Canola Biodiesel Research Articles

The respiratory health effects of acute in vivo diesel and biodiesel exhaust in a mouse model

BackgroundBiodiesel, a renewable diesel fuel that can be created from almost any natural fat or oil, is promoted as a greener and healthier alternative to commercial mineral diesel without the supporting experimental data to back these claims. The aim of this research was to assess the health effects of acute exposure to two types of biodiesel exhaust, or mineral diesel exhaust or air as a control in mice. Male BALB/c mice were exposed for 2-hrs to diluted exhaust obtained from a diesel engine running on mineral diesel, Tallow biodiesel or Canola biodiesel. A room air exposure group was used as a control. Twenty-four hours after exposure, a variety of respiratory related end point measurements were assessed, including lung function, responsiveness to methacholine and airway and systemic immune responses. ResultsTallow biodiesel exhaust exposure resulted in the greatest number of significant effects compared to Air controls, including increased airway hyperresponsiveness (178.1 ± 31.3% increase from saline for Tallow biodiesel exhaust exposed mice compared to 155.8 ± 19.1 for Air control), increased airway inflammation (63463 ± 13497 cells/mL in the bronchoalveolar lavage of Tallow biodiesel exhaust exposed mice compared to 40561 ± 11800 for Air exposed controls) and indications of immune dysregulation. In contrast, exposure to Canola biodiesel exhaust resulted in fewer significant effects compared to Air controls with a slight increase in airway resistance at functional residual capacity and indications of immune dysregulation. Exposure to mineral diesel exhaust resulted in significant effects between that of the two biodiesels with increased airway hyperresponsiveness and indications of immune dysregulation. ConclusionThese data show that a single, brief exposure to biodiesel exhaust can result in negative health impacts in a mouse model, and that the biological effects of exposure change depending on the feedstock used to make the biodiesel.

Exploring the efficiency and emission characteristics of hydroxy-boosted canola biodiesel in comparison to traditional diesel fuels

In this research, we experimentally examined how incorporating HHO into blends of 20% canola biodiesel with 80% diesel and 40% canola biodiesel with 60% diesel impacts the engine’s performance and its emission traits. Canola oil, widely used in Europe, served as the biodiesel base. The addition of HHO, recognized for its potential to improve combustion efficiency and reduce emissions which were deteriorated by biodiesel addition. The findings revealed decrement on fuel consumption as 5.74% and 4.43% and rise in thermal efficiencies as 3.92% and 3.97% with HHO addition compared to B20 and B40, respectively. Besides that, CO emissions were reduced significantly up to 35.43%, while CO2 emissions decreased moderately up to 14.93% compared to diesel fuel. On the other hand, biodiesel and HHO addition increased NOx emissions as 49.80%. Utilization of biodiesel and HHO in diesel engines offers a straightforward way to reduce emissions and enhance fuel efficiency, addressing environmental issues and promoting sustainable transportation.

Mitigating imported fuel dependency in agricultural production: Case study of an island nation's vulnerability to global catastrophic risks.

A major global catastrophe would likely disrupt trade in liquid fuels. Countries dependent on imported oil products might struggle to sustain industrial agriculture. Island nations importing 100% of refined fuels are particularly vulnerable. Our case study aimed to estimate the agricultural land area and biofuel volumes needed to feed the population of New Zealand in the absence of trade. Results showed that stored diesel would quickly be exhausted with ordinary use (weeks) and even with strict rationing (months). To preserve fuel, we found that farming wheat (requiring as little as 5.4 million liters [L] of diesel per annum) was more fuel-efficient than potatoes (12.3) or dairy (38.7) to feed the national population under a climate-as-usual scenario. In a nuclear winter scenario, with reduced agricultural yields, proportionately greater diesel is needed. The wheat would require 24% of current grain-cropped land, and the canola crop used as feedstock for the required biofuel would occupy a further 1%-7%. Investment in canola biodiesel or renewable diesel refineries could ensure supply for the bare minimum agricultural liquid fuel needs. Were subsequent analysis to favor this option as part of a fuels resilience response and as a tradeoff for routine food use, expansion in refining and canola cropping before a catastrophe could be encouraged through market mechanisms, direct government investment, or a combination of these. Logistics of biofuel refining scale-up, post-catastrophe, should also be analyzed. Further, biodiesel produced in normal times would help the nation meet its emissions reduction targets. Other countries should conduct similar analyses.

Biodiesel as a Sustainable Platform Chemical Enabled by Selective Partial Hydrogenation: Compounds Outplace Combustion?!

The hydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in vegetable oils and their derivatives is essential for their use in many areas, such as biofuels and food chemistry. However, no attempts have been made to adapt this technology to the requirements of further chemical utilization of fatty acid methyl esters as molecular building blocks, especially for particularly promising double-bond reactions. In this work, we, therefore, use three homogeneous catalytic model reactions (hydroformylation, isomerizing methoxycarbonylation, and ethenolysis) to show, firstly, that it is already known from the literature that high PUFA contents have a negative impact on activity and selectivity. Subsequently, using the example of soybean and canola biodiesel, we demonstrate that these key figures can be drastically improved by a preceding selective partial hydrogenation. This makes it possible to first reduce the share of PUFAs to <1 w % without causing significant overhydrogenation and then to carry out hydroformylation, methoxycarbonylation, and ethenolysis with significantly increased activity (up to twentyfold) and selectivity (up to 80 % increase). With these findings, we hope to convince the scientific and industrial world of the potential of selective partial hydrogenation as a key technology for utilizing renewable raw materials and to encourage its effective use in future work.

An Experimental Study Using Canola Oil Biodiesel to Examine the Properties of a Diesel Engine with Decanol as an Additive

A naturally beneficial use of diesel is primarily threatened by the depletion of natural resources and the alarming rise in pollution levels. The majority of research conducted to date has been on the use of lower alcohols; information regarding a higher alcohol mix in canola oil biodiesel is less abundant. This study investigates the effects of adding a ternary mixture of diesel, biodiesel, and decanol as an additive to a CI engine. Diesel and biodiesel were combined with decanol to conduct tests. While the diesel concentration was maintained at 50% throughout, the decanol mixing concentrations were 10%, 20%, and 30% by volume. According to the study, as decanol concentration rises, brake specific fuel consumption falls and brake thermal efficiency rises. At full load, BTE values of 32.24% and 31.68% for pure diesel and D50COME20DEC30, respectively, were noted. The ternary blend D50COME20DEC30 BSFC was 12.89% and 20.63% lower than those of COME100 and D50COME50. Although the total heat release rate is seen to be reduced during the end phase of ignition, heat release rate is observed to increase with the expansion of decanol content in the ternary mix. NOx emissions for D50COME50 and for 10%, 20%, and 30% of decanol in the ternary blend were 1869 PPM, 1838 PPM, 1819 PPM, and 1810 PPM. Therefore, in order to increase engine performance and emissions without altering the CI engine, the present examination recommends a 30% blend of decanol, 20% biodiesel, and 50% diesel. Key Words: COME (Canola oil methyl ester), Decanol, Diesel, Performance, Combustion, Emission, CI Engine.

Physicochemical Characterization and Butanol Impact on Canola and Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesels: A Comparative Analysis with Binary Biodiesel Blends

In this study, the physicochemical properties of canola and waste cooking oil biodiesels, as well as various binary biodiesel blends, were investigated according to TS EN 14214 and ASTM D 6751 standards. Critical parameters such as density, kinematic viscosity, cold filter plugging point (CFPP), calorific value, flash point, copper strip corrosion, water content, and ester yield were evaluated. The findings highlighted the notable density of C100 and W100 biodiesels, with the addition of butanol reducing density. While viscosity values adhered to standards, the addition of butanol was observed to decrease viscosity. CFPP values indicated compliance with standards only for C100 and C75W25. Flash points of C100 and W100 biodiesels met standards, but the addition of butanol to binary biodiesel blends lowered flash points. Copper strip corrosion values were determined to comply with standards for all fuels. Calorific values demonstrated the prominence of C100 and W100 biodiesels, with the addition of butanol observed to decrease calorific values in binary biodiesels. While water content favored canola biodiesel over waste cooking oil biodiesel, the addition of butanol to binary biodiesels increased water content. Regarding ester yield, C100 biodiesel exhibited the highest yield, and the addition of butanol to binary biodiesels increased ester yield. In conclusion, this study thoroughly analyzed the physicochemical properties of biodiesel and blend fuels, revealing the impact of butanol addition on these properties.

Exposure to biodiesel exhaust is less harmful than exposure to mineral diesel exhaust on blood-brain barrier integrity in a murine model.

Emerging data suggest that air pollution is a persistent source of neuroinflammation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and neuropathology that contributes to central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Previous research using animal models has shown that exposure to diesel exhaust causes considerable disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), leading to marked neuroinflammation. However, the effects of biodiesel exhaust on cerebrovascular integrity and neuroinflammation have not been explored previously. Therefore, in this study, 8-week-old BALB/c mice were exposed to biodiesel exhaust (derived from canola biodiesel or tallow biodiesel) and compared with control mice that were exposed to air or mineral diesel exhaust. Consistently with previous findings, the integrity of the BBB was significantly disrupted by exposure to mineral diesel exhaust. Tallow and canola biodiesel exhaust exposure resulted in no BBB disruption. Moreover, both tallow and canola biodiesels significantly attenuated oxidative stress in the brain. The data collectively suggest that biodiesel exhaust may exert significantly less detrimental effects on brain function, compared to mineral diesel.

Investigation on the Engine Parameters of a DI Diesel Engine using Diesel and Canola Biodiesel-blended Fuel with 1-4 Dioxane Additive

The present work investigates the effect of 1-4 dioxane (10 ml) as additive to the diesel and blend of canola biodiesel (CABD20) on the performance of a diesel engine. The physiochemical properties of diesel, CABD20, diesel+1-4 dioxane and CABD20+1-4 dioxane fuels were measured and improved fuel properties were identified with the additive based fuels. From the experimental results, BTE was enhanced (by 1.9-2.2%) with additive based fuel over both the diesel and CABD20 fuels. The presence of HA, CO and smoke emissions were decreased in the exhaust emissions for CABD20 fuel with a marginal increment of NOx emissions. Furthermore, adding 1-4 dioxane to diesel and CABD20 fuel significantly reduced the exhaust emissions. From the observations, it is concluded that better engine performance can be obtained with the use of additives in the diesel and the blend of biodiesel.

Effect of hydrogen addition in a diesel engine fuelled with diesel and canola biodiesel fuel: Energetic-exergetic, sustainability analyses

In this study, the influence of diesel and biodiesel fuels with various flow rate of hydrogen (3 L per minute and 6 L per minute) addition through the intake manifold of a diesel engine was investigated at three different engine speed (1500 rpm, 1800 rpm, and 2100 rpm) by considering second law of thermodynamic as a different perspective. Energy, exergy, and sustainability analysis were evaluated by utilizing the data from the experiments. According to the results, it is enlightened that useful work energy ascends with the hydrogen addition in all engine speeds and the net work rates of all test fuels were found as highest at 1800 rpm engine speed while the rate of energy heat loss decreased with hydrogen addition. Furthermore, exergy input is also increased with the hydrogen addition to the engine whereas exergy destruction and exergy heat lost decreased with the increment of the hydrogen. The highest values of energy efficiency and exergy efficiency obtained at 1800 rpm engine speed by using diesel fuel with 6 L per minute hydrogen addition as 38.67 % and 35.09 %, respectively. The highest entropy generation occurred at 2100 rpm as 0.288 kW/K for the biodiesel fuel and the lowest value was observed as 0.201 kW/K for DH6 fuel at 1800 rpm. The analyses showed that the sustainability index values determined to be in the range of 1.437–1.541 and the increase in hydrogen ratio enhanced the sustainability index at all engine speeds and the DH6 and BH6 fuels are more sustainable fuels than the other experimental fuels.

The effects of metallic fuel addition into canola oil biodiesel on combustion, engine performance and exhaust emissions

In the current study, canola oil biodiesel was produced with transesterification method. Biodiesel was added to the neat diesel at the rate of 20% (B20). 50 ppm, 100 ppm and 150 ppm nanoparticles (Quantum Dots) were added to B20. The influences of fuels on combustion, performance and emissions were researched in a single-cylinder diesel engine. Engine experiments were performed at 2200 rpm and engine loads including 4.12, 9.61, 15.10 and 20.60 Nm. It was found that the difference in cylinder pressure between diesel and blended fuels decreased with the increase of engine load. Igntion delay (ID) was shortened with the addition of metallic fuel. Specific fuel consumption (SFC) decreased by 3.08%, 8.70% and 17.69% using D80TCB20C50, D80TCB20C100 and D80TCB20C150 compared to D80TCB20 at 15.10 Nm. Thermal efficiency increased by 83.74%, 89.09% and 89.30% using D80TCB20C50, D80TCB20C100 and D80TCB20C150 compared to D80TCB20 at 15.10 Nm. The lowest maximum pressure rise rate and ringing intensity were determined with neat diesel. HC reduced by about 1.75%, 5.26% and 7.01% D80TCB20C50, D80TCB20C100 and D80TCB20C150 compared to neat diesel at 20.60 Nm. Remarkable reduction was also observed on soot emissions. Soot emissions reduced 83.11%, 85.45% and 86.36% 1.75%, 5.26% and 7.01% D80TCB20C50, D80TCB20C100 and D80TCB20C150 compared to neat diesel at 20.60 Nm. On the other hand, NOx and CO emissions increased with the addition of nanoparticle.

Respiratory Health Effects of In Vivo Sub-Chronic Diesel and Biodiesel Exhaust Exposure.

Biodiesel, which can be made from a variety of natural oils, is currently promoted as a sustainable, healthier replacement for commercial mineral diesel despite little experimental data supporting this. The aim of our research was to investigate the health impacts of exposure to exhaust generated by the combustion of diesel and two different biodiesels. Male BALB/c mice (n = 24 per group) were exposed for 2 h/day for 8 days to diluted exhaust from a diesel engine running on ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) or Tallow or Canola biodiesel, with room air exposures used as control. A variety of respiratory-related end-point measurements were assessed, including lung function, responsiveness to methacholine, airway inflammation and cytokine response, and airway morphometry. Exposure to Tallow biodiesel exhaust resulted in the most significant health impacts compared to Air controls, including increased airway hyperresponsiveness and airway inflammation. In contrast, exposure to Canola biodiesel exhaust resulted in fewer negative health effects. Exposure to ULSD resulted in health impacts between those of the two biodiesels. The health effects of biodiesel exhaust exposure vary depending on the feedstock used to make the fuel.

Microscopic study of EPS-infused biodiesel with DEE and its performance and emissions in a diesel engine

The main objective of this study is to investigate some important fuel properties of expanded polystyrene (EPS)-infused biodiesel blends without and with the addition of a certain percentage of diethyl ether (DEE), a cetane number (CN) enhancer. The originality of this study is the use of high-CN DEE as an additive for EPS-infused canola biodiesel to investigate a diesel engine’s performance and emissions. Furthermore, we performed a microscopic study (of structure and particle size distribution) of EPS-infused canola biodiesel blends without and with DEE as an additive. Biodiesel is an effective solvent for EPS. EPS-infused biodiesel can be used in diesel engines for power production, and it can be a supplementary energy source for IC engines. This study investigates the EPS-infused biodiesel blend performance and emission in a direct injection (DI) diesel engine at low, medium, and high loads, each at 1000, 2100, and 3000 rpm. The EPS was dissolved in biodiesel at varying concentrations (2, 6, and 10 g/L) at room temperature (25 °C). The results for different EPS-infused biodiesel blends are compared with those of pure diesel and biodiesel, and EPS dissolution and performance improvements with DEE were achieved.

Low-temperature oxidation studies on canola and coconut-derived biodiesel in a motored engine

This work reports results on the low-temperature oxidation of canola and coconut-derived biodiesel in a motored engine. A lean premixed fuel–air mixture of equivalence ratio 0.25 at an intake temperature of 125 °C was subject to reaction with pure compression. The extent of the reaction was controlled by changing the compression ratio in the range of 5.5–9.0. In-cylinder pressure measurements were used for heat release analysis, and detailed speciation analysis of the reaction products was done using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry system. The canola-derived biodiesel shows minor low-temperature heat release, while coconut biodiesel exhibits a relatively higher heat release. It was found that the low-temperature oxidation chemistry for these biodiesels is similar to saturated single-component methyl esters. However, the heat release was somewhat suppressed due to unsaturated compounds in the two biodiesel fuels. The heat release suppression correlates well with the extent of unsaturation. The oxidation end products under the test conditions were similar for both fuels. The relatively higher reactivity of the coconut over the canola biodiesel was also seen in the speciation results, and its stable intermediate concentrations were much higher than the canola. The experimental results were compared to computations using an existing kinetic model. The onset of heat release was predicted with reasonable accuracy. However, the peak and accumulated heat release were significantly overpredicted.

Utilization of Polymeric Materials toward Sustainable Biodiesel Industry: A Recent Review.

The biodiesel industry is expanding rapidly in accordance with the high energy demand and environmental deterioration related to the combustion of fossil fuel. However, poor physicochemical properties and the malperformance of biodiesel fuel still concern the researchers. In this flow, polymers were introduced in biodiesel industry to overcome such drawbacks. This paper reviewed the current utilizations of polymers in biodiesel industry. Hence, four utilizing approaches were discussed, namely polymeric biodiesel, polymeric catalysts, cold-flow improvers (CFIs), and stabilized exposure materials. Hydroxyalkanoates methyl ester (HAME) and hydroxybutyrate methyl ester (HBME) are known as polymeric biodiesel sourced from carbon-enriched polymers with the help of microbial activity. Based on the literature, the highest HBME yield was 70.7% obtained at 10% H2SO4 ratio in methanol, 67 °C, and 50 h. With increasing time to 60 h, HAME highest yield was reported as 68%. In addition, polymers offer wide range of esterification/transesterification catalysts. Based on the source, this review classified polymeric catalysts as chemically, naturally, and waste derived polymeric catalysts. Those catalysts proved efficiency, non-toxicity, economic feasibility, and reusability till the 10th cycle for some polymeric composites. Besides catalysis, polymers proved efficiency to enhance the biodiesel flow-properties. The best effect reported in this review was an 11 °C reduction for the pour point (PP) of canola biodiesel at 1 wt% of ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers and cold filter plugging point (CFPP) of B20 waste oil biodiesel at 0.08 wt% of EVA copolymer. Polymeric CFIs have the capability to modify biodiesel agglomeration and facilitate flowing. Lastly, polymers are utilized for storage tanks and auto parts products in direct contact with biodiesel. This approach is completely exclusive for polymers that showed stability toward biodiesel exposure, such as polyoxymethylene (POM) that showed insignificant change during static immersion test for 98 days at 55 °C. Indeed, the introduction of polymers has expanded in the biodiesel industry to promote green chemistry.

The Effects of Canola Oil/Diesel Fuel/Ethanol/N-Butanol/Butyl Di Glycol Fuel Mixtures on Combustion, Exhaust Gas Emissions and Exergy Analysis

In recent years, there have been many studies on the widespread use of liquid fuels derived from biomass. A common emphasis in such studies is on fewer exhaust gas emissions and the expansion of renewable fuel production. Biodiesel is considered to be an important type of biomass fuel that is already produced commercially. But the production of biodiesel is laborious and comprises combination of several chemical processes. This study examines the effects of using oil used in biodiesel production with oxygen-rich chemicals on combustion (in-cylinder pressure (Cp), heat release rate (HRR), rate of pressure rise (RoPR), and cumulative heat release (CHR)), exhaust emission values, energy and exergy analysis. In this study, the effects of butyl di glycol use were also investigated and compared with commercially used ethanol and n-butanol. A transesterification method produced from canola oil the biodiesel used in the experiments. The experimental fuels were mixed volumetrically. For this purpose, experiments were carried out with canola biodiesel produced at 20% (D80B20) in diesel fuel and the results of the experiments were recorded. Under the same conditions, experiments were carried out by adding ethanol (D60C20E20), n-butanol (D60C20B20), butyl di glycol (D60C20G20) at a rate of 20% by volume to the canola oil added to the diesel fuel. The lowest values in terms of thermal and exergy efficiency were obtained in D60C20G20 fuel at all engine loads. Also, the highest entropy generation was calculated at all engine loads for this fuel blend.

Effects of Long-Term Storage on the Quality of Palm Oil Biodiesel and Canola Oil Biodiesel

Effective storage of biodiesel has proven to be a challenge, which the Indonesian government has invested billions of Indonesian rupiahs (IDR) in to overcome. It is thus important to investigate how different storage methods can affect the quality of biodiesel. The purpose of this study was to determine how storage at room temperature in the dark affects the quality of palm oil biodiesel (POB) and canola oil biodiesel (COB). POB and COB were stored in closed containers at 22 °C in the dark for 12 months. The results showed that POB was more significantly damaged than COB. This study found increases of density (POB by 51.52 kg/m3 and COB by 17.52 kg/m3), kinematic viscosity (POB by 0.67 mm2/s and COB by 0.32 mm2/s), acid value (POB by 0.27 mg-KOH/g and COB by 0.25 mg-KOH/g), total glycerol (POB by 0.58%-mass and COB by 0.60%-mass), and peroxide value (POB by 48 meq-O2/kg and COB by 54 meq-O2/kg), whereas there were decreases in fatty acid methyl esters (POB by 7.11%-mass and COB by 9.36%-mass). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry results for POB and COB showed decreases in 9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester and 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-methyl ester, and increases in 9-octadecenoic acid and 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results revealed the presence of methyl ester functional groups. The storage of biodiesel in a closed container at 22 °C in the dark can minimize biodiesel oxidation, as evidenced by the findings of this study, namely, the insignificant formation of ketone and aldehyde groups in the biodiesel oxidation process during storage, based on the results of FTIR.

Toxicity of different biodiesel exhausts in primary human airway epithelial cells grown at air-liquid interface

Biodiesel is created through the transesterification of fats/oils and its usage is increasing worldwide as global warming concerns increase. Biodiesel fuel properties change depending on the feedstock used to create it. The aim of this study was to assess the different toxicological properties of biodiesel exhausts created from different feedstocks using a complex 3D air-liquid interface (ALI) model that mimics the human airway. Primary human airway epithelial cells were grown at ALI until full differentiation was achieved. Cells were then exposed to 1/20 diluted exhaust from an engine running on Diesel (ULSD), pure or 20% blended Canola biodiesel and pure or 20% blended Tallow biodiesel, or Air for control. Exhaust was analysed for various physio-chemical properties and 24-h after exposure, ALI cultures were assessed for permeability, protein release and mediator response. All measured exhaust components were within industry safety standards. ULSD contained the highest concentrations of various combustion gases. We found no differences in terms of particle characteristics for any of the tested exhausts, likely due to the high dilution used.Exposure to Tallow B100 and B20 induced increased permeability in the ALI culture and the greatest increase in mediator response in both the apical and basal compartments. In contrast, Canola B100 and B20 did not impact permeability and induced the smallest mediator response. All exhausts but Canola B20 induced increased protein release, indicating epithelial damage.Despite the concentrations of all exhausts used in this study meeting industry safety regulations, we found significant toxic effects. Tallow biodiesel was found to be the most toxic of the tested fuels and Canola the least, both for blended and pure biodiesel fuels. This suggests that the feedstock biodiesel is made from is crucial for the resulting health effects of exhaust exposure, even when not comprising the majority of fuel composition.

Analysis of combustion and emissions characteristics of a DI diesel engine fuelled with diesel/biodiesel/glycerol tert-butyl ethers mixture by altering compression ratio and injection timing

In this present research, glycerol tert-butyl ethers mixture was utilized as a biofuel with a diesel-canola oil biodiesel blend to experimentally investigate its effect on combustion and emissions characteristics of a stationary diesel engine run at different compression ratios (16, 17.5, and 18) and fuel injection timings (25 °CA bTDC, 23 °CA bTDC, and 18 °CA bTDC). Diesel fuel (D), B20G0 (80% v/v diesel + 20% v/v canola oil biodiesel + 0% v/v glycerol tert-butyl ethers mixture), and B18G2 (80% v/v diesel + 18% v/v canola oil biodiesel + 2% v/v glycerol tert-butyl ethers mixture) were used in the experiments. Engine tests were conducted on a 4-stroke single-cylinder diesel engine at distinct loads and an engine speed of 1500 rpm. The results showed that NOX emission decreased while HC emission increased at all compression ratios with the use of B18G2. The maximum increase in average HC emission and the maximum mean reduction in NOX emission was determined by 173% and 68% at compression ratios 16 and 17.5, respectively. B18G2 caused a longer ignition delay period and higher combustion duration compared to other fuels. The great enhancement in B18G2 regarding emissions was detected at original injection timing wherein an average decrease in NOX and CO emissions by 68% and 34% occurred. It is concluded that glycerol tert-butyl ethers mixture can be utilized as a biofuel by 2% v/v of the mixing ratio with a diesel–biodiesel blend. This blending ratio can provide a simultaneous decrease in NOX and CO emissions at the original engine settings.

Effects of EGR, injection retardation and ethanol addition on combustion, performance and emissions of a DI diesel engine fueled with canola biodiesel/diesel fuel blend

Biodiesel fuels have been used in diesel engines at different ratios without modifications in the engines. However, the biodiesel fuels generally generate higher NOx emissions than those of the diesel fuel and the related investigations on the higher NOx problem are still ongoing. In this study, three moderation techniques namely exhaust gas recirculation, injection retardation and ethanol addition were comparatively addressed for B10 biodiesel blend (10% canola biodiesel and 90% diesel fuel in vol.). The experimental results revealed that the exhaust gas recirculation of 5% is a suitable method in improving the combustion parameters of B10 biodiesel blend, while the retarded injection timing of 2 CA° is the most effective method regarding both the performance and emission parameters. No favorable effect of 2% ethanol addition to B10 biodiesel blend at retarded injection timing was observed on the performance, and coefficient of variation of indicated mean effective pressure was increased by over 10%. However, all methods examined in this study have effective potentials in the decrease of NOx emissions of the diesel engine running with the B10 biodiesel blend.

Prediction of Oxidation Stability of Biodiesel Derived from Waste and Refined Vegetable Oils by Statistical Approaches

The oxidation stability (OX) of the biodiesel is an essential parameter mainly during storage, which reduces the quality of the biodiesel, thus affecting the engine performance. Moreover, many factors affect oxidation stability. Therefore, determining the most significant parameter is essential for achieving accurate predictions. In this paper, an empirical equation (Poisson Regression Model (PRM)), machine learning models (Multilayer Feed-Forward Neural Network (MFFNN), Cascade Feed-forward Neural Network (CFNN), Radial Basis Neural Network (RBFNN), and Elman neural network (ENN)) with various combinations of input parameters are utilized and employed to identify the most relevant parameters for prediction of the oxidation stability of biodiesel. This study measured the physicochemical properties of 39 samples of waste frying methyl ester and their blends with various percentages of palm biodiesel and refined canola biodiesel. To this aim, 14 parameters including concentration amount of WFME (X1), PME (X2), and RCME (X3) in the mixture, kinematic viscosity (KV) at 40 °C, density at 15 °C (D), cloud point (CP), pour point (PP), the estimation value of the sum of the saturated (∑SFAMs), monounsaturated (∑MUFAMs), polyunsaturated (∑PUFAMs), degree of unsaturation (DU), long-chain saturated factor (LCSF), very-long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA), and ratio (∑MUFAMs+∑PUFAMs∑SFAMs) fatty acid composition were considered. The results demonstrated that the RBFNN model with the combination of X1, X2, X3, ∑SFAMs, ∑MUFAMs, ∑PUFAMs. VLCFA, DU, LCSF, ∑MUFAMs+∑PUFAMs∑SFAMs, KV, and D has the lowest value of root mean squared error and mean absolute error. In the end, the results demonstrated that the RBFNN model performed well and presented high accuracy in estimating the value of OX for the biodiesel samples compared to PRM, MFFNN, CFNN, and ENN.