÀ DEL MATRIMONIO edited by Miguel A. Ortiz. Milano: Giuffrè, 2005. Pp. xiii–371. There are probably few practicing tribunal canonists in the Church today who would not appreciate opportunities to assist even indirectly in the pastoral and canonical preparation of couples planning marriage, i.e., to have pastors and engaged couples pay attention to the jurisprudence that canonists and their predecessors have developed over the years in repeatedly reflecting on and applying the Church’s canonical understanding of marriage to marriage nullity cases. The difficulty, of course, is that tribunal canonists and canon law teachers specializing in matrimonial jurisprudence are not usually called upon to provide canonical insight into what should constitute tomorrow’s successful marriages but rather to decide whether, in law and in fact, yesterday’s putative marriages were proven invalid. Moreover, it would seem, at least at first glance, that there is, at best, tenuous grounding for such jurisprudential insights to serve as a positive support for marriage preparation; for how can canonical criteria developed for determining what marriage is not help clarify what marriage is and should be at least canonically? In other words, can what has been learned about marriage nullity help ensure better informed pastoralcanonical preparation of couples for marriage and, thereby, prevent or at 614 the jurist book reviews 615 least reduce the possibility of invalidity and nullity taking root in couples ’ planned marital unions? Evidently, several persons engaged in the disciplines of canon law and pastoral theology and psychiatry considered these questions timely and worthy of their consideration and discussion at a convention sponsored by the Faculty of Canon Law at the University of the Holy Cross in Rome in 2003. This work is a compilation of the papers presented at that convention. In a brief but informative Presentazione, Miguel Ángel Ortiz, editor of this work, attributes the incentive for the convention to Pope John Paul II’s recognition in his apostolic exhortation Familiaris consortio 68 of the urgent need today for an effective pre- and post-matrimonial evangelization and catechesis of men and women intending marriage within the Christian community. Ortiz, who authored one of the papers, identifies the other contributing authors: Héctor Franceshi, F. Sergio Lanza, Feliciano Gil de las Heras, Pedro-Juan Viladrich, Paolo Bianchi, Jean-Pierre Schouppe, Montserrat Gas I Aixendi, Karl Josef Romer, Andrei Bettetini , Franco Poterzio, Grzegorz Erlebach, Virgilio La Rosa, and Arturo Cattaneo, and briefly describes the topics of a few of the papers. The president of the convention, Carlos J. Errázuriz M., in his Introduzione ai lavori identifies the underlying motivation of the convention and the papers it produced. He articulates its unifying theme and implications which he sees as a paradox widespread in the Church today: Admission to the celebration of marriage according to canonical form generally occurs without particular difficulty; yet the requirements of marital capacity and consent are so severe as to favor an eventual declaration of nullity. The fundamental question then that the convention intended to confront is whether preventing marriage nullity at the moment of welcoming the engaged couple to the celebration of marriage according to canonical form is possible. The papers are the consequence of the convention’s efforts to flush out the issues involved in such an undertaking. The work consists of fourteen essays of varying lengths (the longest is fifty pages; the shortest, ten pages). The first eight essays treat in order: the...

Response to Letter to Editor

We thank the Authors for bringing to our attention the significance of the c.1360G>A (p.Ala454Thr) change in CACNA1A in members of the family reported by Cricchi and colleagues [1]. In that paper, the concomitant segregation of the nucleotide variant in affected individuals, the high degree of conservation among species of Ala454 [2], and its absence in over 300 healthy Italian chromosomes satisfied canonical criteria pointing to a causative role. Nonetheless, lower than expected frequency in controls cannot be completely ruled out.

Two Novel Mitochondrial DNA Mutations in Muscle Tissue of a Patient With Limb-Girdle Myopathy

Defects in the oxidative phosphorylation system can cause a broad spectrum of clinical symptoms ranging from an isolated myopathy to a multisystemic disorder. To study and identify the underlying molecular defect in a patient with limb-girdle myopathy. Biochemical, histochemical, and immunocytochemical analyses were performed in combination with polymerase chain reaction-single-strand conformation polymorphism and restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction techniques. University hospital. A 48-year-old woman with limb-girdle myopathy. The pathogenic characteristics of the identified nucleotide alterations were defined using single-muscle fiber analysis. A complex III deficiency was detected using blue native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, while immunocytochemical results showed a mosaic staining pattern for complexes I and IV. After molecular analyses, 2 novel heteroplasmic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) nucleotide aberrations, m.5888insA and m.14639A>G, were identified in muscle tissue. Single-muscle fiber analyses demonstrated that cytochrome c oxidase-deficient fibers, compared with cytochrome c oxidase-positive fibers, harbored statistically significantly higher levels of both mtDNA mutations (P < .001, t test). These results, together with previously defined canonical criteria determining the pathogenic characteristics of mtDNA mutations, suggest that both nucleotide changes are pathogenic mutations. To our knowledge, this is only the third report of the coexistence of 2 pathogenic mtDNA mutations present in different genes within individual skeletal muscle fibers of a patient.

Des « arts méconnus » aux « arts premiers » : inclusions et exclusions en anthropologie et en histoire de l’art

From “arts méconnus” to “arts premiers” : Processes of Inclusion and Exclusion in Anthropology and Art History In 1881, three years after the foundation of the musée d’Ethnographie du Trocadéro, Emile Soldi published one of the first major books on non-Western art under the title Les Arts méconnus (unrecognized art forms). Today, with the opening of the pavillon des Sessions at the Louvre and the inauguration of the musée du quai Branly, the term “arts premiers” - roughly translatable as “primordial arts or early art” - is widely spread in France. Over the course of a century non-Western objects have been successively labeled in France “ethnographic objects”, “arts méconnus”, “arts lointains” (artifacts from distant lands), “primitive art” and, finally, “arts premiers”. This constant process of renaming and redefining non-Western objects informs us about changes in anthropological approaches since the second half of the nineteenth century as it does about the extension of the Western notion of art to non-Western objects. At the same time, non-Western objects are submitted to the same canonical criteria that art historians apply to Western art, and the notion of art has increasingly been equated with the material dimension.

Cuban Antislavery Narrative in a Postcolonial Light: Anselmo Suárez y Romero's Francisco

Unlike the two iconic Cuban antislavery narratives, Cirilo Villaverde's Cecilia Valdes and Gertrudis Gomez de Avellaneda's Sab, which have excited much critical interest, Anselmo Suarez y Romero's Francisco is sometimes treated as a nondescript novel of dubious literary stock and suspect antislavery pedigree. Nevertheless, this work occupies a special place in the gallery of these narratives. It was one of the first responses to the request from Richard Madden, the abolitionist Commissioner of the British Mixed Court, for literary compositions by young writers illustrating the Cuban view of slavery. As one of the first full-length literary pieces on the antislavery theme, it began a cycle that was to last for half a century. Suarez, who was born in Havana in 1818, started writing the novel in 1838, and completed it in 1839 at the age of 21. His youth qualified him for special mentoring by the more experienced members of the tertulia or writers' club organized under the auspices of Domingo Del Monte, a patron of the literary arts. Francisco is, in addition, the antislavery novel whose genealogy has been most fully documented. The novel was composed cooperatively, being in pan the product of ongoing exchanges between the author and members of the Del Monte tertulia, who contributed to its production by their commendations and criticisms. Whether to shed light or to cast their shadow on subsequent interpretations of the novel, the letters between members of the writers' circle during the course of its composition have been included as indispensable extensions of the text in its various editions. The edited version of the manuscript, which was included in the antislavery album delivered to Madden, has not been published and seems to have been lost. If the author is to be believed, the unedited version was the one that finally appeared in print in New York some 36 years later in 1880, after the abolition of slavery in Cuba. Neither version was subject, therefore, to the constraints of official censorship; the edited one was destined for Madden, not for public consumption in Cuba, while the original was published under a more liberal political regime. In offering his preferred reading of the work, Suarez's apologetic posture on its style is counterbalanced by his unabashed defence of its compelling moral message: usually laugh at the many clumsy words and phrases and the host of redundancies and tedious repetitions; but when I think of Francisco and Dorotea, victims of a horrible institution, I believe that even the most severe literary judge would have to silence his criticism to join me in weeping for those two wretched slaves1 (41). In a similar fashion, different commentators on the novel have used canonical criteria to make light of its literary value and have helped to divert attention from its discursive dimension.2 Using the insights offered by contemporary literary theories this essay proposes a reading of the unedited version that will broaden and deepen our understanding of the novel by focusing on the subversive effect of various unobtrusive signs included by the author. Postcolonial readings of colonial discourse, Mikhail Bakhtin's theory of the novel, as well as the methods of deconstruction and psychoanalysis are interpretive tools that will be engaged to explore certain unmined areas of this novel. These theoretical tools will help to tease out its multiple threads and, hopefully, help to correct some of the existing misperceptions of aspects of Suarez's composition. At the centre of the novel is the cliched Romantic fable of the ill-fated love between Francisco and Dorotea, two favoured house slaves, which is thwarted by their widowed mistress, Dolores Mendizabal and her son, Ricardo. Dona Dolores not only refuses their pleas for permission to marry, but eventually forbids their relationship. The slaves continue their affair in secret, and this leads to Dorotea's pregnancy, a crime which earns them expulsion from serving in the house. …