White Wolf Research Articles

Research on wax removal and prevention technology of White Wolf City oil well

Abstract Oil well wax removal technology is an important subject in the process of oil field exploitation. This paper analyzes the mechanism and characteristics of wax formation in oil Wells by measuring the amount of wax in crude oil in Baiwolcheng oil area. When the waxy component, which usually exists in liquid form, is accompanied by crude oil from underground to the ground, the waxy crystal precipitates and deposits in the inner wall of oil pipe due to the gradual decrease of the temperature of crude oil. The phenomenon of paraffin formation, paraffin formation process and paraffin formation law of oil well are studied, and chemical paraffin removal and anti-wax technology is determined as the main research object, evaluation and optimization of paraffin removal and anti-wax agent, and determination of dosage concentration and dosage.

Identification of a Novel Parvovirus in the Arctic Wolf (Canis lupus arctos).

A novel virus, temporarily named "Arctic wolf parvovirus" (AWPV), was discovered in a pharyngeal metagenomic library derived from an Arctic wolf (Canis lupus arctos) in China. The genome sequence was assigned GenBase accession number C_AA071902.1. AWPV has a genome comprised of 4,920 base pairs with a nucleotide composition of 36.4% A, 23.4% T, 18.2% G, and 22.0% C, with a GC content of 40.2%. Its structure resembles parvoviruses, containing two open reading frames: the nonstructural (NS) region encoding replication enzymes and the structural (VP) region encoding capsid protein. Pairwise sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis suggest AWPV may represent a novel species within the genus Protoparvovirus. This discovery enhances our understanding of mammalian virus ecology and potential future infectious diseases.

Differences in boldness between Eurasian and American wolves (Canis lupus) might be based on adaptive mechanisms.

Boldness - defined as the propensity of individuals to take risks - is a key research area within animal behavioural studies, significantly affecting adaptive strategies, habitat selection, foraging behaviour, reproduction, dispersal, and other crucial survival behaviours. Despite the extensive study of personality traits like extraversion and curiosity across various animal species, data on wolves (Canis lupus), particularly on the subspecies level, remains sparse. This study aims to bridge this gap by examining boldness and its associated personality traits in different wolf subspecies (Canis lupus lupus, Canis lupus arctos, Canis lupus lycaon) (n = 23), and wolf-dog hybrids (n = 10), utilising novel object interaction tests and validated questionnaires previously applied to wild canids. Our results show significant differences in boldness as well as in related personality traits between taxa, both between pure wolves and wolf hybrids, with significantly higher boldness of North American subspecies. The inter-subspecies differences were more significant than the differences between groups or at the individual level, suggesting that subspecies ecology and historical selection pressure in subspecies history might have caused long-lasting adaptations in Canis lupus ssp.

Garbage consumption by Arctic terrestrial predators in one of the most pristine land areas on Earth

Garbage may cause substantial environmental perturbations, in part because of its consumption by wildlife. Such consumption may have direct health implications for animals and may also influence trophic relationships. Even in pristine Arctic ecosystems, wildlife feeding in marine environments consume garbage in the form of plastic debris transported by ocean currents. We show that Arctic wildlife in pristine terrestrial environments may also ingest garbage or food items derived from abandoned camp sites. We found the remains of a chocolate wrapper and a milk powder bag in two Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) scats and a piece of cloth in an Arctic wolf (Canis lupus arctos) scat collected near Nares Strait, northern Greenland, one of the most pristine terrestrial wilderness regions on Earth. Found on Washington Land and associated with long-abandoned camp sites, these three scats were among 657 Arctic fox scats and 92 wolf scats collected as part of a larger study. Our study demonstrates that these two highly opportunistic predators managed to consume garbage despite the almost complete lack of human activity in this High-Arctic region. Our results highlight that abandoned anthropogenic material in the High Arctic may function as a source of garbage for local terrestrial wildlife over extended time periods, and that garbage consumption may become a potential issue if human activity in remote Arctic regions increases.

Malocclusion in an Arctic Wolf (<i>Canis lupus arctos</i>) from northeast Greenland

I document the first case of malocclusion in an Arctic Wolf (Canis lupus arctos) from Greenland. All canine teeth of a wolf found dead on the tundra of northeast Greenland showed evidence of heavy anterior wear resulting from occlusion with the opposite teeth. Additional heavy wear on the incisors indicated a level bite. No cases of malocclusion were found in the largest museum collection of Arctic Wolf skulls (n = 11) from Greenland. However, the collection consisted exclusively of specimens from a northeast Greenland wolf population extirpated ca. 1939; thus, it provided no information on the incidence of malocclusion in more contemporary wolves. A finding of malocclusion in the more recent wolf population could be important because the condition is genetically based and the trait is expressed more frequently with increased inbreeding. The small, geographically isolated wolf population that this wolf was a part of disappeared for reasons unknown after 2002 and genetic conditions cannot be excluded as a contributing factor. Future study of the prevalence and severity of this abnormality in Arctic Wolves from Greenland will be problematic because of the difficulty of acquiring comparative material, but could be conducted on other populations of Arctic Wolves.

Wolf-dogs in Greenland. Interbreeding of Greenland Sled Dogs and Arctic Wolves (Research Note)

This study explores the purposeful interbreeding of Greenland sled dogs and Arctic wolves in Avanersuaq, North Greenland. The paper is based on qualitative data gathered during extensive interviews using North Greenlandic/Polar Inuit dialects and Kalaallisut in North and West Greenland and from relevant literature on the relationships between dog sled driver, sled dog, and Arctic wolf, including genetic studies of Greenland sled dogs. The intent of the study is to understand the human practice of interbreeding sled dogs and wolves in Greenland. Among Greenlanders, it is widely believed that the Greenland sled dog and the Arctic wolf once mated and have had offspring, and that these hybrids have been transformed into Greenland sled dogs. Somehow, today’s storytelling of the wolf-dog is taking the shape of a myth. The question remains: If it did happen, how did it begin and how did it end, and what is the truth behind the story? We thus take a qualitative approach to investigating this phenomenon of the interbreeding of Greenland sled dogs and Arctic wolves. Results show that the Arctic wolf and the Greenland sled dog have indeed crossed paths and have been purposefully interbred, which has resulted in documented cases of wolf-dogs in the sled dog communities of North Greenland.

Eurasian Grey and White wolf ancestors—800,000 years evolution, adaptation, pathologies and European dog origins

AbstractThe oldest known wolf appears 800,000 years ago (Marine Isotope Stage 21) in Eurasia with the unspecialized short‐legged old Mammoth steppe wolf Canis lupus bohemica nov. spec. From this species, about 600,000–420,000 years ago (MIS 15‐11), the interglacial Canis lupus mosbachensis (Soergel, 1925) short‐legged Mosbach grey wolf subspecies roamed Eurasia. In the late Middle Pleistocene, there are two lineages, the southern interglacial grey and northern glacial White wolves in Eurasia. Since 320,000 (MIS 8), the short‐legged White wolf Canis lupus spelaeus (Goldfuss, 1823) was the glacial Mammoth steppe‐adapted wolf. Parallel to the “cave wolf” (found in the German Zoolithen Cave), the warm climate grey wolf Canis lupus brevis Kuzmina and Sablin, 1994 existed. C. l. spelaeus relates to the Holocene (MIS 1) extant Holarctic Greenland Canis lupus arctos and Siberian Canis lupus albus (Kerr, 1792). The Late Palaeolithic (MIS 2) “Gravettian Goyet dogs” fall into the DNA pool of C. l. spelaeus and are identified herein as pathological bite trauma individuals, which braincase shortened during the healing process. European prehistoric Neolithic dogs seem to have been imported from Central Asia with the Bandkeramik people (approx. 7000 BP) first, which have the stepped frontals originating from grey wolves.

Newly Documented Behaviour of Free-Ranging Arctic Wolf Pups

Whereas much is known about the behavior and development of captive young wolf (Canis lupus) pups, less detail has been published about some aspects of free-ranging wolf pup behavior. This article synthesizes 42 observations of free-ranging Arctic wolf pups from ages 13 through 52 days made during 10 summers from 1987 through 2006 on Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada. Besides listing key behaviors such as howling and caching, I record unique observations of ages of pup urination without adult stimulation (22, 33, 42, 52 days), knowledge of which is important to studies of wolf domestication, and of a 48-day-old pup that traveled 39 km during a 12 h and 19 min round trip between the den and a prey carcass, including a 26.5 km trek in 5 h. These observations should lead to a deeper and more complete understanding of this critical period of pup growth and development.

An assessment of mercury and its dietary drivers in fur of Arctic wolves from Greenland and High Arctic Canada

Mercury has become a ubiquitous hazardous element even ending up in pristine areas such as the Arctic, where it biomagnifies and leaves especially top predators vulnerable to potential health effects. Here we investigate total mercury (THg) concentrations and dietary proxies for trophic position and habitat foraging (δ15N and δ13C, respectively) in fur of 30 Arctic wolves collected during 1869–1998 in the Canadian High Arctic and Greenland. Fur THg concentrations (mean ± SD) of 1.46 ± 1.39 μg g −1 dry weight are within the range of earlier reported values for other Arctic terrestrial species. Based on putative thresholds for Hg-mediated toxic health effects, the studied Arctic wolves have most likely not been at compromised health. Dietary proxies show high dietary plasticity among Arctic wolves deriving nutrition from both marine and terrestrial food sources at various trophic positions. Variability in THg concentrations seem to be related to the wolves' trophic position rather than to different carbon sources or regional differences (East Greenland, the Foxe Basin and Baffin Bay area, respectively). Although the present study remains limited due to the scarce, yet unique historic study material and small sample size, it provides novel information on temporal and spatial variation in Hg pollution of remote Arctic species.

Variation in abundance and life-history traits of two congeneric Arctic wolf spider species, Pardosa hyperborea and Pardosa furcifera, along local environmental gradients

The Arctic tundra is characterised by harsh conditions and environmental gradients are especially pronounced. Variation in functional traits along such gradients provide insights into the drivers of species abundance and distribution and are particularly valuable in this region currently experiencing strong climate warming. Over three consecutive years, we analysed the interacting effect of two environmental factors, habitat and elevation, on the abundance, body size, and clutch size in two common Low-Arctic invertebrate predators (Lycosidae, Araneae), Pardosa furcifera (Thorell 1875) and Pardosa hyperborea (Thorell 1872). Using generalised linear models, we firstly showed a habitat partitioning between P. furcifera, which dominated wet habitats, like fens, and P. hyperborea, which was more associated with drier habitats, like shrubs. Secondly, we found smaller body sizes at high elevation in P. hyperborea, a species that has a southern distribution in Greenland, and we identified season length as a major driver of the development in this species. In P. furcifera, a species likely more cold adapted, we found no body size difference between elevations, suggesting that local conditions (e.g. prey availability or snowmelt timing) are more important in explaining body size variations. Finally, body size and clutch size were strongly correlated in both species, but clutch size was not affected by habitat or elevation. We argue that fecundity is likely influenced by trade-offs and that considering additional complementary trait measurements would allow for a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying patterns in species life-history traits along environmental gradients.

EPIZOOTOLOGICAL FEATURES OF CORONAVIRUS INFECTION IN CATS

The relevance of the study of coronavirus infection in animals is conditioned upon the lack of sufficient information about the mechanisms of development of this disease, imperfect methods of diagnosis and treatment, and, most importantly, almost 100% of their mortality. The purpose of this study was to identify the age, breed, seasonal, and sexual characteristics of cats' predisposition to coronavirus infection and the development of infectious peritonitis. The paper presents the results of epizoothogolic features of the spread of coronavirus infection among animals of this species and feline infectious peritonitis during 2020-2022 based on the veterinary clinic “White Wolf” (city of Kyiv). During this period, 483 samples were examined from cats with symptoms of coronavirus infection. From these samples, using immunochromatographic analysis, a virus of the Coronaviridae family was detected in 399 animals, and infectious peritonitis was established in 63 animals. This paper highlights the results of a study of the age, breed, and sexual predisposition of cats to coronavirus infection and the development of infectious peritonitis. It was found that cats of any age are susceptible to coronavirus infection, while infectious peritonitis develops in animals aged from 2 months to 3 years. Coronavirus infection was most frequently found in mixed breed cats and British shorthair cats, infectious peritonitis – in Burmese and Bengal breeds. The study also summarised data on the seasonal manifestation of coronavirus infection and infectious peritonitis of cats. Based on the results of epizootological analysis, a nosological profile of infectious diseases was formed in animals of this species that had similar clinical symptoms of coronavirus infection and infectious peritonitis. Eight infections are presented, of which the most frequently recorded diseases were caused by viruses of the Herpesviridae, Caliciviridae, and Parvoviridae families. The results of this study provide new information about the epizootological features of the manifestation and development of coronavirus infection in cats, which allows not only improving the available diagnostic methods, but also developing new ones

Bioacoustic Detection of Wolves: Identifying Subspecies and Individuals by Howls.

Wolves (Canis lupus) are generally monitored by visual observations, camera traps, and DNA traces. In this study, we evaluated acoustic monitoring of wolf howls as a method for monitoring wolves, which may permit detection of wolves across longer distances than that permitted by camera traps. We analyzed acoustic data of wolves' howls collected from both wild and captive ones. The analysis focused on individual and subspecies recognition. Furthermore, we aimed to determine the usefulness of acoustic monitoring in the field given the limited data for Eurasian wolves. We analyzed 170 howls from 16 individual wolves from 3 subspecies: Arctic (Canis lupus arctos), Eurasian (C. l. lupus), and Northwestern wolves (C. l. occidentalis). Variables from the fundamental frequency (f0) (lowest frequency band of a sound signal) were extracted and used in discriminant analysis, classification matrix, and pairwise post-hoc Hotelling test. The results indicated that Arctic and Eurasian wolves had subspecies identifiable calls, while Northwestern wolves did not, though this sample size was small. Identification on an individual level was successful for all subspecies. Individuals were correctly classified with 80%-100% accuracy, using discriminant function analysis. Our findings suggest acoustic monitoring could be a valuable and cost-effective tool that complements camera traps, by improving long-distance detection of wolves.

Research on the Battle of White Wolf Mountain

The Battle of White Wolf Mountain (207) was one of the most important battles in late Eastern Han Dynasty (184-220). It symbolized the demise of Wuhuan, a powerful nomadic tribe living near the northeast border of Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220). At the same time, the victory of this battle signified that Cao Cao (155-220) and his military group further unified the north of China. What’s more, it was a classical battle that the army of the Han nationality defeated the nomads with cavalry.

Multiple reproductive events in female wolf spiders Pardosa hyperborea and Pardosa furcifera in the Low-Arctic: one clutch can hide another

Changing abiotic conditions can affect the phenology of animals and plants with implications for their reproductive output, especially in rapidly changing regions like the Arctic. For instance in arthropods, it was recently shown that females of the spider species Pardosa glacialis (Thorell 1872) (Lycosidae) are able to produce two clutches within one growing season in years when snowmelt occurs particularly early. This phenomenon could be widespread in northern latitudes, and here we investigated the voltinism of two other very abundant species of wolf spiders in the Low-Arctic, Pardosa hyperborea (Thorell 1872) and Pardosa furcifera (Thorell 1875), over the period 2015–2017. Whilst a bimodal pattern in the clutch size frequency distribution was only revealed for P. hyperborea, we were able to show that both species can produce a second clutch over the active season by using information on the embryonic stages. We also observed significantly larger first than second clutches. We argue that information about the embryonic stage can be critical for evaluating evidence of wolf spider populations producing more than one clutch in a season. Our study provides evidence that bivoltinism could be a more widespread pattern than expected in Arctic wolf spiders. It remains to be investigated what the trophic consequences of such patterns are in a global warming context. We thus highlight the need for a coordinated framework for such further studies, integrating and relating various functional traits.

Dog colour patterns explained by modular promoters of ancient canid origin

Distinctive colour patterns in dogs are an integral component of canine diversity. Colour pattern differences are thought to have arisen from mutation and artificial selection during and after domestication from wolves but important gaps remain in understanding how these patterns evolved and are genetically controlled. In other mammals, variation at the ASIP gene controls both the temporal and spatial distribution of yellow and black pigments. Here, we identify independent regulatory modules for ventral and hair cycle ASIP expression, and we characterize their action and evolutionary origin. Structural variants define multiple alleles for each regulatory module and are combined in different ways to explain five distinctive dog colour patterns. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that the haplotype combination for one of these patterns is shared with Arctic white wolves and that its hair cycle-specific module probably originated from an extinct canid that diverged from grey wolves more than 2 million years ago. Natural selection for a lighter coat during the Pleistocene provided the genetic framework for widespread colour variation in dogs and wolves.

La Russie comme expérience de vie et d'écriture : Le Journal d'un loup de Mariusz Wilk

Mariusz Wilk is a Polish prose‑writer, who travels to the remote north of Russia. His first book, The journals of a White Sea wolf reveals his originality. He tries to delve into the mysteries of the ‘Russian soul’ and history, for that he chooses to blend in with local life. That is why he settled in a faraway, but representative place, the Solovetsky Islands. He writes of the ordinary folk he meets on a daily basis. He discovers a world marked by the ruins of the Soviet prison system, but also by the secular presence of the monastery. In his notes, Wilk stops on some details with strong metaphorical potential. Finally, he writes of himself as a writer and a traveler. For in his writing and his travels, Wilk’s main aim is to find himself, to understand who he is, to think about writing that allows self‑transcendence, about the language and about the specificity of each word, with its emotional and symbolic charge. The journals of a White Sea wolf is a testimony on past and today’s Russia, a reflection on practice and literary genre of travel prose. Mariusz Wilk est un auteur polonais qui voyage dans la Russie du grand Nord. Son premier ouvrage, Le Journal d’un loup, révèle l’originalité de ce regard. Wilk cherche à découvrir la Russie en profondeur, en choisissant de se fondre dans la vie locale. Pour cela il s’installe dans les îles Solovki, un lieu excentré, mais représentatif à ses yeux, de l’histoire et de la mentalité russes. Il y découvre un monde en sursis, marqué par les ruines du système pénitentiaire soviétique, mais aussi par la présence séculaire du monastère. Dans ses notes, Wilk s’arrête sur certains détails à forte potentialité métaphorique. Enfin, il se livre à une réflexion sur son double statut d’écrivain et d’étranger, sur l’écriture qui permet le dépassement de soi, sur la langue et le mot, avec sa charge émotive et symbolique. Le Journal d’un loup est autant un témoignage sur la Russie d’hier et d’aujourd’hui, qu’une réflexion sur la pratique et l’écriture littéraire du voyage.

Cup-like blasts in acute myeloid leukaemia with NPM1 and IDH2 mutations.

An 86-year-old woman presented with fever and pneumonia. Her laboratory investigations showed leucocytosis (15 × 10⁹/L) with 92% blasts, anaemia (haemoglobin 5.5 g/dl), thrombocytopenia (platelet 31 × 10⁹/L), and elevation of fibrinogen degradation products (FDPs > 120 μg/ml). The patient refused bone marrow examination. Hypogranular blasts without Auer rods containing nuclear invagination, the so-called “cup-like” or “fish-mouth” appearance, accounted for approximately 17% of the blasts in peripheral blood. Blasts were strongly positive for myeloperoxidase and showed normal female karyotype (46,XX) [Figure 1]. The immunophenotypic features of the blast included expression of CD13(dim), CD33 and CD56 and absence of CD34 and HLA-DR expression, which mimicked those of acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) [Figure 2]. Targeted next-generation sequencing using the Oncomine Myeloid Research Assay (Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, USA) revealed pathogenic variants with allele frequencies greater than 1% in nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1; p.Trp288CysfsTer12), isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2; p.Arg140Gln) and Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3; p.Asn676Lys), of which the variant allele frequencies (VAF) were 47.94%, 51.3%, and 3.55%, respectively. The patient was eventually diagnosed with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) with mutated NPM1. AML with cup-like blasts (CLB-AML) is defined as the presence of more than 10% of blasts with nuclear invaginations that span at least 25% of the nuclear diameter, which are commonly associated with AML M1/2 (myeloid) and M4/5 (myelomonocytic/monocytic) in the FAB classification. NPM-1 and FLT3-ITD mutations have been detected in more than 60% of CLB-AML cases with normal karyotype. NPM1-mutatd AML showing APL-like immunophenotype, negative for both CD34 and HLA-DR, often harbours co-mutations in IDH1/2 or TET2 [1]. Furthermore, high D-dimer/FDP levels, CLB, and APL-like immunophenotype are frequently observed in AML with mutated NPM1 harbouring FLT3 or IDH1/2 co-mutations [2]. Our case is consistent with these clinical, morphological, and molecular features. VAF of FLT3 mutation is less than 5% and much lower compared to that of NPM1 and IDH2, which means that FLT3 mutation may not affect the cup-like morphology and clinical presentation in our case. NPM1-mutated AML carrying concurrent FLT3-ITD mutation especially with high (≥0.5) allelic ratio is well known to be associated with poor prognosis. Molecular analysis is very important in CLB-AML with APL-like phenotype in terms of predicting prognosis and determining the optimal treatment strategy including allogeneic stem cell transplantation or molecular targeted therapies such as FLT3 or IDH1/2 inhibitors. We thank Dr. Makoto Ikejiri, Dr. Kaname Nakatani, and Dr. Keiki Nagaharu at Mie University Hospital for NGS analysis. We thank Gabrielle White Wolf, PhD, from Edanz Group (http://en-author-services.edanz.com/ac) for editing a draft of this manuscript. Y. Sugimoto has received honoraria from Novartis, funding from Takara Bio, and research support from Astellas, Kyowa Kirin, and Ono, and is an accepted researcher from Shojunkai Takeuchi Hospital. All other authors do not have any conflicts of interest to declare.

Sudden death of an Arctic wolf population in Greenland

This study reports the disappearance of a small Arctic wolf population in north-east Greenland founded in 1979 and provides the first long-term information on the wolf packs of this region. Data sources comprised specialized wolf surveys in two of three distributional core areas during three summers, 2012–14, and incidental sightings of wolves by military ground patrols during winter and by others year-round. The resulting time series spans 40 years (1979–2018). After gradually increasing for 14 years, the sighting rate peaked in 1996 and then declined to zero after May 2002, suggesting that the population went extinct. The crash occurred despite year-round legal protection in a national park and resulted in a 51.2% reduction in the extent of the occupied wolf range in Greenland and a 41.8% reduction in Greenland’s wolf population size. It was outside the scope of this study to conduct a complete analysis of all potential factors in the disappearance. In north Greenland, a small population of up to 32 wolves during optimal years continues to exist, and dispersers reach north-east Greenland occasionally. A number of measures are proposed that, if implemented by the Greenland Home Rule Government, would help secure the future of the few remaining wolves on the island.

Temperature affects both the Grinnellian and Eltonian dimensions of ecological niches – A tale of two Arctic wolf spiders

To better understand the consequences of global warming for species and their distribution, we need studies quantifying how environmental change affects communities and interaction networks. Where studies to date have mainly focused on climatic effects on species distribution (the Grinnellian dimension of the niche), recent research has emphasised how the environment shapes ecological interactions among species (the Eltonian dimension).Here, we explore both dimensions in a system consisting of two wolf spider species – Pardosa palustris and Pirata piraticus – and their prey. Drawing on a natural experiment consisting of differential geothermal heating of soil, we describe the effects of temperature on the abundance of each species and on its interactions with its prey (using metabarcoding of gut contents). The two spider species differed substantially in their Grinnellian niche, with a peak in the abundance of P. palustris around 10 °C and in P. piraticus around 22 °C. While P. piraticus consumed more prey taxa on average than did P. palustris, both predators maintained their diet breadth and taxon richness of consumed prey across the temperature gradient. This indicates that effects of temperature on metabolic demands did not alter the dietary specialisation of the two predators. Nevertheless, we did also detect effects of temperature on the Eltonian niche, with significant changes in the prey community consumed by the two spider species across the temperature gradient, and a greater turnover of prey taxa in their diet with increasing soil temperature. Importantly, this suggests that the Eltonian niche of species may be conditional on the environment, and that prey use by generalist predators may thus be modified by climate change.

Polar wolf optimization algorithm for solving optimal reactive power problem

<span>This paper proposes polar wolf optimization (PWO) algorithm to solve the optimal reactive power problem. Proposed algorithm enthused from actions of polar wolves. Leader’s wolves which denoted as </span>x<sub>α</sub> <span>are accountable for taking judgment on hunting, resting place, time to awaken etc. second level is </span>x<sub>β</sub> <span>those acts when there is need of substitute in first case. Then </span>x<sub>γ</sub> <span>be as final level of the wolves. In the modeling social hierarchy is developed to discover the most excellent solutions acquired so far. Then the encircling method is used to describe circle-shaped vicinity around every candidate solutions. In order to agents work in a binary space, the position modernized accordingly. Proposed PWO algorithm has been tested in standard IEEE 14, 30, 57,118,300 bus test systems and simulation results show the projected algorithms reduced the real power loss considerably.</span>