Canna Yellow Mottle Virus Research Articles

Characterization of Two Novel Viruses Within a Complex Virome from Flowering Ginger in Hawaii.

Flowering ginger (Alpinia purpurata) is economically and culturally important in Hawaii. In the past decade, a slow decline syndrome has impacted the production of this crop in the state. RNA sequencing analyses and virus indexing surveys were done on samples collected from four of the Hawaiian Islands. Viral sequences corresponding to six viruses were recovered from transcriptomic data from samples with virus-like symptoms. Canna yellow mottle virus (CaYMV, genus Badnavirus) and two novel viruses, Alpinia vein clearing virus (ApVCV, genus Ampelovirus) and Alpinia vein streaking virus (ApVSV, genus Betanucleorhabdovirus), were found at a moderate incidence in diseased plants. Conversely, three other viruses, including the two potyviruses, banana bract mosaic virus and bean common mosaic virus, and a badnavirus, banana streak GF virus, were also found but at a low incidence. Virus detection in potential insect vectors and transmission assays identified the mealybug Planococcus citri as a vector of CaYMV and ApVCV, whereas the aphid Pentalonia caladii was identified as a vector of the novel ApVSV. Both P. citri and P. caladii are common pests of flowering ginger in Hawaii. Transmission of ApVSV was achieved using P. caladii colonies either established in the laboratory or naturally feeding on infected plants, although no transmission was obtained using viruliferous aphids originally reared on taro (Colocasia esculenta). Our study provides insights into the potential association between viral infections and the observed decline symptoms of flowering ginger in Hawaii. However, more definitive studies are needed to link single or mixed viral infections with decline symptoms.

Elimination of coexisting canna yellow mottle virus, bean yellow mosaic virus and cucumber mosaic virus from Canna generalis cv. black knight through in vitro chemotherapy of rhizome explants.

During our previous study, the mixed infection of canna yellow mottle virus (CaYMV), bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV), and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) was identified in a Black Knight cultivar of canna exhibiting severe yellow streak and mottling symptoms. Before the development of the virus-free plants, the ability of callogenesis and organogenesis from the ovary, stalk, and rhizome explants was tested on different concentrations and combinations of TDZ, NAA, BAP, and Ads growth regulators. The performance of rhizome explants was above all the explant types and 33.33 ± 1.67 rhizomes (out of 50 placed) showed callus development on ME medium (MS supplemented with 0.8mg/L TDZ and 0.25mg/L NAA) and further on a refined M4 medium (MS supplemented with 4.0mg/L BAP, 1.0mg/L NAA and 50mg/L Ads) produced 4.06 ± 0.16 shoots per explant. The development of virus-free plants was attempted by in vitro chemotherapy using ribavirin. Not only in callogenesis and shoot development but also in the ribavirin treatments, rhizomes developed about 3.78 ± 0.68 shoots per explant on 40mg/L ribavirin in the ME medium. These optimizations suggested that ME medium for callogenesis, M4 medium for shoot development and the treatment of 40mg/L ribavirin for 30days at M4 medium was effective. The elimination of coinfection of all three viruses from rhizome explants of 0.5 cm2 of the Black Knight cultivar was attempted. Consequently, a total of 53.33% of plants free from all three viruses (48 out of the 90 plants developed) were obtained when screened by RT-PCR and PCR for their absence.

Canna yellow mottle virus

This datasheet on Canna yellow mottle virus covers Identity, Distribution, Hosts/Species Affected, Further Information.

First report of canna yellow mottle virus in China

First report of canna yellow mottle virus in China

Molecular characterization of two badnavirus genomes associated with Canna yellow mottle disease

Members of the genus Badnavirus have a single non-covalently closed circular double-stranded DNA genome of 7.2–9.2kb. The genome encodes three open reading frames (ORFs) on the positive DNA strand. Canna yellow mottle virus (CaYMV) is a badnavirus that has been described as the etiological cause of yellow mottle disease in canna, although only a 565bp fragment of the genome has been previously reported from cannas. In this report, concentrated virions were recovered from infected canna plants and nucleic acids were extracted. Two full-length sequences represent two badnavirus genomes were recovered and were determined to be 6966bp and 7385bp in length. These DNAs represent a virus strain belonging to Canna yellow mottle virus and a novel species tentatively termed Canna yellow mottle associated virus. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that these two viruses are closely related to sugarcane bacilliform GD virus, pineapple bacilliform comosus virus, banana streak MY virus, and cycad leaf necrosis virus. We also showed naturally grown canna plants to be frequently co-infected by these two badnaviruses along with a potyvirus, Canna yellow streak virus.

Molecular characterization of viruses infecting canna in Russia

Canna yellow streak virus (CaYSV), Canna yellow mottle virus (CaYMV), Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV), and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in 16 local and introduced canna cultivars grown in the collection of the Nikita Botanical Gardens, Crimea. CaYSV was detected in all the cultivars tested, and most of the cultivars had mixed infection with two or three viruses. Analysis of the 3′-terminal genomic sequences revealed a high degree of diversity among isolates of CaYSV and BYMV suggesting their multiple introductions in the Gardens. Phylogenetic analysis of the coat protein (CP) gene showed that all the Crimean BYMV isolates together with the Chinese and the Indian ones from canna formed a separate cluster of canna-adapted isolates. Unique amino acid substitutions at positions 58, 70, 106, 168 and 215 of the CP were found in all isolates from canna that may be relevant to the adaptation of BYMV to this host. The sequences of the CaYMV isolates were highly conserved. The sequence identities of their ORF3 genomic segment ranged from 98.7–100% and from 97.7–100% at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively. The CMV isolate was most closely related to the isolate Fny (D10538) from muskmelon. This is the first report of CaYSV, CaYMV, BYMV and CMV on canna in Russia confirming their worldwide distribution on this culture.

Characterization of Canna yellow mottle virus in a New Host, Alpinia purpurata, in Hawaii.

Canna yellow mottle virus (CaYMV) is an important badnavirus infecting Canna spp. worldwide. This is the first report of CaYMV in flowering ginger (Alpinia purpurata) in Hawaii, where it is associated with yellow mottling and necrosis of leaves, vein streaking, and stunted plants. We have sequenced CaYMV in A. purpurata (CaYMV-Ap) using a combination of next-generation sequencing and traditional Sanger sequencing techniques. The complete genome of CaYMV-Ap was 7,120 bp with an organization typical of other Badnavirus species. Our results indicated that CaYMV-Ap was present in the episomal form in infected flowering ginger. We determined that this virus disease is prevalent in Hawaii and could potentially have significant economic impact on the marketing of A. purpurata as cut flowers. There is a potential concern that the host range of CaYMV-Ap may expand to include other important tropical plants.

A Reliable and Rapid Multiplex RT-PCR Assay for Detection of Two Potyviruses and a Pararetrovirus Infecting Canna Plants.

Canna plants are subject to serious virus diseases. The three most common viruses identified in canna plants are Bean yellow mosaic virus, Canna yellow mottle virus, and Canna yellow streak virus. Recent studies indicate that canna plants are commonly infected with more than one virus. Thus, the efficient control of these viruses in canna plants requires the availability of a reliable method for detecting mixed virus infection. This report presents a two-step multiplex reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) that was developed to simultaneously detect two potyviruses and one pararetrovirus genome. We optimized the method for nucleic acid isolation for managing a large population of samples, and the primer concentrations to ensure sensitivity and reliability of the assay, and determined the detection limit in simplex and multiplex RT-PCR assays using plasmid controls and nucleic acids isolated from virus-infected plants. Combined with an automated method for total nucleic acid isolation, this multiplex RT-PCR procedure could be routinely used for virus detection in research and diagnostic laboratories.

First Report of Canna yellow mottle virus Associated With Yellow Vein Mosaic Disease of Betel Vine (Piper betel) in India

First Report of <i>Canna yellow mottle virus</i> Associated With Yellow Vein Mosaic Disease of Betel Vine (<i>Piper betel</i>) in India

Reliable Detection for Bean yellow mosaic virus, Canna yellow streak virus, and Canna yellow mottle virus in Canna Varieties with Red Foliage.

Cannas grow from rhizomes to produce colorful foliage that ranges from deep burgundy, bronze, green, purple veined, and variegated. Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV), Canna yellow streak virus (CaYSV), and Canna yellow mottle virus (CaYMV) are problematic viruses infecting cannas. Their disease characteristics have been reported in green-leaved varieties. This study investigated if rhizome planting stocks can be a source of virus infection. PCR and RT-PCR tests identified BYMV, CaYSV, and CaYMV sequences in 20 canna rhizomes and newly emerging leaves. Immunosorbent electron microscopy tests identified filamentous potyvirus particles in rhizome and leaf tissue. In addition, disease characteristics were examined in a subset of red-leaved varieties 'Australia', 'Burning Ember', and 'Red Futurity' planted in pots in the greenhouse. Plants were assigned identifying codes, visual disease ratings, and samples were taken for RT-PCR and PCR virus detection assays. Statistical analysis was carried out to compare disease ratings with RT-PCR and PCR test results. Visual assessment was found to be not a reliable indicator of virus infection in 'Australia' and 'Burning Ember' plants. 'Red Futurity' produced the most obvious pattern of mosaic disease and virus symptoms were easier to identify in this variety. This study demonstrated that visual assessment was an ineffective method for disease identification for the red-leaved varieties. Growers would be well advised to utilize molecular testing to identify infected plants to aid in the clean-up of the crop.

First Report of Canna yellow mottle virus in Kenya

No virus has been reported in Kenya in cannas, and to our knowledge this is the first report of CaYMV in the country. Accepted by publication 15 January 2015. Published 25 February 2015.

First report of Canna yellow mottle virus on Canna from India

Canna (Canna indica) is a popular landscape plant known for its attractive foliage and flowers and is grown in tropical and subtropical countries including India. Various cultivars of canna are being maintained as germplasm at the Botanic Garden, NBRI, Lucknow. During a survey in September 2012, necrotic striping, severe veinal chlorosis, yellow mosaic and veinal streaking symptoms were observed on the leaves of different canna cultivars (Fig. 1a-d), with the disease incidence between 17 and 35% at NBRI. Subsequently, similar symptoms were found on canna in other gardens in Lucknow. Symptoms observed were similar to those described previously for canna yellow mottle disease and associated with Canna yellow mottle virus (CaYMV) (Pappu et al., 2008; Marino et al., 2008). For virus detection, total genomic DNA was isolated from leaf samples of 13 plants with symptoms and one without, and subjected to PCR using CaYMV specific primers (CaYMV-3 and CaYMV-4; Momol et al., 2004). PCR resulted in an amplicon of the expected size (~550 bp) in all the 13 samples with symptoms, but not in the sample from the symptomless plant, indicating the presence of CaYMV in the diseased plants. Subsequently the 13 amplicons obtained from 10 different cultivars of Canna indica and C. flaccida were cloned, sequenced and deposited in GenBank (Table 1). These accessions, in BLASTn analysis, were shown to share 93-99% nucleotide sequence identity with the available CaYMV isolate sequences from around the world. Further, phylogenetic analysis of sequences under study by MEGA5.1 (Tamura et al., 2011) using a neighbour-joining method clearly clustered them together with CaYMV (Fig. 2). Based on sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis, the virus isolates in this study were identified as CaYMV. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of natural occurrence of CaYMV on canna from India. CaYMV may be considered as posing a phytosanitary risk for further spread in canna since it is being propagated through suckers or rhizomes.

Production of discernible disease phenotypes in Canna by five plant viruses belonging to the genera Potyvirus,Cucumovirus and Badnavirus

Cannas are tropical and subtropical flowering perennial plants. The genus contains many species but most commercially grown cultivars are interspecific hybrids selected for their attractive foliage and flowers. Canna production is so lucrative that there are farmers and nurseries dedicated solely to its production. The specific issue that the canna industry faces is virus diseases. In this study, rhizomes of 24 canna cultivars were gathered and diagnostics conducted to detect Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV, Potyvirus), Canna yellow mottle virus (CaYMV, Badnavirus), Canna yellow streak virus (CaYSV, Potyvirus), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV, Cucumovirus) and Tomato aspermy virus (TAV, Cucumovirus). Visual assessment of disease symptoms and diagnostic tests were carried out to identify the prevalent diseases and describe the symptoms that are associated with virus infection. BYMV, CaYMV and CaYSV caused severe mosaic and necrosis either in the leaf lamina or veins of infected leaves. Potyvirus infection suppressed red colouration in the foliage of some varieties. CaYMV and CaYSV often appeared in the same plant, suggesting they might represent a viral complex. CMV and TAV were rarely seen in these populations. Interestingly, CaYMV but not CaYSV could be mechanically inoculated to Phaseolus vulgaris plants.

Canna yellow mottle virus in Canna spp. in Washington State.

Canna (Canna indica) is an important nursery/landscape plant in Washington State with several nurseries producing canna plants for wholesale and retail businesses. Canna plants showing symptoms such as mottling, general yellowing, and veinal chlorosis were found to be widespread (40% symptomatic plants in a nursery of more than 2,000 plants) in Grant County, WA in September 2007. Symptomatic leaves from five plants of each of the following cultivars were tested: Richard Wallace, Crimson Beauty, Wyoming, Petoria, Pink Beauty, Robert Kemp, and Black Knight. Electron microscopic examination of leaf-dip preparations from symptomatic leaves showed badnavirus-like particles of approximately 120 × 30 nm. A badnavirus, Canna yellow mottle virus (CaYMV) (family Caulimoviridae, genus Badnavirus) from canna was first reported from Japan (4) and later in the United States (1,3). Most recently, CaYMV was reported from Italy and the Netherlands (2). Samples were tested for CaYMV by PCR using CaYMV-specific primers, CaYMV-3 (5'- GAC TTC CTG GGT GCA ACA AT -3') and CaYMV-4 (5'- TCT GTG CAA TCT TGG CGT AG -3') (2), which produced a 565-bp amplicon. All samples tested gave the amplicon of expected size. The amplicon from one leaf sample from each of the cultivars was cloned and sequenced. Sequence comparisons with those available in the GenBank confirmed that the sequence obtained was that of CaYMV (95% sequence identity). Increased awareness of the prevalence of CaYMV in nurseries and avoiding the propagation and distribution of infected plants are necessary to minimize the further spread of this virus in canna.

First report of Canna yellow mottle virus (CaYMV) in Italy and in the Netherlands

During 2005 a survey was done to investigate a yellow mottling of Canna sp. observed in some gardens in Campania and Latium, Italy and in some nurseries in the Netherlands. Symptoms consisted of veinal yellowing and chlorotic mottle of leaves often combined with streaking of the stem and flowers. These symptoms are similar to those described for canna yellow mottle, a disease reported in North America and Japan (Yamashita, 1985; Lockhart, 1988, Momol et al. , 2004) and associated with Canna yellow mottle virus (CaYMV), a Badnavirus of the family Caulimoviridae , often found in mixed infection with Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and an unidentified flexuous rod-shaped virus (Lockhart, 1988). Extracts from 12 canna plants (8 from Italy and 4 from the Netherlands) with and without symptoms were checked by transmission electron microscopy and immunosorbent electron microscopy, using a broad spectrum antiserum (Nodwora & Lockhart, 2000), which revealed the presence of badnavirus-like particles in 11/12 plants (8 from Italy and 3 from the Netherlands) with, and in 3/4 plants without symptoms. CaYMV presence in plants both with, and without symptoms was confirmed by PCR using CaYMV-specific primers (Momol et al ., 2004) that amplified a product of expected size (565 bp). Sequences of PCR products from the Italian plants were deposited in GenBank (Accession Nos. EF156357 to EF156364) and compared with the original CaYMV sequence (Momol et al ., 2004) to which they had a > 96% similarity. Many samples containing CaYMV were also found to be infected with a potyvirus which is being characterized. This is first report of the occurrence of CaYMV in Italy and the Netherlands.

Canna yellow mottle virus Detected in Canna in Florida

Cannas are herbaceous flowering plants native to the tropics and subtropics and widely cultivated as ornamentals in Florida. Canna yellow mottle virus (CaYMV), previously reported in Japan and Minnesota, is now also present in Florida, based on symptoms, microscopy, PCR, and sequence analysis. There is no known vector for this virus. Canna yellow mottle disease can be an economically important disease constraint on the production of cannas in Florida. Accepted for publication 14 July 2004. Published 9 August 2004.

Evidence for a Double-Stranded Circular DNA Genome in a Second Group of Plant Viruses

(...) DNA extracted from CoYMV virions consists of linear and circular forms, which migrate separately in agarose gels. CoYMV genomic DNA appears to have two single-stranded discontinuities and was not shown to be infectious. Preliminary data on three other viruses similar to CoYMV in size and morphology-banana streak virus (BSV), canna yellow mottle virus (CaYMV), and Kalanchoe top-spotting virus (KaTSV)-indicate that they also contain double-stranded DNA of similar size. These plant viruses are of potential interest for use as vectors for gene transfer in higher plants

カンナで見出された短かん菌形ウイルス；カンナ黄色はん紋ウイルス（ｃａｎｎａ ｙｅｌｌｏｗ ｍｏｔｔｌｅ ｖｉｒｕｓ：ＣＹＭＶ）について

A new non-enveloped small bacilliform virus of ca. 28×120-130nm was found from canna plant (Canna sp.) showing systemic symptoms of veinal yellowing or necrosis, mottling and stunting collected at Iwai of Ibaragi prefecture in 1978. In thin sections, the virus particles were mainly observed as singles or aggregates in the cytoplasm of phloem cells. Virus-infected cells were also characterized by the development of vesicular structures. Since no small bacilliform virus has been reported from canna so far, the virus was designated as canna yellow mottle virus (CYMV). Small bacilliform viruses may be classified into two groups of cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV) and orchid fleck virus (OFV) basing on their natures. The CYMV seemed to belong to the CSSV group.