Yield Components Of Canola Research Articles

Short‐term heat stress during flowering results in a decline in Canola seed productivity

AbstractOilseed rape (Brassica napus) or Canola is an important oilseed crop produced and consumed globally. The predicted increase in the frequency of high‐temperature events associated with climate change poses a threat to Canola productivity. In the present work, we report the impact of short‐term heat stress on the reproductive fitness and yield components of Canola. Short heat stress episodes, especially above 36°C, resulted in diminished reproductive fitness due to reduced pollen viability and germinability. Heat stress exposure led to asynchronous male and female development and suppressed pollen development in developing buds. As the temperature increased above 32°C, the seed production decreased significantly. Temperatures beyond 38°C resulted in >50% reduction in total seed production and seed weight. Short‐term heat stress also reduced yield components, seed vigour and post‐harvest seed characteristics. Biochemical investigations of the seeds harvested from heat‐stressed (40°C for 12 hr) plants showed decreased oil content along with a variable fatty acid composition. The omega‐6/omega‐3 ratios increased in response to heat stress indicated a possible decline in oil nutritional quality. Understanding the impact of short heat stress episodes can provide efficient heat tolerance screening tools and pave the way for developing heat stress‐tolerant B. napus varieties.

English

The objective of this study was to determine the stage of development with greater sensitivity to water excess and the period of time required to compromise the emergence and grain yield components of canola. The experiments were performed in a greenhouse at the Federal University of Santa Maria and at the Farroupilha Federal Institute, Campus of Sao Vicente do Sul, RS during the 2015 agricultural year. The completely randomized experimental design was utilized to investigate phenological stages and periods of continuous water excess in the soil. Also, factors like percentage of emergence, emergence speed index, grain yield, number of siliques per plant, one hundred grains weight, dry matter of aerial part, silique length, number of grains per silique, and weight of 20 siliques were determined. The stages of rosette leaf formation and beginning of anthesis are the most sensitive to water excess in the soil. Water excess for 24 h is enough to reduce the emergence speed index. However, the percentage of emergence is not compromised by water excess up to 192 continuous hours. 24 h of water excess reduces the number of siliques per plant, dry matter of aerial part and grain yield of canola. Key words: Brassica napus, grain yield, lowland cultivation, waterlogging.

HOW SALICYLIC ACID MODULATE PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS, GROWTH AND YIELD OF CANOLA

In this experiment, the possibility of growth promoting of exogenous salicylic acid (SA) during two growth stage on chlorophyll (Chl) content, yield and yield components of canola were investigated. for the purpose of improving above traits, salicylic acid was applied in four concentrations (0, 100, 200 and 400 µM) during two different growing stages (first time; when temperature was close to 7-10°C and second time; when temperature was close to 7-10°C at the end of winter) on two canola cultivars (Licord and RGS). The total chlorophyll content was higher when 100 µM was applied at the second stage of the application on Licord cultivar. Salicylic acid foliar application led to increase in seed yield of both cultivars. The highest plant height, seed weight and plant biomass were obtained from Licord cultivar. The greatest pod number per plants was observed in Licord which was treated with 100 µM salicylic acid at the first time while the highest seed number per pod was observed in the former cultivar which was treated with 200 µM salicylic acid at the first time. In general, results revealed that salicylic application increased canola growth and productivity of canola seed yield in both cultivars.

Evaluation of Drought Stress and Buried in Sand on Yield Components of Canola (Brassica napus L.) and Soil Properties

Drought is one of the most important environmental stresses that can impair plant growth and crop production. The purpose of Resent paper is to determine the effects of drought stress and Buried by sandon yield, yield components of canola (Brassica napusL.) as well as soil properties. The research was investigated in crop year 2013-14 in the field of Educational Research Institute of University of Zabol. Experiment split-plot in randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plot was drought stress in three levels including; 50, 100 and 150 mm evaporation from evaporation pan and sand buried quantities was considered as the sub – plot in three levels; control, 100 and 200 t/ha. The highest of grain yield (460.87 kg/ha) was obtained from treatment 200 t/hadue to Buried by sand. The result shownthat yield was increased in comparison to the control treatment of about 29.61 percent. The maximum soil temperature shows in treatments of 100mm and 150 mm respectively 27/5co and 28/3co evaporation from pan evaporation and the lowest soil temperatures in 50 mm from pan evaporation treatment was obtained 25/3c° .Using sand storm, the soil temperature decreased and the highest soil temperature (28/2c°) was observed in control treatment. The interaction of drought stress and sand storm showed that the highest grain yield in drought stress 50 mm evaporation and the application of sand storm 200 t/ha. This was indicates that the positive effect of sand to reduce evaporation. Keywords: Evaporation; Sand buried; Soil temperature; Seed yield

Influence of Zeolite, Selenium and Silicon upon Some Agronomic and Physiologic Characteristics of Canola Grown under Salinity

ABSTRACTThe effect of soil applied zeolite, foliar application of selenium and silicon on the agronomic and physiologic traits of canola grown under salt stress conditions was investigated in two-year field experiment during 2012 and 2013. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks, arranged in factorial with 27 treatments forming combinations of zeolite (0, 5 and 10 ton ha−1), selenium (0, 2 and 4 g liter−1) and silicon (0, 2 and 4 g liter−1) and three replicates. The results indicated that zeolite improved plant growth in terms of plant height and increased yield and yield components of canola. In addition, biological yield, harvest index and oil percentage increased due to zeolite application. Zeolite could decrease respiration, malondialdehyde and proline in salt-stressed plants. Soluble sugars and potassium content increased in response to zeolite application while sodium content significantly decreased. Selenium led to an increase in plant height, silique number, seed number in silique, biological yield, harvest index and oil percentage, while respiration, malondialdehyde, proline and sodium decreased on account of selenium application. Similarly, silicon had a significant effect on growth and agronomic traits and increased them. Silicon promoted chlorophyll synthesis while preventing malondialdehyde, proline and sodium accumulation in plant tissues. Catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were suppressed by using silicon on plants. Interaction between zeolite and selenium was significant on leaf relative water content, photosynthesis, chlorophyll content and activity of antioxidant enzymes. In addition, seed weight, seed yield, photosynthesis and soluble sugar content were affected by selenium and silicon application.

Growth, yield, and yield components of canola as affected by nitrogen, sulfur, and boron application

AbstractDeveloping efficient nutrient management regimes is a prerequisite for promoting canola (Brassica napus L.) as a viable cash crop in eastern Canada. Field experiments were conducted to investigate the growth, yield, and yield components of canola in response to various combinations of preplant and sidedress nitrogen (N) with soil‐applied sulfur (S) and soil and foliar‐applied boron (B). Canola yield and all its yield components were strongly correlated (r2 = 0.99) with the amount of N applied, as was the above‐ground biomass at 20% flowering and the leaf area index. Sidedress N was more efficiently utilized by the crop, leading to greater yields than preplant N application. On average, canola yields increased by 9.7 kg ha−1 for preplant N application and by 13.7 kg ha−1 for sidedress N application, for every kg N ha−1 applied, in 6 of the 10 site‐years. Soil‐applied S also increased canola yields by 3–31% in 7 of the 10 site‐years, but had no effect on yield components. While there was no change in yield from soil‐applied B, the foliar B application at early flowering increased yields up to 10%, indicating that canola plants absorb B efficiently through their leaves. In summary, canola yields were improved by fertilization with N (8 of 10 site‐years), S (7 of 10 site‐years) and B (4 of 10 site‐years). Yield gains were also noted with split N‐fertilizer application that involved sidedressing N between the rosette and early flowering stage. Following these fertilizer practices could improve the yield and quality of canola crop grown in rainfed humid regions similar to those in eastern Canada.

Organic matter, Sulfur and Thiobacillus sp. affected yield and yield components of Canola (Brassica napus L.var. Hyola- 401)

The effect of individual as well as combination of sulfur, Thiobacillus bacteria and organic matter on yield, oil and protein content of canola (Brassica napus L.) were estimated by split- split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design layout with three replications per treatments. Treatments were classified as O1(control, no organic matter), O2 (20 tha-1 of organic matter), Thiobacillus sp. (Thi) with 3 levels of T1=0, T2=2 and T3=4 kg ha-1, sulfur with three levels of S1= 0, S2= 400 and S3= 800 kg ha-1 as well as their combination. The results of analysis of variance showed that applied treatments and their interactions have significant effects on seed, oil yield and seed oil content (%) of Canola (p≤0.01). Different effects was recorded by using all treatment on the protein content, weight of thousand seeds, pods per plants and seeds per pod. The combination of 400 kg ha-1 sulfur, 4 kg ha-1 Thi and 20 t ha-1 O2, increased seed yield and oil content as 176% and 11%, respectively in comparison with the control.

Evaluating the Effects of competition among different densities of mallov (Malva parviflora) using replacement series method on the yield and yield components of canola (Brassica napus L.)

In order to evaluate the competitive capability of rapeseed and malva towards different densities, experimental planting under vase conditions using replacement series and in perfectly random blocks was carried out in Dezfool City in 2012. Experimental treatments included rapeseed and malva plantings with different ratios (0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:0) with the density of eight bushes in each vase. The results showed that the biomass of the farm plant of rapeseed decreased due to an increase in the density of malva weed in the mixed plantations. The highest decrease in the dry mass of one bush of rapeseed comparing to its pure plantation was in the 25 percent density with 68 percent decrease. Moreover the biomass of malva experienced a significant decrease due to raising the share of rapeseed in the combination. Also by increasing the density of malva bushes the seed yields, the number of pods in a bush, the number of seeds in pods and the weight of 1000 seeds were decreased. The relative yielding of rapeseed in density ratios of 50 and 75 percent show the higher competitive capability of this crop plant, while in the lower density of rapeseed (25 percent) the relative yielding of malva was better. Relative competition coefficients of these two species also confirm that in higher densities rapeseed possesses a higher competitive strength.

Effects of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) on canola (Brassica napus L.) vegetative and reproductive growth under controlled conditions

Canola is becoming a major source of vegetable oil with increasing demand in South Africa, yet low yields are presently experienced in production areas of the Western Cape Province. Crop response to fertiliser applications in field trials under rainfed conditions are often poor, because of a large number of growth factors that may limit growth and yield. To determine how canola responds to nitrogen (N) with no (low) and high sulphur (S) rates under ideal conditions in a controlled environment, a 5 x 2 factorial experiment, with N (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha -1 ) and S (0 and 40 kg ha -1 ) fertilisation rates, was conducted. Plants were irrigated with a nutrient solution which contained all nutrients, but with very low N and S contents. Nitrogen application significantly increased leaf area, hence dry mass accumulation and ultimately flowering and pod formation, but high N and S application levels during early growth stages may have a negative effect on growth. Significant interaction between N and S were shown, however the positive effects of S were more pronounced in the reproductive phases. In this experiment, conducted under controlled temperature and watering conditions, but short winter daylight lengths, yield components of canola as measured by the number of flowers and pods at 91 DAP tended to reach a peak at application rates of 120 kg N ha -1 and 40 kg S ha -1 .

Zeolite influences on nitrate leaching, nitrogen-use efficiency, yield and yield components of canola in sandy soil

With regard to the low cation-exchange capacity and large saturated hydraulic conductivity of sandy soils, a field experiment was carried out in 2006–2007 to determine the impact of zeolite on nitrogen leaching and canola production. Four nitrogen (N) rates (0, 90, 180, and 270 kg ha–1) and three zeolite amounts (3, 6 and 9 t ha−1) were included as treatments. The results demonstrated that the highest growth parameters and seed yield were attained with 270 kg N ha−1 and 9 t zeolite ha−1. However, the highest and the lowest seed protein percentage and oil content were obtained with 270 kg N ha−1 accompanied by 9 t zeolite ha−1, respectively. Nitrate concentration in drained water was affected by nitrogen and zeolite. The lowest and highest leached nitrate values were found in control without N and zeolite (N0Z0) and in treatments with the highest N supply without zeolite (N270Z0), respectively. In general, nitrogen-use efficiency decreased with an increase in N supply. Application of 9 t zeolite ha−1 showed higher nitrogen use efficiency than other zeolite amounts. Also, application of more N fertilizer in soil reduced nitrogen uptake efficiency. In total, application of 270 kg N ha−1 and 9 t zeolite ha−1 could be suggested as superior treatment.

Changes in canola plant architecture and seed physiological quality in response to different sowing densities

The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in canola yield components and seed physiological quality in response to different sowing densities. The study was made in a greenhouse at the REIPESOL Company Technological Center, Madrid - Spain, with the commercial "Toccata" hybrid variety. The initial sowing density was 360,000 plants/ha and the plant population was later thinned down to include treatments of 250 and 180 thousand plants/ha. Harvested seeds were sent to the Seed Technology Center Laboratory (CATES) at the Madrid Polytechnic University (UPM) to evaluate changes in plant architecture and yield components, as well as the seed physiological quality of different plant parts. Results demonstrated that canola plants showed changes in morphology and yield components in response to different sowing densities. The population of 250,000 plants/ha showed the best seed yield demonstrating that maximum yield is directly related to a correct sowing density. The number of pods/plant was the most important component for increased seed yield/plant and seed yield/area. The spatial distribution of canola seeds in the plant and canola sowing density did not affect seed physiological quality.

Supplemental irrigation effect on canola yield components under semiarid climatic conditions

With the availability of irrigation water, supplemental irrigation in winter-grown crops, such as lentil, wheat, and barley, has been intensely practiced to prevent crop yield losses due to the incidence of intermittent drought stress. In the crop growing seasons of 2006–2007 and 2008–2009, a study was conducted to determine the effect of supplemental irrigations on Canola (Brassica napus L. cv. Elvis F1) under the semiarid climatic conditions of the Harran plain, Sanliurfa, Turkey. A sprinkler irrigation system was used to irrigate the study plots. The irrigation treatments included 0.0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.0 (full irrigation) of Class-A pan evaporation amounts. The full irrigation treatment during both years consisted of 250 and 225 mm, respectively. In turn, crop water use values during the same years and treatments were 462 and 449 mm. In general, plant height and 1000 seed weight ranged from 140 to 165 cm and from 2.5 to 3.3 g, respectively, and these variables significantly differed among irrigation treatments (p < 0.05). Crop yield and above ground biomass measurements were affected by irrigation treatments and varied from 1094 to 3943 kg ha−1 and from 6746 to 18,311 kg ha−1, respectively (p < 0.05). Similarly, harvest index values were affected (p < 0.05) and ranged from 0.16 to 0.23 on average. The water use efficiency obtained in the different treatments indicated a strong positive relationship between crop yield and irrigation. Overall, our results indicate that supplemental irrigation substantially increased canola yield; however, for an optimum yield, full irrigation is suggested.

Effect of UV Radiation and Evaluated CO2 on Morphological Traits, Yield and Yield Components of Canola (Brassica napus L.) Grown under Water Deficit Stress

In this study, we studied the combined effects of UV radiation, CO2 and water stress on the morphological traits, yield and yield components of canola (Brassica napus cv. ‘Okapi’ and ‘Talaye’) under twelve growth conditions: complete irrigation with ambient CO2 with UV-A (control), complete irrigation with ambient CO2 with UV-B, complete irrigation with ambient CO2 with UV-C, limited irrigation with ambient CO2 with UV-A, limited irrigation with ambient CO2 with UV-B, limited irrigation with ambient CO2 with UV-C, complete irrigation with elevated CO2 with UV-A, complete irrigation with elevated CO2 with UV-B, complete irrigation with elevated CO2 with UV-C, limited irrigation with elevated CO2 with UV-A, limited irrigation with elevated CO2 with UV-B and limited irrigation with elevated CO2 with UV-C. The results showed that water stress significantly decreased all of traits except for the oil percentage. Additionally, an elevated level of CO2 significantly increased the final yield, 1000-seed weight, oil yield, plant height, specific leaf area and number of branches per plant, whereas UV radiation decreased all of the traits in this experiment. Elevated CO2 ameliorated the adverse effects of UV radiation in the final yield, seed weight, oil percentage, oil yield, plant height, specific leaf area and number of branches per plant. This study showed that elevated CO2 can partially ameliorate some of the adverse effects of UV radiation in canola plants. Furthermore, in this study, we observed that the increase in the yield was due to the increase in the seed weight and number of branches caused by elevated CO2 in canola plants. In addition, the maximum yield was obtained from the ‘Talaye’ cultivar under conditions of sunlight, full irrigation and elevated CO2.

Effects of partial rootzone drying on yield, yield components, and irrigation water use efficiency of canola (Brassica napus L.)

Effect of PRD (partial rootzone drying) on yield and yield components of canola (Brassica napus L.) was investigated in greenhouse conditions. The treatments were: T1, full watering of both sides of roots; T2, alternate irrigation on both sides; T3, half of irrigation water in T1 was given to one side; T4, same as T3 but without plate; T5, same as T2 but without plate. In T1, T2, and T3 treatments, the boxes were evenly separated into two compartments with thin plates. The results showed that grain yield of T1 to T5 treatments was 18.11, 16.38, 12.44, 9.29, and 8.66 g plant−1. T2 treatment increased plant height by 46.9% and 1000-seed weight by 17.8%, but reduced lateral branches by 16.7% and number of pods by 24%, over T1 treatment. T2 treatment was the most efficient (irrigation water use efficiency = 0.679 kg m−3) and treatment T5 was the least efficient (0.359 kg m−3). The difference between irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) of T2 and T5, and T3 and T4 treatments, was significant (p < 0.05). Therefore, halving the amount of applied irrigation water and applying this water alternatively on both sides of the root zone will produce the highest IWUE. This study showed that PRD irrigation management has high influence on rooting system of canola. This phenomenon could affect nutrients uptake and consequently all aspects of plant growth and development.

Response of Canola Brassica napus and Associated Weeds to Newly Introduced Herbicides in Iraq

Field experiement was carried out during winter season of 2001/2002 and 2002/2003 at the Field Crops Station (formerly IPA Agricultural Research) to investigate Brassica napus L. and associated weeds to newly introduced herbicides and determine their selectivity in canola for approval and registration in Iraq. The experiement included the following treatments:- Preemergence application of clomazone (48% q.i) at 0.24 and 0.3 lit. product/ha, preplant– application of napropamide (50% q.i) at 2 and 2.8 lit. product/ha, postemergence application of pyridate (45% q.i) at 2 kg product/ha, preplant application of trifluralin (44.5% q.i) at 2.4 lit. product/ha. Hand – weeded and weedy – check treatments were also included for comparison Randomized Complete Block Design was followed to arrange the treatments. Results revealed the efficacy of clomazone, napropamide and pyridate in controlling broadleaf and reducing weed densities to an averages of 6 – 12.6 plants/m2 compared to 58 plant/m2 at the weedy plots. Grass densities were decreased to 0 – 12 plants/m2 compared to 12 plants/m2 for the untreated weedy check. Pyridate showed no activity on grasses. The reduction in weed densities resulted in low weeds dry weight: 9 - 38 gm/m2 for the herbicide – treated plots compared to 193 gm / m2 of the weedy – check. Clomazone caused significant injury on canola foliage which was reflected by discoloration (bleaching) and plant stunting. Plant height was reduced by both rates of clomazone to 49 – 52 cm compared to 98 cm for the hand – weeded plots. Variable effects of herbicides were observed on canola yield components and this was reflected on final seed yield wheras clomazone caused noticeable reduction in seed yield: 634 – 940 kg/ha, although with its high efficacy on weeds. Napropamide increased seeds yield to 1304 kg/ha at 2.8 liters/ha application rate and was as close as to that of the hand – weeded plot seeds yield. Long – season weeds competition with canola caused high percent of reduction; 60 %, the yield was reduced from 1368 kg/ha of the hand – weeded plots to 540 kg/ha of the weedy – plots. In 2002 - 2003, the same trend of effects of herbicidal weed control treatments on weeds was found and clomazone caused 40 – 50 % injury on canola foliage. From these results, clomazone can not be recommend and approved to use in canola due to its noticeable injury on canola while napropamide can be applied preplant in this crop at 2.8 liters/ha to control broadleaf and grassy weeds and pyridate at 2 kg/ha can be used postemergence for broadleaf weeds control under irrigated regions of Iraq.

Yield Adjustment by Canola Grown at Different Plant Populations under Semiarid Conditions

Establishing a good canola (rapeseed; Brassica napus L.) stand is difficult in the semiarid prairie region of Canada where low temperature, water stress, and soil crusting could result in poor seed bed conditions. A field study was conducted from 1999 to 2001 at Swift Current, SK, Canada, to determine the effect of a range of uniform (5 to 80 plants m−2) and nonuniform (seedlings from 1‐m lengths from two adjoining rows were removed and retained alternatively; 10 to 40 plants m−2) plant populations on yield and yield components of canola. Canola adjusted seed yield across a wide range of plant populations, although it did not compensate completely for the decreasing populations. Environmental conditions played a significant role in the expression of plasticity of canola. For example, in 2000, with slightly above‐normal growing season precipitation, canola maintained similar yield levels across a wide range of populations (20 to 80 plants m−2), while in 2001, with well below normal precipitation, seed yield declined as populations dropped below 40 plants m−2 Reducing plant population by half from 80 to 40 plants m−2 did not reduce seed yield when the reduced plant population was uniformly distributed, but reduced yield when the population was nonuniformly distributed. The primary response of canola to lower plant population was increased pods per plant through increased branching and increased pod retention at each node. The number of pods formed on primary and secondary branches increased as population decreased. Seeds per pod and seed weight were stable across populations.

Impact of Row Spacing and Fertilizer Levels (Diammonium Phosphate) on Yield and Yield Components of Canola

Impact of Row Spacing and Fertilizer Levels (Diammonium Phosphate) on Yield and Yield Components of Canola

Efficacy of Pre-emergence Herbicides on the Yield and Yield Components of Canola

Efficacy of Pre-emergence Herbicides on the Yield and Yield Components of Canola

Water Use and Yield of Canola under Dryland Conditions in the Central Great Plains

Reduced tillage systems, compared with conventional tillage methods, have increased precipitation storage efficiencies and increased the amount of available water for crop production in the central Great Plains. Increased available water affords producers the opportunity to diversify and intensify their production systems from the traditional wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-fallow system. This study was conducted to determine canola (Brassica napus L.) production potential under the limited and variable precipitation patterns found in dryland agricultural systems in northeastern Colorado. Water stress timing effects on canola yield components were determined under a rainout shelter in 1993 and 1994, with water withheld during either the vegetative, reproductive, or grain-filling growth stage. All treatments received the same total water application, equal to the long-term average growing season precipitation. Rooting depth was determined from water extraction patterns monitored with a neutron probe. A water use-yield function was determined for canola grown under a line-source gradient irrigation system. A non-water-stressed baseline was determined for future water stress research using an infrared thermometer in canola. Timing of water stress did not significantly affect yield. Canola can extract water from soil depths of 65 in., but 92 to 95% of total seasonal water use comes from growing season precipitation and water extracted from soil depths above 47 in. An examination of the growing season precipitation records indicates that canola yields could range from 284 to 2358 lb/acre (averaging 1020 lb/acre), assuming 4 in. of stored soil water use in addition to precipitation. Dryland canola production may not be economically viable for northeastern Colorado at current market prices and yields.

Comparative adaptation of canola ( Brassica napus) and Indian mustard ( B. juncea) to soil water deficits: yield and yield components

Four experiments were conducted comparing yield and yield components of canola and Indian mustard at different levels of soil water deficit. At least three genotypes of each species were used in the field experiments and all were matched for phasic development. Mustard produced more dry matter than canola (between 9 and 120%) with the biggest increases occurring at the greatest soil water deficit. Mustard yielded more than twice as much seed as canola under these conditions while there were no yield differences at low deficits. Components of yield differed between the two species with mustard having more pods plant −1 but fewer seeds pod −1. Oil and protein concentrations of seed responded to drought in a similar manner in both species. The mechanisms by which yield components varied between the two species are discussed in relation to breeding for higher yields under conditions of water deficit.