Candle Products Research Articles

PELATIHAN MEMBUAT LILIN AROMATERAPI DENGAN MEMANFAATKAN LIMBAH MINYAK GORENG

This program aims to introduce an efficient way to manage cooking oil waste in Karangmulya Village through interviews, observations, training, and hands-on practice to housewives. The subjects of this program are housewives of Karangmulya Village who will manage the cooking oil waste by producing aromatherapy candle products. The main objective is to optimize the management of cooking oil waste and produce quality products. This program takes the main raw material of cooking oil available in every home, with the aim of introducing innovative ways to turn it into value-added aromatherapy candles. The implementation method applies socialization and hands-on training in making aromatherapy candles. The results of the service are a better understanding of the right and effective way to utilize cooking oil waste for making aromatherapy candles, so that the participants of the activity can turn household waste into a potential source in creating value-added products and reducing the impact of environmental pollution.

Aromatherapy Candles Made From Sweet Orange Fruit Essential Oil With A Different Ratio Of Stearin And Paraffin

Abstract Today’s sweet orange peels can be a valuable waste if used properly. It is known that there is a chemical compound of essential oil that has high economic value in orange peel called limonene, which has a distinctive fresh aroma. Aromatherapy candles are a diversification of candle products that contain essential oils. This study aims to get the best comparison of the quality of stearin and paraffin wax based on SNI 06-0386-1989. This study used a completely randomized design (RAL) with five treatment variations and three replications. The treatment used was a ratio of stearin and paraffin with a ratio of stearin:paraffin of 50:50, 60:40, 70:30, and 80:20. Data analysis used ANOVA with Duncan’s new multiple range test (DNMRT) at the 5% level. The results showed that the ratio of stearin and paraffin had a significant effect on the melting point test, burn time test, air bubbles, and overall acceptance. The best treatment was a ratio of 50:50 with a melting point test value of 57.90°C, a burn time test of 4.40 hours, a slightly concave normal air bubble test, and overall acceptance of like criteria with a score of 4.2.

Virgin Coconut Oil as a Performance Enhancer for Beeswax Candles

Paraffin wax is derived from petrochemicals, which release harmful substances when burned as candles. Beeswax serves as a natural and renewable alternative for making candles, offering cleaner burning that is safe for humans. The beeswax was mixed with virgin coconut oil (VCO) of 0 wt% to 55 wt% by weight at a temperature ranging from 75 °C to 85 °C. The resulting mixture was then cooled down in a glass container that had a wick installed. The wick was then burned to assess the candle's performance. Beeswax candles have the slowest burning rate compared to other candles on the market. The best mixing temperature for melting and blending both materials without altering composition is 75 °C. Additionally, the incorporation of VCO in beeswax candle production can enhance performance by up to 35.4 % due to the reduction of the melting point, which increases the diffusion of wax into the wick.

Characteristic and taste test of aromatherapy candle from essential oil of Cananga odorata

Kenanga or ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata) is renowned in the pharmaceutical domain for its essential oil, which boasts therapeutic properties. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of utilizing C. odorata essential oil in the production of aromatherapy candles. It focuses on examining the oil’s characteristics, candle properties, and consumer preferences. The oil extraction employed the enfleurage method, while purification was achieved using a rotary evaporator. We adhered to the SNI 06-3949-1995 standards for analyzing the essential oil and the resultant candle characteristics. Consumer preferences were evaluated through surveys conducted with 30 panelists. The study’s results revealed an oil yield of 48.5%, consistent with the established standards. Optimally, the formula with 25% essential oil concentration demonstrated superior performance in aromatherapy candles, exhibiting a burn time of 8 hours, 30 minutes, and 30 seconds, and a melting point ranging from 51°C to 53°C. This concentration also elicited positive responses from participants in terms of the candles' appearance, aroma (both before and after burning), and therapeutic impact. Notably, the candles with a 25% essential oil concentration were most effective in rapidly delivering therapeutic benefits, predominantly inducing relaxation. The study concludes that ylang-ylang essential oil is highly promising for aromatherapy candle production, with the 25% concentration formula demonstrating optimal results in terms of standard compliance, burn time, and user satisfaction.

Pelatihan Pengolahan Minyak Jelantah Sebagai Dasar Pembuatan Lilin Warna-Warni Di Kelompok Ibu PKK Karang Menjangan

The community service carried out by the Surabaya Pharmacy Academy team aims to increase public awareness about the dangers of used cooking oil regarding the potential diseases that can occur if consumed continuously. The waste cooking oil produced is processed into colorful candle products. The colorful candles produced can be used as lighting at home or can also be used as room decoration because of their attractive colors and shapes. Based on the results of this community service, the community was very enthusiastic and gave a positive response to this training. The community has new insight into processing used cooking oil waste into colorful candles. People can practice making colorful candles again at home. This product can also be a creative and innovative business idea.

Pendampingan Masyarakat Desa Sungai Rengas Sebagai Upaya Peningkatan Kesadaran Akan Pentingnya Kesehatan Mental

Mental health is a form of balance between mental functions and the creation of adjustments between humans and themselves and their surroundings. Awareness of the importance of mental health, especially in Indonesia, is still very low, people should educate each other to increase understanding and knowledge and awareness of mental health. So that real work lecture activities are carried out which are community service activities in certain areas with the aim of helping the community in increasing the level of knowledge and skills with the hope of increasing people's welfare. The implementation of this service is in Sungai Rengas Village, Sungai Kakap District, Kubu Raya Regency, West Kalimantan Province with a program that places more emphasis on the theme of mental health. The programs carried out include providing education to the children of Rengas Hamlet, assisting in the implementation of Posyandu, planting family medicinal plants (TOGA), exercising & playing with children, and making aromatherapy candle products from used cooking oil. In general, community service activities in Sungai Rengas Village went very well and smoothly. This is because the enthusiasm of the community is very good, so that the implementation runs smoothly and what we hope is that these programs can be of benefit to the local community.

Data acquisition for digitisation in the paraffin candle production process

By utilising digital technology, digitisation helps businesses streamline procedures, increase efficiency and cut costs. Moreover, it enables businesses to gather knowledge and make data-driven choices that enhance product quality, customers’ satisfaction, and market competitiveness. Data acquisition, which permits the collection and analysis of real-time data from equipment and processes, is a crucial component of the digitalisation of industrial automation. Predictive maintenance may, therefore, be utilised to decrease downtime, enhance quality control, and optimise operations. The paraffin candle production process is being discussed, and its key variables are being identified for the purpose of digitisation. The study proposes data collection and processing methods from a candle production line and uses an IoT-enabled controller to collect and analyse data. The PLC software that reads, processes, and saves data in a SQL database on a remote PC is then built based on these techniques. An MSSQL database is used to store information on process variables, including temperatures, cycle times, and downtimes, for the different candle production stages, including the paraffin preparation tank, extruder, and conveyor for cutting candles. The database acts as a storage location for the gathered information, which can then be utilised to analyse and improve the manufacturing process. Python and the open-source package Streamlit were used to provide a user-friendly interface for operators. The interface allows the user to select historical data for each item of equipment by time and relevant variables, and it shows the filtered data in an understandable graphical style. This allows the operator to evaluate the production process, spot trends, and optimise it. With the use of support and assistance technologies, the data may be used for decision-making in future.

Studies on the possibilities of reusing waste materials generated during candle production

W artykule omówiono dostępne surowce do komponowania mas palnych do produkcji świec, poczynając od różnego rodzaju wosków przez oleje roślinne po utwardzone oleje roślinne, oraz przedstawiono badania nad odbarwianiem i odwanianiem odpadowych mas palnych metodą rafinacji adsorpcyjnej ziemią odbarwiającą i węglem aktywnym. W procesach tych wykorzystywana jest zdolność glin naturalnych, glinokrzemianów syntetycznych, żelu glinowego, węgla aktywnego i innych substancji do adsorbowania na swojej powierzchni niektórych składników i zanieczyszczeń. Procesy rafinacji adsorpcyjnej ziemią bielącą i węglem aktywnym przeprowadzono dla wszystkich badanych surowców. Zrealizowano pięć procesów rafinacji adsorpcyjnej przy różnych parametrach temperaturowych przebiegu rafinacji z różnymi ilościami dozowania sorbentów. Procesy rafinacji ziemią bielącą prowadzono w dwóch stopniach. Następnie próbki oczyszczanych mas palnych zostały poddane ocenie wizualnej, zapachowej oraz zostały oznaczone wybrane podstawowe właściwości fizykochemiczne charakteryzujące masy palne do produkcji świec. Najlepsze efekty uzyskano w przypadku procesu rafinacji numer V, podczas którego zastosowano dozowanie ziemi bielącej na poziomie 4% (m/m) i 2% (m/m) węgla aktywnego, w temperaturze 130°C. W wyniku procesu o powyższych parametrach otrzymano po pierwszym stopniu biały kolor w próbce pomarańczowej i bardzo jasnożółty w próbce zielonej. Próbka koloru czerwonego zmieniła kolor na pasteloworóżowy. Po drugim stopniu rafinacji próbka pomarańczowa była śnieżnobiała, a próbka zielona została odbarwiona do koloru białego. Próbki pomarańczowa i zielona miały bardzo słaby zapach, natomiast próbka czerwona wykazywała zapach na poziomie słabym. Proces rafinacji adsorpcyjnej oprócz działania odbarwiającego pozwalał również na znaczne pozbycie się substancji zapachowych obecnych w badanych próbkach. Najtrudniejsza do odbarwienia okazała się próbka o kolorze czerwonym, z równie trudnym do usunięcia aromatem kwiatów róży. Przeprowadzone badania pozwoliły na potwierdzenie bardzo dużego potencjału do odbarwiania i odwaniania odpadowych mas palnych metodą rafinacji adsorpcyjnej ziemią odbarwiającą i węglem aktywnym.

Production and added value of waste cooking oil product derivatives in the Bali Province

Waste cooking oil or waste cooking oil (WCO) is the remaining oil (or by-products) produced during food frying. In 2019, the cooking oil consumption in Bali Province was 4,735,057 L/month and the WCO produced was estimated about 3,314,540 L/month. The Government of Bali plans to manage WCO in an integrated manner WCO in an integrated manner by processing it as derivative products with economic value. The study aimed to transform WCO into high-value added products (i.e. aromatherapy candles, liquid soap, and biodiesel), and to analyze their economy valued added. The Hayami method was used to determine the economyvalue added of each product. The results showed that WCO was most widely used in producing biodiesel (84%), candle (17%), and liquid soap (10%). Based on the Hayami method, the added value from candle products was IDR. 4,838 / kg (or added value ratio of 9.68%), was classified as a low added product. The added value of liquid soap was IDR 8,495/kg (or added value ratio of 47.38%), classified as a high added value product. While, biodiesel products generating the added value of IDR 2,363/kg (or added value ratio of 25.57%), classified as a medium added value product.

Pembuatan lilin aroma terapi menggunakan sarang lebah dan ekstrak lemon di Kelurahan Sungai Pagar Kecamatan Kampar Kiri Kabupaten Kampar

Village development is one of the national development interests in which universities contribute to the implementation of the Community Work Program (KUKERTA) in the form of Community Service in a designated area. Kampar is one of the areas that has the biggest honey sialang potential in Riau Province, one of which is Sungai Pagar sub-district, Kampar Kiri Hilir sub-district. Honey honeycomb processing that is not processed optimally can provide the latest innovation, namely the making of aromatherapy candles by using honeycomb and lemon extract. This dedication activity aims to provide new knowledge expertise to the community of Sungai Pagar sub-district as one form of efforts in increasing national development. A series of activities include counseling or outreach, training in aromatherapy candle making, packaging and marketing. This activity gave a positive response from the Sungai Pagar community by forming a collaboration between the KUKERTA Community Service Team and Imbo Kaluang UKM. The outputs generated from these community service activities are aromatherapy candle products, Appropriate Technology Book (TPG), mass media publications (print and online) and journal publications.

Genome sequence of the Chinese white wax scale insect Ericerus pela: the first draft genome for the Coccidae family of scale insects.

BackgroundThe Chinese white wax scale insect, Ericerus pela, is best known for producing wax, which has been widely used in candle production, casting, Chinese medicine, and wax printing products for thousands of years. The secretion of wax, and other unusual features of scale insects, is thought to be an adaptation to their change from an ancestral ground-dwelling lifestyle to a sedentary lifestyle on the higher parts of plants. As well as helping to improve its economic value, studies of E. pela might also help to explain the adaptation of scale insects. However, no genomic data are currently available for E. pela.FindingsTo assemble the E. pela genome, 303.92 Gb of data were generated using Illumina and Pacific Biosciences sequencing, producing 277.22 Gb of clean data for assembly. The assembled genome size was 0.66 Gb, with 1,979 scaffolds and a scaffold N50 of 735 kb. The guanine + cytosine content was 33.80%. A total of 12,022 protein-coding genes were predicted, with a mean coding sequence length of 1,370 bp. Twenty-six fatty acyl-CoA reductase genes and 35 acyltransferase genes were identified. Evolutionary analysis revealed that E. pela and aphids formed a sister group and split ∼241.1 million years ago. There were 214 expanded gene families and 2,219 contracted gene families in E. pela.ConclusionWe present the first genome sequence from the Coccidae family. These results will help to increase our understanding of the evolution of unique features in scale insects, and provide important genetic information for further research.

Production of candle using solar thermal technology

A beautiful method based on solar energy to heat and melts the paraffin or bees wax has been developed to manufacture the candles by a linear fresnel reflecting solar concentrating collector and a bucket. The solar method has several advantages over the conventional candle making methods. This process is likely to generate the employment particularly in the rural complex areas in Bangladesh. This paper reports a few modifications made on the solar system to enhance the daily candle production. Candles are used by all section of the society for various purposes. Candles are made from paraffin or bees wax which is heated by Fresnel reflecting concentrating collector and method to make candles. A few other materials are also added to make good quality of candles. So far the older methods based on conventional fuels are in practice for candle production. These old manual methods are troublesome, unhygienic and needs continuous attendance and care during the melting of wax besides having other drawbacks. To overcome these drawbacks, a completely new system for candle production has been developed at Solar Energy Research Centre, Department of Physics, Jagannath University, Dhaka in Bangladesh. This system is based on solar energy which accumulates sufficient solar heat by Fresnel reflecting solar concentrating collector to melt wax for making candles. The new solar system, besides saving the fuels, has several advantages over the conventional candle making methods and also obviates the continuous attendance during wax melting. The reports about the solar system and there after the few modifications made over it to improve the candle production. It is shown that in the semi-cloudy day the efficiency of the solar candle production machine is 41.52% and 59.75% for single glazed and double glazed respectively. In the clear day the efficiency of the solar candle machine is 43.135% and 63.775% for single glazed and double glazed system respectively.

Characterization of hazardous and odorous volatiles emitted from scented candles before lighting and when lit

Scented candles are known to release various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including both pleasant aromas and toxic components both before lighting (off) and when lit (on). In this study, we explored the compositional changes of volatiles from scented candles under various settings to simulate indoor use. Carbonyl compounds and other VOCs emitted from six different candle types were analyzed under ‘on/off’ conditions. The six candle types investigated were: (1) Clean cotton (CT), (2) Floral (FL), (3) Kiwi melon (KW), (4) Strawberry (SB), (5) Vanilla (VN), and (6) Plain (PL). Although a large number of chemicals were released both before lighting and when lit, their profiles were noticeably distinguishable. Before lighting, various esters (n=30) showed the most dominant emissions. When lit, formaldehyde was found to have the highest emission concentration of 2098ppb (SB), 1022ppb (CT), and 925ppb (PL). In most lit scented candles, there was a general tendency to show increased concentrations of low boiling point compounds. For some scented candle products, the emission of volatiles occurred strongly both before lighting and when lit. For instance, in terms of TVOC (ppbC), the highest concentrations were observed from the KW product with their values of 12,742 (on) and 2766 ppbC (off). As such, the results suggest that certain scented candle products should act as potent sources of VOC emission in indoor environment, regardless of conditions – whether being lit or not.

Transcriptome Analysis of the Chinese White Wax Scale Ericerus pela with Focus on Genes Involved in Wax Biosynthesis

BackgroundThe Chinese white wax scale, Ericerus pela Chavannes is economically significant for its role in wax production. This insect has been bred in China for over a thousand years. The wax secreted by the male scale insect during the second-instar larval stage has been widespread used in wax candle production, wax printing, engraving, Chinese medicine, and more recently in the chemical, pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetics industries. However, little is known about the mechanisms responsible for white wax biosynthesis. The characterization of its larval transcriptome may promote better understanding of wax biosynthesis.Methodology/Principal FindingsIn this study, characterization of the transcriptome of E. pela during peak wax secretion was performed using Illumina sequencing technology. Illumina sequencing produced 41,839 unigenes. These unigenes were annotated by blastx alignment against the NCBI Non-Redundant (NR), Swiss-Prot, KEGG, and COG databases. A total of 104 unigenes related to white wax biosynthesis were identified, and 15 of them were selected for quantitative real-time PCR analysis. We evaluated the variations in gene expression across different development stages, including egg, first/second instar larvae, male pupae, and male and female adults. Then we identified five genes involved in white wax biosynthesis. These genes were expressed most strongly during the second-instar larval stage of male E. pela.Conclusion/SignificanceThe transcriptome analysis of E. pela during peak wax secretion provided an overview of gene expression information at the transcriptional level and a resource for gene mining. Five genes related to white wax biosynthesis were identified.

Cloon Keen Atelier: scent for a premium position

PurposeCloon Keen Atelier develops candle and skin care products. The challenge for this small operator is to develop a strategy, which reinforces its chosen position as it develops new products and expands into other markets. Cloon Keen is known for its premium scented candles, but it is seeking to expand into the personal care market by creating their own line of skin care products and complementary accessories. Cloon Keen believes their handcrafted candles could provide a platform for developing a lifestyle brand. This paper aims to address these issues.Design/methodology/approachIn‐depth interviews and secondary sources are used to collate the information from which the case study is developed.FindingsAchieving the status of a lifestyle brand means the products embody the values and aspirations of particular group(s) or culture; it speaks powerfully to the core identity of its consumers. Typically, lifestyle brands are accompanied by a powerful promotional campaign to communicate the lifestyle brand values to audiences. To date, Cloon Keen's promotional efforts have been limited. The question is whether it can develop sufficient market presence to one day make the claim of being a lifestyle brand. The challenge for Cloon Keen is to find the optimum market position that provides a strategic advantage in a climate of robust competition.Originality/valueThe case study provides the opportunity to examine how an small‐ to medium‐sized enterprises may build its brand presence within a highly competitive market.

Transparent insulation material in solar system for candle production

Transparent insulation material in solar system for candle production

Transparent insulation material in solar system for candle production

A simple solar machine has been developed to melt paraffin wax for candle production. The present solar technology is a safe, convenient method of candle production and obviates any type of care or attendance during the wax melting process as required in old methods based on conventional fuels. It is quite useful in the cottage industry and generates employment. On the demand of professional candle makers, the solar candle machine has been further improved enabling manufacture of candles in the night as well. For it, Transparent Insulation Material has been successfully tested over the absorbing surface in the solar machine, which was found to prolong the storage of molten wax for candle production after sunset. The present paper describes the complete solar technology for candle production, including the advantage of the improved model.

Levels of selected organic compounds in materials for candle production and human exposure to candle emissions

Polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins (PCDD), dibenzofurans (PCDF) selected chlorinated pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and some volatile organic compounds (VOC) were analysed in the exhaust fumes of candles made from different waxes and finishing materials. To guarantee defined burning conditions a chamber was developed for the sampling of the exhaust fumes. Using a simple exposure model, the inhalative uptake of PCDD/PCDF by an adult person was calculated for different scenarios. It was shown that additional uptake of PCDD/PCDF caused by candle emissions does not contribute significantly to the total daily intake of these compounds. Emissions of PCDD/PCDF, benzo(a)pyrene and the VOC were then compared to limit value for working places. Even when many candles would be burnt at the same time in a small room, concentrations of the compounds investigated stay 1 % of the tolerable limit values.

Influence of canola hulls on gain in weight of larvae of the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor L.

Larvae of the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor L., Gembloux strain, race F, were reared on diets in which the protein component was supplied by defatted ground seed, defatted ground dehulled fraction, or defatted ground hulls of Brassica napus L. cv. Tower or Brassica campestris L. cv. Candle, obtained from autoclaved seed. They were also fed casein diets to which defatted ground hulls of Tower or Candle seed were added. Gain in weight was equally good for all diets containing Candle seed fractions and for diets containing Tower ground seed. However, it was lower for diets containing the ground dehulled fraction or the ground hulls of Tower. Addition of Candle hulls or of a mixture of equal proportions (w/w) of Candle and Tower hulls to diets containing dehulled Tower did not improve the gain in weight of larvae, compared with that of larvae fed diets containing the dehulled fraction, alone. Similar additions of Tower hulls or of the mixture to diets containing the dehulled fraction of Candle had no adverse effect on larval gain in weight, compared to that registered by larvae fed the dehulled fraction of Candle. Significant improvement in weight gain in comparison with that recorded for larvae fed the unsupplemented casein diet could not be demonstrated when ground hulls of Tower or Candle were added to this diet. Considered collectively, weight gains of larvae of T. molitor were consistently greater when Candle products were fed than when Tower products provided the protein fraction of the diet.