Canola Presscake Research Articles

Comparative Study of Food-Grade Pickering Stabilizers Obtained from Agri-Food Byproducts: Chemical Characterization and Emulsifying Capacity.

Natural Pickering emulsions are gaining popularity in several industrial fields, especially in the food industry and plant-based alternative sector. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize and compare six agri-food wastes/byproducts (lupin hull, canola press-cake, lupin byproduct, camelina press-cake, linseed hull, and linseed press-cake) as potential sources of food-grade Pickering stabilizers. The results showed that all samples contained surface-active agents such as proteins (46.71–17.90 g/100 g) and dietary fiber (67.10–38.58 g/100 g). Canola press-cake, camelina press-cake, and linseed hull exhibited the highest concentrations of polyphenols: 2891, 2549, and 1672 mg GAE/100 g sample, respectively. Moreover, the agri-food byproduct particles presented a partial wettability with a water contact angle (WCA) between 77.5 and 42.2 degrees, and they were effective for stabilizing oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions. The emulsions stabilized by Camelina press-cake, lupin hull, and lupin by-product (≥3.5%, w/w) were highly stable against creaming during 45 days of storage. Furthermore, polarized and confocal microscopy revealed that the particles were anchored to the interfaces of oil droplets, which is a demonstration of the formation of a Pickering emulsion stabilized by solid particles. These results suggest that agri-food wastes/byproducts are good emulsifiers that can be applied to produce stable Pickering emulsions.

Monitoring of GMOs in soybeans, canola and fodder for farm animals in Ukraine in 2018–2020

The aim of the work was to monitor and analyze the results of research on the presence of GMOs in soybeans, canola and animal feed for the period 2018–2020. The research was conducted during 2018–2020 by the real-time polymerase chain reaction in the Research Department for Biochemical and Molecular Research of Food, Feed and Water of the State Scientific and Research Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise and in Regional State Laboratories of the State Service of Ukraine on Food Safety and Consumer Protection. Diagnostic kits (R-Biopharm) were used for screening, identification, quantification of soybeans and canola GM-lines. Reference material of GM-soybean, GM-canola (ERM, Belgium) was used as a positive control. In 2018, 3,494 samples of soybeans canola and feeds were studied, of which, in 505 (14.5%) samples GM-lines of soybeans and canola were found. In 2019, 4,235 samples were tested, 775 (18.2%) samples were positive. In 2020, 4,389 samples were studied, of which in 569 (12.8%) samples GM-soya and GM-canola were detected. During the period of 2018–2019 in positive samples of compound feed, soybeans, soya press cake and grist, GM-lines MON 40-3-2 and MON 89788 were identified in the amount of more than 10%, in samples of canola and canola press cake, GM-line GT-73 was found in the amount of more than 10%. In 2020, in soybean samples, in addition to the above-mentioned GM-lines, the GM-line MON 87708 was identified. Despite the ban on the use of GM-sources in Ukraine, the number of new GM-plant lines is increasing every year, which may be due to the lack of control over imported raw materials and grains, as well as their smuggling into Ukraine

Effects of feeding canola press-cake on diet nutrient digestibility and growth performance of weaned pigs

Canola press-cake (CPC) is a co-product of biodiesel production from small to medium-scale processing plants that mechanically press canola seed without pre-pressing conditioning, flaking, cooking and post-pressing solvent extraction. The CPC contains 370g/kg CP and 204g/kg remaining oil. Thus, CPC could be a source of AA and energy in pig diets. Growth responses to increasing dietary CPC inclusion have not been extensively evaluated in young pigs. In total, 240 pigs (7.5±0.31kg) starting 1 week after weaning at 19 d of age were fed five wheat-based diets containing 0, 50, 100, 150, or 200g/kg CPC replacing soybean meal in two phases (Phase 1 and 2). Diets were formulated to contain 10.3 and 10.1MJ NE/kg and 1.2 and 1.0g standardised ileal digestible (SID) Lys/MJ NE, respectively, and were fed for 2 weeks as Phase 1 (day 0–14) and 3 weeks as Phase 2 (day 15–35). Feed added and remaining and individual pigs were weighed weekly to calculate average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily weight gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (G:F) per pen (four pigs per pen). Freshly-voided faeces were collected on day 12 and 13 and day 33 and 34 for Phase 1 and 2, respectively, to determine diet apparent total tract digestibility coefficient (CATTD) of gross energy (GE), crude protein (CP) and digestible energy (DE) value. Increasing dietary inclusion of CPC linearly reduced (P<0.05) the CATTD of GE, diet DE and calculated NE values for Phase 1 and 2. Increasing dietary inclusion of CPC did not affect overall (d 0–35) ADFI and ADG of pigs, but quadratically reduced (P<0.05) ADFI for day 29–35, linearly increased (P<0.05) ADG for day 15–21 and linearly reduced (P<0.05) ADG for day 29–35. Increasing CPC inclusion linearly increased (P<0.05) G:F for the overall trial and day 15–21 and quadratically increased (P<0.05) G:F for day 8–14. In conclusion, feeding up to 200g/kg of CPC reduced CATTD of GE and CP, but did not affect overall growth performance of weaned pigs fed phase diets balanced for NE and SID Lys/NE ratio.

Application Potential of ATR-FT/IR Molecular Spectroscopy in Animal Nutrition: Revelation of Protein Molecular Structures of Canola Meal and Presscake, As Affected by Heat-Processing Methods, in Relationship with Their Protein Digestive Behavior and Utilization for Dairy Cattle

Protein quality relies not only on total protein but also on protein inherent structures. The most commonly occurring protein secondary structures (α-helix and β-sheet) may influence protein quality, nutrient utilization, and digestive behavior. The objectives of this study were to reveal the protein molecular structures of canola meal (yellow and brown) and presscake as affected by the heat-processing methods and to investigate the relationship between structure changes and protein rumen degradations kinetics, estimated protein intestinal digestibility, degraded protein balance, and metabolizable protein. Heat-processing conditions resulted in a higher value for α-helix and β-sheet for brown canola presscake compared to brown canola meal. The multivariate molecular spectral analyses (PCA, CLA) showed that there were significant molecular structural differences in the protein amide I and II fingerprint region (ca. 1700-1480 cm(-1)) between the brown canola meal and presscake. The in situ degradation parameters, amide I and II, and α-helix to β-sheet ratio (R_a_β) were positively correlated with the degradable fraction and the degradation rate. Modeling results showed that α-helix was positively correlated with the truly absorbed rumen synthesized microbial protein in the small intestine when using both the Dutch DVE/OEB system and the NRC-2001 model. Concerning the protein profiles, R_a_β was a better predictor for crude protein (79%) and for neutral detergent insoluble crude protein (68%). In conclusion, ATR-FT/IR molecular spectroscopy may be used to rapidly characterize feed structures at the molecular level and also as a potential predictor of feed functionality, digestive behavior, and nutrient utilization of canola feed.

Metabolic Characteristics of the Proteins in Yellow-Seeded and Brown-Seeded Canola Meal and Presscake in Dairy Cattle: Comparison of Three Systems (PDI, DVE, and NRC) in Nutrient Supply and Feed Milk Value (FMV)

To the authors' knowledge, there is little research on metabolic characteristics of the protein in newly developed yellow and brown types of canola meal and canola presscake. The objectives of this study were to (1) identify differences in the metabolic characteristics of the protein among yellow-seeded ( Brassica juncea ) and brown-seeded ( Brassica napus ) canola meal and brown-seeded (B. napus) canola presscake modeled for dairy cattle, (2) determine the extent of ruminal and intestinal digestion and absorption of the protein, (3) determine feed milk value, and (4) compare three evaluation systems in modeling nutrient supply to dairy cattle, namely, the DVE/OEB system (DVE, truly absorbed protein in the small intestine; OEB, degraded protein balance), the National Research Council (NRC) 2001 model, and the PDI system (protein truly digestible in the small intestine). Comparison was made in terms of (1) ruminally synthesized microbial protein, (2) truly absorbed protein in the small intestine, (3) endogenous protein, (4) total metabolizable protein, and (5) degraded protein balance. The results showed that there were significant differences in the truly absorbed protein supply, protein degraded balance, and feed milk value (P < 0.05) among the different types of canola meal. Yellow-seeded canola meal had significantly higher (P < 0.05) intestinal digestibility of rumen undegraded crude protein (%dRUP) than brown-seeded canola meal and presscake (%dRUP, 90 vs 75 and 60%, respectively). Yellow-seeded canola meal also had higher (P < 0.05) total metabolizable protein predicted by all three models (DVE, 312 vs 192 and 128 g/kg DM; MP, 287 vs 193 and 168 g/kg DM; PDIA, 264 vs 168 and 137 g/kg DM, respectively), lower (P < 0.05) degraded protein balance (OEB, 84 vs 104 and 102 g/kg DM; DPB, 49 vs 60 and 57 g/kg DM, respectively), and higher (P < 0.05) feed milk value (6.3 vs 3.9 and 2.6 kg milk/kg feed, respectively) than the brown-seeded canola meal and presscake. In the model comparison, the supply of endogenous protein predicted by the DVE/OEB system was higher (P < 0.05) than that predicted by the NRC-2001 model. Moreover, a high proportion of the variability in truly absorbed rumen-undegraded feed protein in the small intestine and the total metabolizable protein predicted by the DVE/OEB system was found that can be accounted for by the equivalent parameters predicted by the NRC-2001 model. The truly absorbed rumen-synthesized microbial protein values predicted from the PDI system were 19% lower than those predicted from the DVE/OEB system. Between the two latest mentioned models, no differences were detected in truly absorbed rumen-undegraded feed protein, microbial protein supply based on available energy, and degraded protein balance. All of the parameters predicted by the PDI system can be accounted for by the equivalent parameters predicted by the DVE/OEB system. When the PDI system and NRC-2001 model were compared, the overall means for microbial protein supply based on energy and truly absorbed rumen-synthesized microbial protein were found to be lower than those predicted by the NRC-2001 model. Although the factors used in quantifying calculations as well as the evaluation system's concepts differ among each other, all three protein evaluation systems employed in this study efficiently predict the potential nutrient supply to the animal from feedstuffs as affected by processing. In conclusion, the yellow-seeded canola meal provided the highest total metabolizable protein and the lowest degraded protein balance.

Effect of processing conditions on the nutritive value of canola meal and presscake. Comparison of the yellow and brown‐seeded canola meal with the brown‐seeded canola presscake

Canola, unlike traditional rapeseed, contains low levels of 'erucic acid' and 'glucosinolates'. Canola's industrial processing generally involves separation of the seed into an oil and a meal fraction whereas the intermediate product is called presscake. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of processing conditions on the nutritive value for ruminants and compare the yellow (Brassica juncea) (CM_Y) and the brown-seeded (B. napus) (CM_B) canola meal and the brown-seeded (B. napus) (CPC_B) canola presscake. Either extract was higher (P<0.05) for CPC_B than for CM_Y and CM_B. CM_Y had a higher (P<0.05) PB2 and PC compared to CM_B. Truly digestible fractions, except fatty acid, were lower (P<0.05) for CPC_B. Effective protein degradability of CM_Y was lower (P<0.05) compared to CM_B or CPC_B. In vitro protein intestinal digestibility for CM_Y was higher (P<0.05) than for CM_B or CPC_B. CPC_B had lower protein but higher oil content than canola meal and is a potential high-energy supplement source for ruminants. CM_Y had higher crude protein, digestible and metabolizable energy values and low fiber than CM_B. In plant breeding, selection programs are geared towards yellow-seeded varieties in order to improve the nutritive value of canola meal.

Effect of Operating Parameters on Oil and Phenolic Extraction Using Supercritical CO 2

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with carbon dioxide was used to extract oil from canola press cake. Different operating conditions, e.g. pressure, temperature, and co-solvent % were investigated to optimize extraction parameters to yield canola meal with <4% oil. The residual oil content in the extracted canola meal reduced to 2.1–2.9% in our experimental trials. Residues of the optimum conditions based on oil yield were compared for the total phenolic content and the main phenolic compounds. Sinapine (the choline ester of sinapic acid) was the major phenolic constituent in both the SFE and n-hexane extracted canola meals and press cakes. n-Hexane extracted residues showed the retention of the highest sinapic acid, sinapine, sinapoyl glucose and total phenolic contents (mg/g) while the SF-extracted residues showed the lowest values for these compounds.

Effects of type of canola protein supplement on ruminal fermentation and nutrient flow to the duodenum in beef heifers

Ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestion, and flows to the duodenum in growing cattle fed differently produced canola protein supplements were studied in a 4 x 4 Latin square design using Speckle Park heifers (initial BW = 451 +/- 26 kg). Canola protein supplement treatments consisted of the following: 1) 8.78% regular canola meal (RCM); 2) 9.25% RCM plus 1.80% canola oil (RCMO); 3) 11.1% canola presscake from biodiesel oil extraction (CPC); and 4) 8.14% high ruminally undegradable protein (RUP) canola meal (RUCM) plus 1.32% canola oil (RUCMO). Experimental diets also contained 39.9, 40.2, 39.9, and 39.9% barley grain; 31.7, 31.4, 31.2, and 31.4% barley silage; and 17.5, 15.2, 15.6, and 16.5% oat hulls for the RCM, RCMO, CPC, and RUCMO diets, respectively. Feeding the CPC, RCMO, and RUCMO diets decreased (P < or = 0.05) ruminal NH(3)-N concentration compared with feeding the RCM diet. Compared with the RCM diet, adding canola oil in the RCMO diet or residual oil in the CPC diet resulted in greater ruminal concentrations of propionate (P < or = 0.09). Additionally, feeding the RCMO diet also resulted in greater ruminal concentrations of acetate (P = 0.07), valerate (P = 0.06), and total VFA (P = 0.07) compared with the RCM diet. Also, compared with the RCM diet, heifers on the RUCMO diet had decreased acetate (P = 0.02) concentrations. The changes in ruminal concentrations of acetate and propionate resulted in reduced acetate:propionate ratios in the RCMO (P = 0.08), CPC (P = 0.02), and RUCMO (P < 0.01) diets. Ruminal digestion and flows of nutrients to the duodenum were not affected by dietary treatment. However, adding canola oil to the RCMO and RUCMO dietary treatments decreased the digestibility of ADF (P < or = 0.08) and NDF (P < or = 0.08) in the total tract compared with the RCM diet. Total tract digestibility of OM was also decreased (P = 0.02) in heifers fed the RUCMO compared with the RCM diet. Notwithstanding the different processing methods employed in making RCM, CPC, or RUCM, there were no differences among the diets for ruminally degraded protein, ruminal microbial protein synthesis, and the flow of N fractions to the duodenum.

Effects of untreated and heat-treated canola presscake on milk yield and composition of dairy cows

Five primiparous and five multiparous Holstein cows were used in two Latin square design experiments to determine effects of feeding unheated and heated canola presscake on milk yield and composition, and milk fatty acid concentrations of lactating dairy cows. Five diets that differed in level and source of dietary fat were formulated: a low fat control diet with 30gkg−1 fat from tallow, an unheated canola presscake supplemented diet (50gkg−1 fat), a heated canola presscake supplemented diet (50gkg−1 fat), a high tallow plus unheated canola meal supplemented diet (50gkg−1 fat), and a high tallow plus heated canola meal supplemented diet (50gkg−1 fat). In sacco ruminal degradability of heated and unheated canola presscake was compared with that of heated and unheated canola meal in a randomized complete block design using two ruminally fistulated cows. Heat treatment reduced ruminal DM and CP degradability of canola presscake. Multiparous cows fed diets supplemented with heated or unheated canola presscake produced more milk than those fed diets containing similar levels of fat from tallow with heated or unheated canola meal, respectively. High levels of fat from any diet reduced milk fat percentage for cows of either parity. Feeding heated canola products increased milk and milk protein yields in primiparous cows only, but cows of both parities fed diets containing canola presscake produced milk with lower concentrations of C12:0, C14:0, and C16:0 fatty acids than cows fed the canola meal and tallow diets, although concentrations of C18:1 n-9 were unaffected by fat source or level. Feeding canola products to dairy cows can alter milk fatty acid profile, but only primiparous cows have increased productivity as a result of feeding heated, versus unheated, canola presscake.