Canine Herpesvirus Research Articles

Detection of Mycoplasma DNA Using Conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction in Canine Abortion, Stillbirth, and Neonatal Mortality Cases in Central Italy

Mycoplasma spp. has been involved in canine infertility, but research on this topic is limited and shows conflicting results, as it has also been isolated from vaginal swabs of healthy dogs. This study aimed to retrospectively research Mycoplasma DNA by a conventional dual Polymerase Chain Reaction from 114 cases of canine abortion, stillbirth, and neonatal mortality that occurred in Central Italy. In addition, four fetal membranes from dystocic dams were analyzed. In total, 7 out of 114 cases (6.14%) and one of the fetal membranes tested positive for Mycoplasma DNA. From five of them (62.5%), other microorganisms were identified, particularly Canid herpesvirus-1 (2/8, 25%) and Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and/or Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (3/8, 37.5%), notoriously responsible for infertility in bitches or neonatal mortality. In two different litters, only one puppy of each one tested positive for Mycoplasma DNA. Additionally, Mycoplasma DNA was detected in fetal membranes collected during a cesarean section of a bitch whelping Mycoplasma-negative puppies, supporting that Mycoplasma spp. is part of the normal genital microflora of the female. The detection of Mycoplasma DNA in association with other major pathogens and its detection in the female genital tract without transmission to puppies support the hypothesis that Mycoplasma belongs to the autochthonous genital microflora or, at most, may play a secondary role in canine abortion and neonatal mortality.

Whole-Genome Sequencing of Two Canine Herpesvirus 1 (CaHV-1) Isolates and Clinicopathological Outcomes of Infection in French Bulldog Puppies.

Canine herpesvirus 1 (CaHV-1) infects dogs, causing neonatal death and ocular, neurological, respiratory, and reproductive problems in adults. Although CaHV-1 is widespread in canine populations, only four studies have focused on the CaHV-1 whole genome. In such context, two CaHV-1 strains from both the kidney and spleen of 20-day-old deceased French Bulldog puppies were recently isolated in Sardinia, Italy. The extracted viral DNA underwent whole-genome sequencing using the Illumina MiSeq platform. The Italian CaHV-1 genomes were nearly identical (>99%), shared the same tree branch, and clustered near the ELAL-1 (MW353125) and BTU-1 (KX828242) strains, enlarging the completely separated clade discussed by Lewin et al., in 2020. This study aims to provide new insights on the evolution of the CaHV-1, based on high-resolution whole-genome phylogenetic analysis, and on its clinicopathological characterization during a fatal outbreak in puppies.

Prevalence of Chlamydophila spp. and Canid herpesvirus-1 in Polish dogs.

Chlamydophila spp. affect Leydig and Sertoli cells by dysregulating spermatogenesis, inducing apoptosis and sperm DNA fragmentation, as well as benign prostate hyperplasia. Canid herpes virus 1 (CHV-1) infection in male dogs is manifested by lesions on the base of the penis and foreskin. There is a lack of information on the influence of these microorganisms on the quality of canine semen. Seroprevalence of Chlamydophila spp. (55%-61%) and CHV-1 (22%-81%) in Europe is high. The prevalence of Chlamydophila spp. and CHV-1 has been evaluated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) only in Sweden and Croatia, respectively. No positive samples were detected in either case. The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiological situation in Polish male dogs (PMDs) to provide a solution to limit the spread of these microorganisms using assisted reproduction techniques or elimination from the reproduction of CHV-1 carriers. In addition, we assessed the semen quality of Chlamydophila spp. carriers and CHV-1 carriers. Cotton swabs were collected from prepuce or semen from each dog (n = 130). Real-time PCR for Chlamydophila spp. and CHV-1, as well as semen analysis, was performed using the computer-assisted semen analysis system. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of Chlamydophila spp. infection in PMD confirmed by real-time PCR. All parameters, except progressive movement in Chlamydophila semen carriers, were normal. The average velocity values for a dog with Chlamydia are detailed. No CHV-1 was detected. The results achieved should be verified on the basis of a larger number of studies. However, the high prevalence of these pathogens in the PMD population has not been established.

Novel high-coverage primers for detection of canine morbillivirus by end-point and real-time RT-PCR assays

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a major threat to domestic dogs and wildlife worldwide. Molecular assays are the most sensitive and specific tests to diagnose the disease, however, the high CDV genetic variability may compromise laboratory diagnosis. Herein, we designed a high-coverage primer set for end-point (RT-PCR) and real-time (RT-qPCR) for CDV detection. Initially, we collected 194 complete/near-complete CDV genomes (GenBank) and analyzed them for highly conserved regions for primer design. We then assessed the in silico coverage, analytical sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic performance of RT-PCR/RT-qPCR reactions based on our primers. Furthermore, the coverage of our primers, as well as their analytical sensitivity and diagnostic performance, were compared to a commonly used primer set for CDV detection (named PP-I). Our forward (F) and reverse (R) primers fully matched 100 % (194/194) and 99 % (192/194) of the analyzed sequences, whereas the PP-I F and R primers fully matched 15 % (29/194) and 9 % (18/194) sequences, respectively. The detection limit of our RT-PCR and RT-qPCR was equivalent to that of PP-I primers (0.001 TCID50/mL). Out of 70 clinical samples tested, 38 were positive by our RT-PCR/RT-qPCR assays, whereas reactions with primers PP-I failed to detect 9/28 (32 %) positive samples selected for comparison purposes. In addition, our assays did not amplify other canine viruses associated with respiratory and neurological diseases: canine adenovirus 2, canine parainfluenza virus 2, canine herpesvirus 1 and rabies virus. Overall, we describe a high-coverage primer set for CDV detection, which represents an attractive tool for laboratory diagnosis of canine distemper.

Validation of a real-time PCR panel for detection and quantification of nine pathogens commonly associated with canine infectious respiratory disease

Canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD) is a complicated respiratory syndrome in dogs [1–3]. A panel PCR was developed [4] to detect nine pathogens commonly associated with CIRD: Mycoplasma cynos, Mycoplasma canis, Bordetella bronchiseptica; canine adenovirus type 2, canine herpesvirus 1, canine parainfluenza virus, canine distemper virus, canine influenza virus and canine respiratory coronavirus [5–16]. To evaluate diagnostic performance of the assay, 740 nasal swab and lung tissue samples were collected and tested with the new assay, and compared to an older version of the assay detecting the same pathogens except that it does not differentiate the two Mycoplasma species. Results indicated that the new assay had the same level of specificity, but with higher diagnostic sensitivity and had identified additional samples with potential co-infections. To confirm the new assay is detecting the correct pathogens, samples with discrepant results between the two assays were sequence-confirmed. Spiking a high concertation target to samples carrying lower concentrations of other targets was carried out and the results demonstrated that there was no apparent interference among targets in the same PCR reaction. Another spike-in experiment was used to determine detection sensitivity between nasal swab and lung tissue samples, and similar results were obtained.•A nine-pathogen CIRD PCR panel assay had identified 139 positives from 740 clinical samples with 60 co-infections;•High-concentration target does not have apparent effect on detecting low-concentration targets;•Detection sensitivity were similar between nasal swab and lung tissue samples.

Prevalence of canine herpesvirus 1 and associated risk factors among bitches in Iranian breeding kennels and farms.

Canine herpesvirus 1 (CHV-1) is an important cause of death in newborn puppies and of fertility problems in adult dogs. Identification of risk factors may help to reduce infection rates and alleviate concerns for dog owners and breeders. This study was designed to screen for CHV-1 infection in bitches of breeding kennels and farms in Iran and relate this to possible risk factors. A total of 63 vaginal samples were collected from dogs in 5 breeding kennels (n=47) and from 7 farms (n=16). Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the CHV-1 specific glycoprotein B (gB) gene. Prevalence rates were evaluated in relation to various risk factors, including region, housing, vaccination, deworming, pregnancy, reproductive problems, number of dogs living together and hygiene conditions. In total, 21 (33.3%) of 63 vaginal samples were positive for CHV-1 DNA. The prevalence rate in farms (7/16; 43.7%) was higher than in kennels (14/47; 29.7%). No association was found between CHV-1 prevalence and potential risk factors. CHV-1 is highly prevalent in dogs in Iranian farms and kennels. Since the CHV1 vaccine is unlicensed in Iran, effective management strategies are essential to reduce the consequences of this pathogen.

Development and Validation of a Panel of One-Step Four-Plex qPCR/RT-qPCR Assays for Simultaneous Detection of SARS-CoV-2 and Other Pathogens Associated with Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease Complex.

Canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC) is the primary cause of respiratory disease in the canine population and is caused by a wide array of viruses and bacterial pathogens with coinfections being common. Since its recognition in late 2019, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been reported to cause respiratory disease in dogs. Therefore, the rapid detection and differentiation of SARS-CoV-2 from other common viral and bacterial agents is critical from a public health standpoint. Here, we developed and validated a panel of four one-step multiplex qPCR/RT-qPCR assays for the detection and identification of twelve pathogens associated with CIRDC (canine adenovirus-2, canine distemper virus, canine herpesvirus-1, canine influenza A virus, canine parainfluenza virus, canine pneumovirus, canine respiratory coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, Mycoplasma cynos, and M. canis), as well as the identification of three main CIV subtypes (i.e., H3N2, H3N8, and H1N1). All developed assays demonstrated high specificity and analytical sensitivity. This panel was used to test clinical specimens (n = 76) from CIRDC-suspected dogs. M. canis, M. cynos, and CRCoV were the most frequently identified pathogens (30.3%, 25.0%, and 19.7% of samples, respectively). The newly emerging pathogens CPnV and SARS-CoV-2 were detected in 5.3% of samples and coinfections were identified in 30.3%. This new multiplex qPCR/RT-qPCR panel is the most comprehensive panel developed thus far for identifying CIRDC pathogens, along with SARS-CoV-2.

Fatalities in a litter of French bulldogs puppies due canine herpesvirus 1

This case report describes the occurrence of canine herpesvirus 1 in a litter of French bulldogs. In addition, the literature dealing with CHV-1 in puppies is summarized. Two puppies were presented due to dyspnea. During the night, one of them developed diarrhea as well as a highly disturbed general condition and was subsequently euthanized the following day. The second puppy was euthanized 6 hours later with a highly disturbed general condition. Necropsy revealed evidence of canine herpesvirus infection. This was confirmed by a virological examination. The presented case report shows that canine herpesvirus infection must also be considered as a cause of death in newborn puppies in Germany.

Causes of pregnancy arrest in the canine species.

In the canine species, early pregnancy arrest before 30-40 days of pregnancy will induce intra-uterine embryonic or foetal resorption, with very few clinical signs. If no genital examination by ultrasound is performed at that time, it will often remain unnoticed and the bitch will be qualified as infertile. It is only when pregnancy stops at a later stage, mostly after 40 days, that clinical signs will be seen. Expulsion of aborted foetuses or placentas may be observed, although the dam frequently eats the expelled tissues. Intra-uterine mummification may also occur. This article reviews the causes of pregnancy termination in the bitch, both at the embryonic and the foetal stages, reported in the literature. Canine brucellosis is by far the most important disease concerned in this aspect. There is an important current concern about this disease, due to the fact that several outbreaks have been observed recently in Europe, and that it is a very contagious disease; it may be an underestimated zoonosis. Other bacterial causes of pregnancy arrest are sporadic. There is, however, a growing attention towards the microbiological content of raw food diets which are more and more popular among dog breeders and may-if badly prepared-contain abortifacient bacteria such as Campylobacter jejuni or Listeria monocytogenes. The abortifacient role of endogenous vaginal bacteria and mycoplasms remains unclear and may be related to an imbalanced vaginal flora with subsequent ascending bacterial contamination of the uterus. The role of Canine Herpesvirus on abortion is controversial and probably not frequent. Other viruses have been shown experimentally to induce abortion but their natural occurrence in this respect remains unknown. The same applies to the parasite Neospora caninum which is suspected, but not proven, potentially to induce pregnancy arrest in bitches. Among non-infectious causes, uterine pathology such as cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) or sub-clinical post-mating endometritis which can cause infertility and may also induce embryonic resorption. The role of luteal insufficiency in pregnancy arrest is probably overestimated.

Pathology of canine herpesvirus infection

Pseća je herpesviroza globalno prisutna virusna zarazna bolest prouzročena psećim herpesvirusom 1 (Canid alphaherpesvirus-1; CHV). Infekcija ovim virusom ima dvije faze: litičku i latentnu. Sam ishod infekcije uvelike ovisi o dobi i razvijenosti imunološkog sustava psa. Najznačajnija patološka posljedica pseće herpesviroze je liza endotelnih stanica i epitelnih stanica više organskih sustava koja se pojavljuje u imunodeficijentnih štenaca. Zbog pantropizma CHV-a, posljedica infekcije je nekrohemoragična upala mnogobrojnih organa zbog koje štenci nerijetko i ugibaju. U imunokompetentnih starijih pasa, iako često asimptomatska, litička infekcija može biti i smrtonosna. Klinički simptomi uključuju infekcije dišnog i spolnog sustava i očiju. Najčešće prisutna lezija očiju je konjunktivitis, ali mogu se pojaviti i ulceracije, petehijalna krvarenja i eksudativni blefaritis s krustama i alopecijom. Utjecaj CHV-a na respiratorni sustav rezultira blagim rinitisom, faringitisom i traheobronhitisom, iznimno pneumonijom. CHV se često povezuje i sa zaraznim traheobronhitisom u pasa, tzv. ‘’kašaljem štenare’’. Infekcija spolnog sustava ograničena je na hiperemiju vagine ili prepucija s hiperplastičnim limfoidnim folikulima te papulovezikularnim lezijama, ali se smatra najvažnijim izvorom infekcije za štenad pri porođaju. Prestankom kliničkih simptoma CHV prelazi u fazu latencije u živčanim ganglijima te se na taj način trajno zadržava u domaćinu. Prilikom stresa i imunosupresije latentni se CHV virus može reaktivirati i uspostaviti litičku fazu. Time se virus ponovno počinje replicirati i izlučivati, a oboljeli pas se mora isključiti iz uzgoja jer predstavlja izvor daljnjeg širenja virusa. Ipak, primjenom cjepiva u gravidnih kuja moguće je zaštititi novorođenu štenad te spriječiti teške posljedice herpesviroze u pasa.

A retrospective cohort study of canid herpesvirus-1 seroprevalence and epidemiology in kennel dogs in Croatia

Canid alphaherpesvirus-1 (CaHV-1) is an endemic pathogen of dogs worldwide. CaHV-1 is often related to abortions, neonatal mortality, and the death of puppies. Since the first description of the virus in 1965, there has been no generally accepted method for diagnosing CaHV-1. Many authors used the virus neutralisation test (VNT) as a ‘reference standard’ due to its high specificity.Nasal, vaginal, preputial swabs and serum samples for this study were collected in the population of kennel dogs in Croatia. To determine the optimal VNT protocol, three modifications of the VNT were compared. These modifications were: VNT using native serum samples, VNT using thermally inactivated serum samples, and VNT using thermally inactivated serum samples with the addition of the complement. The correlation between the results of the VNT methods was significant (P < 0.001). Of all three modifications of VNT, the one using native serum samples was the one that increased VNT sensitivity. The overall seroprevalence of CaHV-1 was 32.02%. The PCR did not confirm the CaHV-1 presence in collected swabs.According to analysed anamnestic data, significant risk factors for CaHV-1 infection were: kennel size, attendance at the dog shows, hunt trials, kennel disinfection protocols, and mating. The oestrus cycle had no significant effect on seropositivity.The study results indicate that CaHV-1 spreads horizontally between dams living in kennels and in males during mating. Although there was no correlation between seropositivity and a history of reproductive disorders, significantly more stillborn puppies were recorded in seronegative dames (P < 0.01).

Review on important diseases of Dogs: At glance

Dogs are one of the most accepted pet animals in every household. Increasing urbanization and modernization of human life has created a space where people are living in nuclear family or alone. This has created peoples’ perception and acceptance of having pet for companionship. Human- dog interaction and close livelihood confinement emerge as crucial threat of outbreaks of zoonotic disease even a dog’s diseases. To prevent and control diseases of dogs, it requires proper knowledge of vaccination, education of pet health management and pets’ diseases. Therefore, the current review is on describing dog diseases like, Rabies, Canine Parvoviral gastroenteritis, Canine Distemper, Canine Coronaviral infection, Canine Rotavirus infection, Canine Herpesvirus infection, Canine Leptospirosis, Canine Brucellosis, Transmissible venereal tumors (TVT), Kennel cough, Pyoderma at glance which provides concise information regarding the causative agents and other relevant details.

Examination of canine herpesvirus-1 in dogs by serological, molecular, and pathological methods

Examination of canine herpesvirus-1 in dogs by serological, molecular, and pathological methods

Hyperkeratotic erythema multiforme variant in 17 dogs.

A new canine subgroup defined as 'old-dog' or 'hyperkeratotic' erythema multiforme (HKEM) with marked hyperkeratosis and parakeratosis has been proposed without any detailed description of larger case series. We report herein the signalment, clinical signs, treatment outcome, and histopathological and immunological findings in 17 dogs with HKEM. Inclusion criteria were the presence of (i) scaly skin lesions with or without crusting; and (ii) microscopic lesions typical of EM (i.e. a panepidermal cytotoxic lymphocytic dermatitis with or without basal keratinocyte apoptosis); and (iii) microscopic ortho- and/or parakeratotic hyperkeratosis affecting the interfollicular epidermis. Clinical questionnaires and skin biopsies were reviewed. Polymerase chain reactions for epidermotropic viruses and direct immunofluorescence were performed. Various breeds were affected with an over-representation of males in their mid-to-late adulthood (median age 9 years). Generalised skin lesions included multifocal-to-coalescing, linear and annular macules and plaques with erythema and adherent firm crusting. Microscopic lesions were specific for EM and featured prominent superficial epidermal apoptosis with lymphocytic satellitosis and parakeratosis. No drug triggers were identified. Polymerase chain reactions for canine herpesvirus polymerase gene, canine parvovirus and canine distemper virus were negative in all HKEM and canine erosive EM (15 dogs) biopsies. Lesions failed to respond to oral and/or topical antimicrobials. Complete remission of signs was achieved in 9 of 17 dogs (53%) using immunosuppressive regimens. Hyperkeratotic erythema multiforme (HKEM) is a chronic, persistent and clinically distinctive erythema multiforme (EM) variant that differs from 'classic' vesiculobullous erosive-to-ulcerative EM in dogs.

Survey for Select Pathogens in the Desert Kit Fox (Vulpes macrotis arsipus) in California, USA.

Following a canine distemper virus (CDV) epizootic in 2011, serum samples of 45 live-trapped desert kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis arsipus) from the Upper Chuckwalla Valley, California, US, were tested for the presence of antibodies against CDV, canine parvovirus (CPV), canine herpes virus (CHV), canine adenovirus (CAV-2), and Toxoplasma gondii. Fecal swabs were tested by PCR for CPV genomic material, and ocular and nasal swabs were assessed for genomic material of CDV, CHV, CAV-2, influenza virus (H3N8), parainfluenza, canine respiratory coronavirus, Bordetella bronchiseptica, and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. Fourteen foxes (31.1%) were positive in at least one test, with exposure and/or infection confirmed for CDV (6/45, 13.3%), CPV (4/45, 8.9%), S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus (4/45, 8.9%), and T. gondii (2/45, 4.4%). Study results were similar to results reported for kit foxes in other portions of their distribution. Further research with long-term regular testing is needed to understand disease dynamics in kit fox populations better.

Development of a three-panel multiplex real-time PCR assay for simultaneous detection of nine canine respiratory pathogens

Infectious respiratory disease is one of the most common diseases in dogs worldwide. Several bacterial and viral pathogens can serve as causative agents of canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD), including Mycoplasma cynos, Mycoplasma canis, Bordetella bronchiseptica, canine adenovirus type 2 (CAdV-2), canine herpesvirus 1 (CHV-1), canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV), canine distemper virus (CDV), canine influenza virus (CIA) and canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV). Since these organisms cause similar clinical symptoms, disease diagnosis based on symptoms alone can be difficult. Therefore, a quick and accurate test is necessary to rapidly identify the presence and relative concentrations of causative CIRD agents. In this study, a multiplex real-time PCR panel assay was developed and composed of three subpanels for detection of the aforementioned pathogens. Correlation coefficients (R2) were >0.993 for all singleplex and multiplex real-time PCR assays with the exception of one that was 0.988; PCR amplification efficiencies (E) were between 92.1% and 107.8% for plasmid DNA, and 90.6–103.9% for RNA templates. In comparing singular and multiplex PCR assays, the three multiplex reactions generated similar R2 and E values to those by corresponding singular reactions, suggesting that multiplexing did not interfere with the detection sensitivities. The limit of detection (LOD) of the multiplex real-time PCR for DNA templates was 5, 2, 3, 1, 1, 1, 4, 24 and 10 copies per microliter for M. cynos, M. canis, B. brochiseptica, CAdV-2, CHV-1, CPIV, CDV, CIA and CRCoV, respectively; and 3, 2, 6, 17, 4 and 8 copies per microliter for CAdV-2, CHV-1, CPIV, CDV, CIA and CRCoV, respectively, when RNA templates were used for the four RNA viruses. No cross-detection was observed among the nine pathogens. For the 740 clinical samples tested, the newly designed PCR assay showed higher diagnostic sensitivity compared to an older panel assay; pathogen identities from selected samples positive by the new assay but undetected by the older assay were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Our data showed that the new assay has higher diagnostic sensitivity while maintaining the assay's specificity, as compared to the older version of the panel assay.

Canid herpesvirus 1 Preferentially Infects Polarized Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Cells from the Basolateral Surface.

Canid herpesvirus 1 (CHV-1) infects polarized canine epithelia. Herein, we present our initial work characterizing CHV-1 infection of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells that were polarized on trans-wells. We previously showed that infection of these cells in non-polarized cultures stimulated the formation of extensive lamellipodial membrane protrusions. Uninfected polarized MDCK cells already form extensive lamellipodial membrane protrusions on the apical surface in the absence of virus. Using scanning electron microscopy, we found that CHV-1 infection does not lead to a change in the form of the lamellipodial membrane protrusions on the apical surface of polarized MDCK cells. We found that CHV-1 was able to infect polarized cultures from either the apical or basolateral side; however, higher viral titers were produced upon infection of the basolateral side. Regardless of the side infected, titers of virus were higher in the apical compartment compared to the basal compartment; however, these differences were not statistically significant. In addition to cell-free virus that was recovered in the media, the highest amount of virus produced remained cell-associated over the course of the experiment. The efficiency of CHV-1 infection of the basolateral side of polarized epithelial cells is consistent with the pathobiology of this varicellovirus.

Detection of the canine herpes virus glycoprotein B gene via Polymerase Chain Reaction

The Canine Herpesvirus type 1 (CaHV-1) causes fatal hemorrhagic disease in puppies less than four weeks, while in four weeks older puppies it produces some minor clinical signs such as rhinitis, pharyngitis, or conjunctivitis. In adults, is capable to producing eye disease and reproductive disorders, and it is a participant pathogen called "kennel cough". The gene coding for gB, a glycoprotein present in the viral envelope, is described in a great variety of herpes virus, because it is essential to the process of entry of virus into the cell and thus define the route of neuroinvasion. This work was conducted in the laboratory of Virology and Microbiology, Department of Animal Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile and its purpose was to contribute to the molecular characterization of isolated viral RP5, and confirm the presence of a herpes native virus, by detecting the glycoprotein B gene by Polymerase Chain Reaction. The results allow demonstrating a high sensitivity of the technique implemented and a high specificity than other PCR protocol implemented in other title memory. Thus, a high nucleotide identity percentage (NIP&gt;98) compared to the sequence published in GenBank allows the qualification of this protocol as a serious contender to become a diagnostic method for CaHV-1 in Chile and on the other hand it concludes that the isolated native RP5 corresponds to CaHV-1.

Use of Primer Design to Detect the Glycoprotein C Gene of Canine Herpes Virus by Polymerase Chain Reaction

Use of Primer Design to Detect the Glycoprotein C Gene of Canine Herpes Virus by Polymerase Chain Reaction

Canine herpesvirus

This datasheet on canine herpesvirus covers Identity, Distribution, Hosts/Species Affected.