Canola Oil Consumption Research Articles

Dietary Canola Oil Modifies Myocardial Fatty Acids and Inhibits Cardiac Arrhythmias in Rats

Previous research showed that dietary fish oil was potently antiarrhythmic in rats but olive oil was not. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that canola oil, another major dietary source of oleic acid additionally containing the (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid α-linolenic acid [18:3(n-3)], can reduce vulnerability to cardiac arrhythmia in rats. Rats were randomly assigned to one of four experimental diet groups for 12 wk. The fat source in the diets was 12% olive (63% oleic acid), canola (55% oleic, 8% α-linolenic acid), soybean [50% linoleic 18:2(n-6), 7% α-linolenic acid] or sunflower seed oil (64% linoleic acid). Arrhythmias were induced by coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion. Incidence of ventricular fibrillation, mortality and arrhythmia score during reperfusion were significantly lower in rats fed the diet containing canola oil than in those fed the olive oil diet. No difference in the severity of arrhythmias was seen in groups fed diets containing soybean or sunflower seed oils. Analysis of myocardial phospholipid fatty acids showed that consumption of canola oil decreased the ratio of (n-6)/(n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids relative to the other diets, as does dietary fish oil. These results suggest that regular substitution of canola oil for other dietary lipid sources may assist in reducing the likelihood of a transient ischemic event leading to life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias, but the effectiveness of α-linolenic acid is reduced by high levels of linoleic acid.

EFFECT OF HEATED CANOLA OIL ON AORTA WALL THICKNESS IN RATS

Highlights: 1. The use of re-heated cooking oil can give negative impact on health, especially on the cardiovascular system. 2. Unlike other types of cooking oil, repeated heating of canola oil did not show significant change in aortic wall thickness. Abstract Background: Structural alteration of blood vessels such as formation of atheroma or changes in the thickness of vessel walls, are heavily involved in pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Several studies have shown that canola oil has a positive effect on such diseases by reducing LDL and cholesterol levels. However, there may be several negative impacts on reheating canola oil upon administration, similar to other oils. Although canola oil can improve lipid profiles, studies related to how canola oil alters the structure of blood vessels are limited. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of heated canola oil on intimal-to-medial thickness (IMT) of Thoracic aorta in high-fat diet rats. Material and Method: A total of 27 rats were divided into 3 groups, the K+, P1, and P2. Rats among the three groups were given a high-fat diet for 14 days, accompanied by consumption of canola oil without heating in the P1, and with repeated heating in the P2. Thoracic aorta was taken on the 15th day and then processed into histological preparations. IMT was measured using CellSens software on a microscope with a magnification of 400. The difference between groups was tested using the one-way ANOVA test on SPSS. Result: The mean and standard deviations of each group in a row were K+ (134.96 and 21.27) P1(132.04 and 27.30) and P2 (152.05 and 31.75). There was no significant difference in IMT between groups (p >0.05). However, the P2 group showed the highest mean of IMT. Conclusion: The consumption of canola oil with or without repeated heating did not result in the changes of the IMT in rats fed with a high-fat diet.

Improving 18F-FDG PET Imaging Using Canola Oil For Evaluation Of Cardiac Sarcoidosis

Objective The incidence and prevalence of cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) is increasing significantly, likely due to improved noninvasive diagnostic methods such as 18F-FDG PET imaging and a higher index of suspicion among clinicians. Cardiac PET for diagnosis of CS requires a strict low carbohydrate diet which even if adhered to can still lead to false positives. One protocol that has been explored with mixed results is consuming a beverage high in fat to improve myocardial suppression. Our objective was to evaluate if a new diet preparation protocol using canola oil can improve 18F-FDG PET imaging. Methods In patients undergoing evaluation for CS with 18F-FDG PET and inadequate myocardial suppression on a prior study, we administered 1 cup of canola oil (224 grams of fat) 1 hour before repeating the study in addition to our standard diet. The repeat study was compared to the prior to determine if there was improved myocardial suppression. Canola oil was specifically chosen as we considered it to be most palatable to drink in a large quantity in one sitting. Results Our study protocol showed that all four patients had an improvement in myocardial suppression (Figure 1). Patient A is a 60-year old man with CS who underwent a PET-CT 3 months after initiating treatment which showed increased myocardial FDG uptake. The repeat scan with the canola oil protocol demonstrated less FDG myocardial uptake with an SUV max of 5.9 (previously 11.3). Similarly, Patient B is a 63-year old man with CS who initiated treatment and had a PET scan at 3 months showing increased FDG uptake with the repeat scan using our protocol showing decreased myocardial FDG uptake with an SUV of 3.1 (previously 12.8). Patient C is a 50-year old man with pulmonary sarcoidosis whose initial PET scan showed diffuse FDG uptake (SUV 6.4) and repeat with the protocol showed minimal FDG uptake (SUV 3.0). Finally, Patient D is a 54-year old man with frequent PVCs and MRI showing patchy late gadolinium enhancement whose initial PET_CT showed patchy FDG uptake (SUV 7.5) and repeat scan with the protocol showed no evidence of sarcoidosis (SUV 1.3). Overall the only side effect was steatorrhea for up to one day after canola oil consumption. Conclusion In patients undergoing evaluation for CS with 18F-FDG PET who have inadequate myocardial suppression, canola oil may improve imaging characteristics and decrease false positives. The incidence and prevalence of cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) is increasing significantly, likely due to improved noninvasive diagnostic methods such as 18F-FDG PET imaging and a higher index of suspicion among clinicians. Cardiac PET for diagnosis of CS requires a strict low carbohydrate diet which even if adhered to can still lead to false positives. One protocol that has been explored with mixed results is consuming a beverage high in fat to improve myocardial suppression. Our objective was to evaluate if a new diet preparation protocol using canola oil can improve 18F-FDG PET imaging. In patients undergoing evaluation for CS with 18F-FDG PET and inadequate myocardial suppression on a prior study, we administered 1 cup of canola oil (224 grams of fat) 1 hour before repeating the study in addition to our standard diet. The repeat study was compared to the prior to determine if there was improved myocardial suppression. Canola oil was specifically chosen as we considered it to be most palatable to drink in a large quantity in one sitting. Our study protocol showed that all four patients had an improvement in myocardial suppression (Figure 1). Patient A is a 60-year old man with CS who underwent a PET-CT 3 months after initiating treatment which showed increased myocardial FDG uptake. The repeat scan with the canola oil protocol demonstrated less FDG myocardial uptake with an SUV max of 5.9 (previously 11.3). Similarly, Patient B is a 63-year old man with CS who initiated treatment and had a PET scan at 3 months showing increased FDG uptake with the repeat scan using our protocol showing decreased myocardial FDG uptake with an SUV of 3.1 (previously 12.8). Patient C is a 50-year old man with pulmonary sarcoidosis whose initial PET scan showed diffuse FDG uptake (SUV 6.4) and repeat with the protocol showed minimal FDG uptake (SUV 3.0). Finally, Patient D is a 54-year old man with frequent PVCs and MRI showing patchy late gadolinium enhancement whose initial PET_CT showed patchy FDG uptake (SUV 7.5) and repeat scan with the protocol showed no evidence of sarcoidosis (SUV 1.3). Overall the only side effect was steatorrhea for up to one day after canola oil consumption. In patients undergoing evaluation for CS with 18F-FDG PET who have inadequate myocardial suppression, canola oil may improve imaging characteristics and decrease false positives.

The effects of canola and olive oils consumption compared to sunflower oil, on lipid profile and hepatic steatosis in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome: a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundPolycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrinopathies and metabolic disorders in women during their reproductive years. It is often associated with dyslipidemia and other risk factors of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This study was aimed to evaluate dietary intervention effects with canola and olive oils compared to sunflower oil on lipid profile and fatty liver severity among women with PCOS.MethodThis study was a 10-week intervention including 72 women with PCOS. Patients were randomly assigned to three groups for receiving 25 g/day canola, olive, or sunflower oils for 10 weeks. The primary and secondary outcomes were to assess changes in lipid profile and in fatty liver severity, respectively.ResultAt the end of the study, 72 patients with a mean age of 29.31 were analysed. Canola oil consumption resulted in a significant reduction in serum levels of TG (P = 0.002) and TC/HDL (P = 0.021), LDL/HDL (P = 0.047), and TG/HDL (P = 0.001) ratios, however, there was no significant reduction in lipid profile following olive oil consumption. Canola (P < 0.001) and olive oils (P = 0.005) could significantly reduce the fatty liver grade. Moreover, HOMA-IR in both canola (P < 0.001) and olive (P = 0.004) groups was significantly decreased.ConclusionIn total, compared to olive and sunflower oils, significant improvements in lipid profile, liver function, and HOMA-IR were observed following canola oil consumption in women with PCOS.Trial registrationIR.MUI.RESEARCH.REC.1397.315. Registered 30 JUNE 2019 - Retrospectively registered, https://www.irct.ir/trial/38684

Consumption of Canola Oil vs. Other Common Oil(s) in Dyslipidemia Management among Urban Indian Adults

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of consuming canola oil vs. other common oil(s) on the lipid profile and anthropometric parameters of dyslipidemic adults. Eighty urban affluent dyslipidemic adults (40 experimental, 40 control) of age 30–45 years were enrolled from hospital based preventive health check programs for a 16-week non-randomized intervention trial. Dietary and lifestyle modification advice for management of lipid levels was provided to both the groups. Canola oil was provided for routine consumption only to the experimental group whilst the control group was advised to consume their usual oil(s) in recommended amounts (15ml/day). Height, weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Total Cholesterol (TC) and Triglycerides (TG) were measured at the beginning of the study (0 weeks), post run-in period (4 weeks) and post intervention period (12 weeks). Self-reported checklist was used to measure monthly compliance. Mixed effect linear regression and quantile linear mixed models were used to analyze the change in the parameters over time. There was no significant difference in the compliance towards dietary and lifestyle advice between both the groups (p=0.525; 0.795). The difference of changes in the lipid profile and anthropometric measurements between the groups observed over time was not statistically significant (Weight: p=0.206, BMI: p=0.553, WC=0.40, TC: p=0.505, TG: p=0.167, LDL: p=0.271, HDL: p=0.504). Hence, there was no difference in the effects of consuming canola oil vs. other common oil(s) in managing dyslipidemia. Similar beneficial changes were observed with consumption of both canola as well as other common oil(s).

Chronic consumption of thermally processed palm oil or canola oil modified gut microflora of rats

Dietary oils have critical influences on human health, and thermally cooking or frying modify the components and nutritional functions of oils. Palm oil was the most widely used oil in food processing industry, but its health effects remain debatable. In the current study, we aimed to compare the effects of thermally oxidized palm oil and canola oil on gut microbiota. Palm oil or canola oil were heated at 180 °C for 10 h to prepare high-fat diets. Rats were fed high-fat diets for 3 months, and hematological properties, gut microflora composition and intestinal gene expression were examined. The results indicated that heated canola oil consumption elevated plasma total cholesterol and LDL-c levels compared with unheated canola oil, but heated palm oil do not had these effects; and consumption of heated palm oil significantly elevated the relative abundance of Lactobacillucs and Roseburia in gut, compared with non-heated palm oil or two canola oil groups. Moreover, intestinal expression of IL-22 was increased in heated palm oil fed animal, though ZO-1 and GPR41 were reduced. In conclusion, heating process may enhance the effects of palm oil on proliferation of probiotics Lactobacillucs, and weaken the effects of canola oil on cholesterol transport and metabolism.

Health Effect of Canola Oil Consumption in Shift Workers

Health Effect of Canola Oil Consumption in Shift Workers

The Effect of Canola Oil on Body Weight and Composition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials

A number of clinical trials have examined the effect of canola oil (CO) on body composition in recent years; however, the results have been inconsistent. The present investigation aims to examine the effect of CO on body weight (BW) and body composition using a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Online databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched up to February, 2018 for randomized controlled clinical trials that examined the effect of CO on anthropometric measures and body composition indexes in adults. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool was used to assess the risk of bias in individual studies. A random-effects model was used to evaluate the effect of CO consumption on several outcomes: BW, body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, android-to-gynoid ratio, and body lean and fat mass. In total, 25 studies were included in the systematic review. The meta-analysis revealed that CO consumption reduces BW [weighted mean difference (WMD)=-0.30 kg; 95% CI: -0.52, -0.08 kg, P=0.007; n=23 effect sizes], particularly in participants with type 2 diabetes (WMD=-0.63 kg; 95% CI: -1.09, -0.17 kg, P=0.007), in studies with a parallel design (WMD=-0.49 kg; 95% CI: -0.85, -0.14 kg, P=0.006), in nonfeeding trials (WMD=-0.32 kg; 95% CI: -0.55, -0.09 kg, P=0.006), and when compared with saturated fat (WMD=-0.40 kg; 95% CI: -0.74, -0.06 kg, P=0.019). CO consumption did not significantly affect any other anthropometric measures or body fat markers (P>0.05). Although CO consumption results in a modest decrease in BW, no significant effect was observed on other adiposity indexes. Further well-constructed clinical trials that target BW and body composition as their primary outcomes are needed.

Effect of canola oil consumption on memory, synapse and neuropathology in the triple transgenic\xa0mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease

In recent years consumption of canola oil has increased due to lower cost compared with olive oil and the perception that it shares its health benefits. However, no data are available on the effect of canola oil intake on Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis. Herein, we investigated the effect of chronic daily consumption of canola oil on the phenotype of a mouse model of AD that develops both plaques and tangles (3xTg). To this end mice received either regular chow or a chow diet supplemented with canola oil for 6 months. At this time point we found that chronic exposure to the canola-rich diet resulted in a significant increase in body weight and impairments in their working memory together with decrease levels of post-synaptic density protein-95, a marker of synaptic integrity, and an increase in the ratio of insoluble Aβ 42/40. No significant changes were observed in tau phosphorylation and neuroinflammation. Taken together, our findings do not support a beneficial effect of chronic canola oil consumption on two important aspects of AD pathophysiology which includes memory impairments as well as synaptic integrity. While more studies are needed, our data do not justify the current trend aimed at replacing olive oil with canola oil.

How canola and sunflower oils affect lipid profile and anthropometric parameters of participants with dyslipidemia.

Background: Restricted intakes of saturated and trans-fatty acids and replacement with poly or monounsaturated fatty acids are emphasized in healthy diets. This study evaluates the effects of a six-month consumption of canola oil compared to sunflower oil on lipid profile and anthropometric parameters of people affected by dyslipidemia. Methods: This randomized controlled trial was conducted on 96 patients with dyslipidemia, who were randomly assigned into canola oil or the sunflower oil groups. The participants were instructed to record the contents of their daily meals, beverages, fruits, and snacks a day before treatment, at the second clinic visit, in the third month, and at the end of study (i.e., six months). Lipid profile and anthropometric parameters were compared between the two groups. Student t-test or Mann Whitney U test was used for statistical comparisons of variables between groups. Multivariate analysis was performed to adjust the confounding factor effects. Results: Of the enrolled participants, 44 (45.8%) were on sunflower oil diet and 52 (54.2%) on canola oil diet. We observed no change in anthropometric parameters and thus no significant difference between the two groups (p>0.05). Significant reductions in LDL-C (p<0.001), total cholesterol (p<0.001) and triglyceride levels (p<0.001), and significant elevation in HDL-C (p=0.008) were observed in canola oil group, as well as those who used sunflower oil. Conclusion: Dietary fats in the form of canola oil or sunflower oil effectively lower the serum cholesterol, LDL-C and triglyceride concentrations. They also result in an increase in serum concentration of HDL-C. These oils, however, did not modify general anthropometric parameters.

Molecular regulation of seed oil accumulation

Due to the vast consumption of canola oil in the food industry, there is marketable and scientific interest to manipulate seed oil content and the fatty acid composition of Brassica napus L. During seed development, lipids are mainly stored in the form of triacylgylcerols and their production relies on the availability of sucrose produced during photosynthesis. The selective up regulation of enzymes joining in sucrose transport and metabolism, as well as glycolysis, provide carbon pools for the synthesis of fatty acids and ultimately seed oil production. Seed oil accumulation is also influenced by genes involved in embryo and seed development. Recently, emphasis has been directed toward altering fatty acid biosynthesis through the modification of transcription factors including - LEC1 ( LEAFY COTYLEDON1 ), LEC2 ( LEAFY COTYLEDON2 ), FUS3 ( FUSCA3 ), WRI1 ( WRINKLED1 ), and ABI3 ( ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3 ), which also affect the seed maturation phase of embryo development. These genes interact with each other and play a vital role during embryo and seed development. Improved knowledge of the genetic regulation of seed oil biosynthesis in Arabidopsis and Brassica species , together with current progress in plant genetics and molecular biology, has opened novel research avenues that emphasize the modification of canola oil by manipulating the genetic regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis.

Rice bran oil and canola oil improve blood lipids compared to sunflower oil in women with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, single-blind, controlled trial

Hypolipidemic effects of vegetable oils have been demonstrated in a number of studies, but there is no study, which compares the effects of canola oil (CO) and rice bran oil (RBO) on diabetic patient. We aimed to compare the effects of CO and RBO consumption on blood lipids in women with type 2 diabetes. Seventy-five postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes participated in this single-center, randomized, controlled, parallel-group trial in Shiraz, Iran. Participants were randomly allocated to three groups including a control group (balance diet + 30 g/d sunflower oil) and two intervention groups (balance diet + 30 g/day CO or RBO). At baseline and after 8 weeks, serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured. At 8 weeks, mean of serum levels of TG (mg/dL), TC (mg/dL), and LDL-C (mg/dL) significantly decreased in the CO group (-23.66, P < .001; -11.92, P < .001; and -6.33, P = .013, respectively) and RBO group (-38.62, P < .001; -17.25, P < .001; and -8.90, P = .002, respectively) compared with the controls (7.01, 4.06, and 2.90, respectively). Also, in comparison with CO group, the changes of TG, LDL-C, and non-HDL-C levels were significantly more in the RBO group (P = .007, P = .012, and P = .011, respectively). Levels of serum HDL-C remained unchanged in all groups at the end of study. Substitution of RBO or CO for sunflower oil could attenuate lipid disorders in type 2 diabetes women. Moreover, RBO could improve lipid profile more efficiently than CO.

High-oleic canola oil consumption enriches LDL particle cholesteryl oleate content and reduces LDL proteoglycan binding in humans

Oleic acid consumption is considered cardio-protective according to studies conducted examining effects of the Mediterranean diet. However, animal models have shown that oleic acid consumption increases LDL particle cholesteryl oleate content which is associated with increased LDL-proteoglycan binding and atherosclerosis. The objective was to examine effects of varying oleic, linoleic and docosahexaenoic acid consumption on human LDL-proteoglycan binding in a non-random subset of the Canola Oil Multi-center Intervention Trial (COMIT) participants. COMIT employed a randomized, double-blind, five-period, cross-over trial design. Three of the treatment oil diets: 1) a blend of corn/safflower oil (25:75); 2) high oleic canola oil; and 3) DHA-enriched high oleic canola oil were selected for analysis of LDL-proteoglycan binding in 50 participants exhibiting good compliance. LDL particles were isolated from frozen plasma by gel filtration chromatography and LDL cholesteryl esters quantified by mass-spectrometry. LDL-proteoglycan binding was assessed using surface plasmon resonance. LDL particle cholesterol ester fatty acid composition was sensitive to the treatment fatty acid compositions, with the main fatty acids in the treatments increasing in the LDL cholesterol esters. The corn/safflower oil and high-oleic canola oil diets lowered LDL-proteoglycan binding relative to their baseline values (p = 0.0005 and p = 0.0012, respectively). At endpoint, high-oleic canola oil feeding resulted in lower LDL-proteoglycan binding than corn/safflower oil (p = 0.0243) and DHA-enriched high oleic canola oil (p = 0.0249), although high-oleic canola oil had the lowest binding at baseline (p = 0.0344). Our findings suggest that high-oleic canola oil consumption in humans increases cholesteryl oleate percentage in LDL, but in a manner not associated with a rise in LDL-proteoglycan binding.

Evidence of health benefits of canola oil

Canola oil-based diets have been shown to reduce plasma cholesterol levels in comparison with diets containing higher levels of saturated fatty acids. Consumption of canola oil also influences biological functions that affect various other biomarkers of disease risk. Previous reviews have focused on the health effects of individual components of canola oil. Here, the objective is to address the health effects of intact canola oil, as this has immediate practical implications for consumers, nutritionists, and others deciding which oil to consume or recommend. A literature search was conducted to examine the effects of canola oil consumption on coronary heart disease, insulin sensitivity, lipid peroxidation, inflammation, energy metabolism, and cancer cell growth. Data reveal substantial reductions in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, as well as other positive actions, including increased tocopherol levels and improved insulin sensitivity, compared with consumption of other dietary fat sources. In summary, growing scientific evidence supports the use of canola oil, beyond its beneficial actions on circulating lipid levels, as a health-promoting component of the diet.

Effects of phospholipids on the antioxidant activity of α-tocopherol in the singlet oxygen oxidation of canola oil

This study evaluated the effects of phosphatidylcholine (PC) or phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) on the antioxidative activity of α-tocopherol during oxidation of canola oil by singlet oxygen at 10°C for seven hours. Singlet oxygen was produced by chlorophyll b (4 ppm) under 1,700 lux. The oxidation of oil was evaluated by headspace oxygen consumption by gas chromatography and peroxide values (POVs). Concentrations of PC, PE, chlorophyll, and α-tocopherol were determined by HPLC. PC and PE protected chlorophyll from degradation, but they accelerated the degradation of α-tocopherol under singlet oxygen. Contents of PC and PE did not change for seven hours under singlet oxygen. α-Tocopherol significantly lowered POV and headspace oxygen consumption of canola oil under singlet oxygen, and its antioxidant activity was increased by the co-presence of PC and PE. PC and PE increased chemical quenching of singlet oxygen by tocopherol in decreasing the oil oxidation.

Maternal consumption of canola oil suppressed mammary gland tumorigenesis in C3(1) TAg mice offspring

BackgroundMaternal consumption of a diet high in omega 6 polyunsaturated fats (n-6 PUFA) has been shown to increase risk whereas a diet high in omega 3 polyunsaturated fats (n-3 PUFA) from fish oil has been shown to decrease risk for mammary gland cancer in female offspring of rats. The aim of this study was to determine whether increasing n-3 PUFA and reducing n-6 PUFA by using canola oil instead of corn oil in the maternal diet might reduce the risk for breast cancer in female offspring.MethodsFemale SV 129 mice were divided into two groups and placed on diets containing either 10% w/w corn oil (which is 50% n-6 PUFA, control diet) or 10% w/w canola oil (which is 20% n-6 PUFA, 10% n-3 PUFA, test diet). After two weeks on the diets the females were bred with homozygous C3(1) TAg transgenic mice. Mother mice consumed the assigned diet throughout gestation and nursing of the offspring. After weaning, all female offspring were maintained on the control diet.ResultsCompared to offspring of mothers fed the corn oil diet (CO/CO group), offspring of mothers fed the canola oil diet (CA/CO group) had significantly fewer mammary glands with tumors throughout the experiment. At 130 days of age, the CA/CO group had significantly fewer tumors per mouse (multiplicity); the tumor incidence (fraction of mice with any tumor) and the total tumor weight (per mouse that developed tumor) was less than one half that of the CO/CO group. At 170 days of age, the total tumor weight per mouse was significantly less in the CA/CO group and if a tumor developed the rate of tumor growth rate was half that of CO/CO group. These results indicate that maternal consumption of canola oil was associated with delayed appearance of mammary gland tumors and slowed growth of the tumors that developed.ConclusionsSubstituting canola oil for corn oil is an easy dietary change for people to make; such a change to the maternal diet may decrease risk for breast cancer in the daughter.

Abstract B2: Maternal consumption of canola oil reduces mammary gland cancer risk in C3(1) Tag offspring

Abstract B2 Maternal diet may influence development of the offspring and may influence future cancer risk. Maternal consumption of diet high in n-6 (omega 6) polyunsaturated fats has been shown to increase risk for mammary gland cancer (Hilakivi-Clarke et al, 1997). We wanted to know if the substitution of corn oil with canola oil in the maternal diet might reduce the risk for breast cancer. Such a change would decrease dietary n-6 fat and increase n-3 fat. A study was devised to determine whether exposure to a diet that has less omega 6 and more omega 3 FAs during gestation and lactation would reduce the risk for mammary cancer in female offspring. Female SV 129 mice were divided into two groups and placed on diets either containing 10% w/w corn oil (corn oil is 50% omega 6 and &amp;lt; 0.5% omega 3) or 10% w/w canola oil (canola oil is 20% omega 6 and 10% omega 3). After two weeks the females were bred with homozygous C31 Tag transgenic male mice. The transgenic mice bear a transgene for the SV40 large T antigen with a prostatic steroid binding protein promoter. The female progeny, hemizygous for the transgene, are the experimental mice for this study. On a standard diet, females would be expected to develop mammary gland cancer by 6 months of age. At weaning, female progeny from each litter were all maintained on the basal corn oil containing diet. The female hemizygous mice were euthanized at 3weeks, 110, 130, 150 and 170 days. Results showed that the total tumor weight, number of glands with tumor and fraction of mice with tumors were higher in progeny of mother fed a corn oil diet than in progeny of mother fed a canola oil diet. No significant difference in the body weight of progeny from corn oil and canola fed mothers. At weaning the lipid composition of the inguinal fat pad, mammary gland and liver shows a higher level of omega 3 fatty acids in the offspring of mice fed the high n-3 diet. Mammary gland gene expression assay performed on three weeks and 130 days old mice reveals up as well as down regulation in several genes in canola versus corn group. The up regulated genes include CCAAT-enhancer binding protein beta (CEBPβ), a transcription factor that is involved in mammary gland differentiation (550-fold at 130days) and Early growth response 1 (Egr1), a tumor suppressor gene (13-fold at 130days). Genes down regulated include Bcl2-like 1(Bcl2l1), an antiapoptotic gene (-2.03-fold at 3weeks) and Fatty acid synthase (Fas), an enzyme involved in fatty acid synthesis and active in cancer cells (-7.09 at 130days). Western blot analysis confirmed the differential gene expression of CEBPβ and Fas. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B2.

Dietary canola oil: effect on the accumulation of eicosapentaenoic acid in the alkenylacyl fraction of human platelet ethanolamine phosphoglyceride

Volunteers consumed a mixed-fat diet for 6 d (Pre-exp) and then either a canola-oil-based diet (CAN) containing linolenic acid (18:3n-3) or a sunflower-oil-based diet (SUN) rich in linoleic acid (18:2n-6) for 18 d, followed by the alternative diet in a crossover design. Platelet phospholipids were analyzed for changes in fatty acid composition. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (20:5n-3) was significantly higher in alkenylacyl ethanolamine phosphoglyceride (PPE) and in total phosphatidylcholine (PC) after CAN compared with SUN and Pre-exp. The 22:5n-3 was increased in PPE after CAN above concentrations found after both SUN and Pre-exp. Lower concentrations of 20:4n-6 and 22:4n-6 were observed with CAN in PC and lower concentrations of 22:4n-6 in PPE. These results indicate that the consumption of canola oil moderately increases EPA concentrations and alters the concentrations of other n-6 and n-3 fatty acids in human platelet phospholipids.