Candidate Of Biological Sciences Research Articles

«A brilliant teacher and popularizer»: Professor Pavel Nikolaevich Kashkin (1902-1991)

The essay based on archival materials reveals the major milestones in the biography, scientific, pedagogical, and public activities of the eminent scientist, professor, Doctor of Medical Sciences, and Candidate of Biological Sciences, P.N. Kashkin, who headed the Department of Microbiology at the Leningrad Chemical-Pharmaceutical Institute. He was not only the founder but also one of the initiators of the reorganization of the Chemical-Pharmaceutical Faculty of the 1st Leningrad Medical Institute in the period 1936-1937 and the establishment of the Leningrad Chemical-Pharmaceutical Institute as an independent university. P.N. Kashkin was the author of numerous discoveries, a mentor who raised and inspired a whole generation of scientists. P.N. Kashkin became the initiator and organizer of the world's first Engineering Microbiology Faculty at the LCFI, where he served as the dean. His main task was the training of highly qualified specialists for the developing industry of antibiotics, including antifungal drugs. P.N. Kashkin is the founder of mycosis epidemiology in our country. The name of Professor P.N. Kashkin as a prominent specialist became known among mycologists thanks to his work on organizing the fight against fungal skin diseases. The name of the founder of domestic microbiology, P.N. Kashkin, was assigned to the St. Petersburg Research Institute of Medical Mycology, and in 2005 a monument to this remarkable scientist was erected on the institute's premises.

НАСТОЯЩИЙ БИОЛОГ – С.В. ВАСИЛЬЕВ

The anniversary issue of the Russian Journal of Physiсal Anthropology is dedicated to the 80th anniversary of the Center for Physical Anthropology of the IEA RAS. We decided to open the issue with an interview of Sergey Vladimirovich Vasiliev, editor-in-chief of the journal and head of the Center. In his frank story, the doctor of historical sciences and candidate of biological sciences will tell the reader about his path to anthropology and about the history of the department, which he had the chance to witness.

H. S. SHARAPA – BIOGRAPHY PAGES AND CREATIVE WORK OF THE FAMOUS SCIENTIST, DESERVED WORKER OF THE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY OF UKRAINE

The purpose of the article is to highlight the scientific achievements of the honored agricultural worker of Ukraine, respected specialist in the field of animal reproduction, Candidate of Biological Sciences H. S. Sharapa and his contribution to the development of methods for improving the reproductive function of females as a means of increasing the population of breeding animals of domestic breeds. Research methods are general scientific (analysis, bibliographic), retrospective and source studies.
 Research methods are general scientific (analysis, synthesis), comparative, bibliographic. Special historical (subject-chronological, historical-comparative), general scientific (analytical-synthetic, logical, systematic), biographical, and source studies methods were used. The source base of the research covers a wide range of materials, the basis of which are archival documents and primary sources, scientific works (publications), materials of reports and memories of colleagues about the scientist.
 The results of the scientific works of H. S. Sharapa, which contribute to the solution of the issues of growing repair young animals to ensure effective fruitful first artificial insemination, are presented. Long-term studies on the course of sexual cycles, fertilization of heifers and cows of new dairy breeds are presented; phenomenon of metrorrhagia in order to improve the reproductive function of animals.
 His main achievements in the development and improvement of the technology of artificial insemination of cows and heifers, preservation and improvement of their reproductive capacity and prevention of gynecological diseases are summarized. The contribution to the development of the biotechnological foundations of breeding in the cattle breeding of Ukraine is characterized. Scientific advisory and public activity of H. S. Sharapa is covered.
 Hryhoriy Semenovych Sharapa made a significant contribution to the development of methods for improving the reproductive function of females as a means of increasing the population of breeding animals of domestic breeds. With the participation of the scientist, more than 10,000 animal health specialists were trained and retrained, and more than 70,000 managers and agricultural workers listened to his lectures and speeches during seminars and conferences.

МОЯ ЖИЗНЬ С ИНСТИТУТОМ

The article is dedicated to the 90th anniversary of Irina Nikolaevna Sukhanova – phytoplanktonologist, biologist, Candidate of Biological Sciences. I. N. Sukhanova, a veteran of Russian oceanology, has worked at the Institute of Oceanology of the Academy of Sciences (IO RAS) since 1958, participated in 18 major marine expeditions of the Institute, dealt with a wide range of problems related to the structure and functioning of phytocenoses in various regions of the World Ocean, as well as the Black, Baltic and Bering Seas. She studied phytoplankton blooms and the life cycles of mass phytoplankton species with the possibility of changing autotrophic and heterotrophic types of nutrition during the development of populations. She is the first phytoplanktonologist to develop and introduce into the practice of marine research a method of soft reverse filtration of samples using nuclear filters. In this article, Irina Nikolaevna recalls her fellow scientists and her teachers, the expeditions in which she had a chance to participate and talks about her work as a phytoplanktonologist.

In memoriam of Svetlana Vasilievna Shibareva (21.05.1953 – 25.05.2023)

The article provides information about the research activities of Svetlana Vasilievna Shibareva, candidate of biological sciences, the researcher at the laboratory of biogeocenology at the Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry of the SB RAS, briefly describing the main areas of her research such as carbon cycle, nitrogen and other elements in agrocenoses and on coal mining spoils, peat reserves and decomposition in the mires of West Siberia and Poland, as well as fractional and chemical composition of litter in the forest and grassland ecosystems of Siberia.

In memoriam of Denis Alexandrovich Gavrilov, a friend and a colleague

The article describes research and teaching activity of Denis Alexandrovich Gavrilov, Candidate of Biological Sciences, senior researcher with Soil Genesis Laboratory of the Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, who died suddenly died young on August 26, 2021. He was also and enthusiastic and a hardworking publishing editor of the research journal Soils and Environment. The article briefly reviews of D.A. Gavrilov’s major publications presenting the results of his soil and combined soil and archeology studies, which he conducted both individually or in collaboration with other scientists from research and education institutions in Russia and Kazakhstan.

CREATOR OF MODERN SELECTION PROGRESS IN LIVESTOCK OF UKRAINE

The purpose of the article is to highlight the main milestones of the scientific achievements of the famous scientist in the field of animal husbandry, candidate of biological sciences A. P. Krugliak and his contribution to the development of research in biology and selection of farm animals. Research methods - general scientific (analysis, bibliographic), retrospective and source studies.
 The scientific novelty of the article lies in the presentation of the results of the main scientific works of A. P. Krugliak, which contributed to the development of the theory of biology of reproduction and selection of animals, and their practical application. Among them: -improvement of methods of biotechnology of reproduction of farm animals at the stage of introduction of deep freezing of sperm; -development of methods of creation of domestic specialized dairy breeds of cattle by use of the best world gene pool; -development of methods for effective use of bulls-improvers; -breeding and prospects for improvement of the Ukrainian red-spotted dairy breed of cattle; -development of methods for preserving the gene pool of local and small domestic breeds of farm animals.
 The researcher developed the theory of the mode of use of bulls, developed a method of their effective use, established the minimum allowable criteria for the evaluation of frozen sperm and a method of two-stage thawing. At the initiative and direct leadership of A. P. Kruglyak at the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics named after M.V.Zubets NAAS created a state gene pool sperm embryo bank, the operation of which provided accelerated breeding of a number of specialized dairy and beef cattle in Ukraine, and the preservation of the gene local grey Ukrainian and white-headed Ukrainian breeds.
 It is proved that thanks to the creative initiatives of AP Kruglyak laid the foundations for the accelerated formation of breed and genealogical structure, and further improvement of the Ukrainian red-spotted dairy breed, the method of breeding animals along short lines is substantiated. The milk yield of cows for 305 days of the last lactation was 7174 kg and in the best herds – 10.0–11.0 thousand kg. With the direct participation of AP Kruglyak, the work of the best in Europe breeding and technological centre in cattle breeding was built and organized, the functioning of which significantly influenced the improvement of dairy breeds of cattle.

Fryda Solomonivna Leontyeva

The article is devoted to the well-known specialist in the field of clinical laboratory diagnostics, biochemist, teacher and organizer, candidate of biological sciences, senior researcher, head of the department of laboratory diagnostics and immunology F. S. Leontieva.

Esyreva Vera Ivanovna – the founder of the Gorky (Nizhny Novgorod) school of algologists

Vera Ivanovna Yesyreva is a founder of a school of thought of algologists in Gorky city (afterwards Nizhny Novgorod), and also a student of professors Stankov S.S., Meyer K.I. Vera Ivanovna was a candidate of biological sciences, assistant (1945–1953) and afterwards associate professor (1953–1960) of plant morphology and systematics chair in the state university of Gorky. From 1961 to 1971 she has been a head of the department of biological research at the Chemistry research institute in state university of Gorky and head of laboratory “Gorky reservoir” (laboratory of hydrobiology afterwards), secretary of department of Moscow society of nature testers in Gorky city (1945–1953), chairman of department of all union hydrobiological society in Gorky city (1965–1970) and its honorary member. Vera Ivanovna is a well-known Russian algologist, she has made a great contribution to the study of algae in the Nizhny Novgorod Volga region: large rivers such as Volga, Oka, Gorky and Cheboksary reservoirs, small rivers of the region, and reservoirs of the Pustynsky reserve. Vera Ivanovna is the author of more than 30 scientific works.

Стояновська Галина Михайлівна — кандидат біологічних наук, старший науковий співробітник (1950–2020)

Stoianovska Halyna was the candidate of biological sciences, senior researcher — qualified scientist in the physiology, biochemistry and nutrition of poultry. The main directions of research were finding substrate regulatory mechanisms of metabolic processes in the body of poultry; study patterns of physiological and biochemical processes of digestion and assimilation of nutrients in the body of poultry, and developing ways to increase the level of transformation of feed nutrients into products (meat and eggs).

PHENOMENON OF DEMIKHOV. In the Sklifosovsky Institute (1960–1986). Doctor of Science – inexplicable oblivion – scientific horizons. The start of clinical transplantation in Russia (1964–1965)

The article covers V.P. Demikhov work and activities at N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine in 1964-1965. On May 28, 1964, V.P. Demikhov defended his Thesis for the Degree of the Candidate of Biological Sciences at the Biology Faculty of Moscow State University. But on the proposal of his opponents, Professor P.I. Androsov and Professor A.E. Gurvich, he was awarded the Degree of the Doctor of Biological Sciences at a second vote. On September 12, 1964, V.P. Demikhov was approved to the assignment of the sought Academic Degree by the Higher Attestation Commission at the Ministry of Higher and Secondary Special Education of the USSR. Unfortunately, the archival file of the Higher Attestation Commission on V.P. Demikhov's defending the Thesis has been lost. The present paper contains the recollections of M.M. Razgulov, an eyewitness of this Thesis defence, as well as the inexplicable facts on the missing information in the Academic Council documents of N.V. Sklifosovsky Institute for 1964-1965 about V.P. Demikhov's work and the activities of the Organ Transplantation Laboratory he headed in the Institute. It has shown that clinical transplantology in the USSR began on April 15, 1965, when the group of surgeons headed by B.V. Petrovsky performed a successful kidney transplant surgery in a human for the first time in this country. V.P. Demikhov did not participate in those events. In 1965, he was engaged in developing the problem of establishing a bank of functioning organs connected to a living organism.

IN MEMORY OF VASIL GRIGOROVICH KEBKO

On June 21, 2019, at the 82nd year, died a leading researcher, candidate of biological sciences, academician of the International Academy of Sciences of Ecological Safety, deserveded inventor of Ukraine Vasil Grigorovigh Kebko.
 
 G. Kebko was born on February 4, 1938 in the village of Homutets, Myrhorod district, Poltava region. In 1961 he graduated from the zootechnical faculty of the Poltava Agricultural Institute.
 
 From 1961 to 1963 he worked a state inspector of the Ruzaevsky Inspection by Provision of Agricultural Products, a senior zootechnician of the pedigree business and chief zootechnician of the supporting and exponential state farm "Victory of Illich" of the Ruzaevsky district of the Kokshetau region of Kazakhstan. In 1963–1968 he was the chief zootechnician of the collective farm named after Kirov city of Sambir, Lviv region.
 From 1968 to 1970 – post-graduate student of the cathedra of feeding of agricultural animals of the Ukrainian Agricultural Academy. V. G. Kebko defended his dissertation for the get at scientific degree of candidate of biological sciences in the specialty "Feeding of agricultural animals and feed technology" in 1971, and in 1977 he was awarded the scientific title of senior researcher in the specialty of biochemistry.
 Vasil Grigorovich's fruitful scientific researches are marked by versatility and practical importance for the development of animal husbandry in Ukraine. He engage in studied the nutritional value of feeds and the development of nitrogen-mineral-vitamin premixes for growing and fattening cattle according to detailed norms of feeding, carried out the prophylaxis of acidic disturbance of acid-alkaline balance and normalization of metabolic processes in organism of the cattle when fattening on rations with a high content acid gram-equivalents, carried out scientific securement of transaction branch of the meat cattle breeding and production of ecological friendly beef in the areas contaminated with radionuclides, developed new technology production feeds of animal origin.
 According to the results of scientific researches, Vasil Grigorovich has published more than 250 scientific works alone and in creative co-authorship. His scientific developments are widely implemented in the production of agroindustrial sector different forms property of Ukraine, in particular SPE "Biokor-Argo" (ecological energy-saving technology for the production of feeds from wastes processing of fish, poultry and hydrolysed feathers raw material), CAE "Svitanok" Obuhiv district (nitrogen-mineral-vitamin premixes in animal feeding), SPE "Shupyky" of Boguslav district (mineral-vitamin preparations for balancing rations of cows and young animals) and others.
 For the development of 38 authorial certificates and patents for inventions and useful models Vasil Grigorovich was awarded the honorary title of deserved inventor of Ukraine.
 The personality of Vasil Grigorovich, who was able to inspire his foresight and constructiveness of approaches, originality of thinking and ability to realize his ideas, will forever remain in our memory and our hearts.

Виктор Гаврилюк (1928–2005) и его вклад в исследование Чукотки

Viktor Antonovich Gavrilyuk (21.01.1928–26.11.2005) was a specialist in biology of plants of the Far North, by the will of the fate, devoted the most of his life to teaching activities. Saved personal diaries show how forming of an extraordinary personality occurred, overcoming the difficulties of life and study in the difficult war and post-war years, in Shadrinsk Agricultural Technical School, Kurgan Agricultural Institute at first, and then at Uman Agricultural Institute. The teachers of V. A. were competent people, devoted to their work: Vera Platonovna Kushnirenko, Nikolai Mikhailovich Voskresensky, Valentin Fedo­rovich Nikolaev, Simon Samoylovich Rubin and many other specialists who managed to inspire the young man with the sciences about nature. Entering post graduate school of the Komarov Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (BIN) led a young talented researcher to Chukotka, where he conducted stationary field works in 1956–1958 under the guidance by Boris Anatolyevich Tikhomirov, the Professor. V. A. Gavrilyuk studied the flora of the environs of Providence Bay, Chaplinskie hot springs, islands of Arakamchechen, Mechigmen Bay, Senyavin Strait, Senyavin and Lorino hot springs. Scrupulous field research in harsh conditions of the north-east of the Chukotka Peninsula, laboratory processing of extensive personal herbarium collections (used subsequently for the fundamental edition «Arctic flora of the USSR» allowed V. A. Gavrilyuk to defend successfully his dissertation for the degree of the Candidate of Biological Sciences in 1962 (Gavrilyuk,1962). V. A., being one of the stuff of the Laboratory of Vegetation of the Far North (BIN), took part in botanical researches of the Koryak highland not far from the villages of Kultushnoye and Tilichiki, as well as in the Korfa Bay in the Koryaksky National District of Kamchatka territory in 1960. In 1961, he conducted phenological and eco-biomorphological studies at the Biological Station “Sivaya Maska” and visited the Rayiz mountain in the Polar Ural. Besides the observation kept in field diaries and herbarium, V. A. left watercolour pictures depicting amazing plants, some of which, made on Ladoga station of Leningrad State University, have been saved (Chorna et al., 2017, 2018). After moving to Uman, more than forty years V. A. worked at first as a teacher and as an Assistant Professor and at last as the Head of the Department of Botany of Uman Agricultural Institute. He took over the leadership of the collection botanical nursery from his former teacher V. F. Nikolaev. Plans of the botanical nursery of 1964–1982, lists of seeds prepared for exchange (Index seminum) (Gavrilyuk, Romanshchak, 1978) indicated about a rich collection. In fact, the floristical nursery was a regional botanical garden cooperated with Moscow, Leningrad, Tallinn, Tartus, Nikitsky, Yerevan botanical gardens, he sent plant seeds to amateur growers. Working in Uman city, V. A. continued extensive correspondence beginning in the Leningrad period. There were letters and cards of famous scientists addressed to him: Viktor Viktorovich Mazing, Alf Erling Porsild (Porsild, 1957), Doris Benta Maria and Askell Löve, Lawrence and Gweneth Bliss, Nora Korli. V. A. published, by modern standards, not so many works, but they continue to be cited after a half of century. The fact that Chukotka is floristically one of the most studied region of the world is also a part of his activity. Published diaries of the young scientist can serve as a test for the applicability of beginning researchers of the nature: are they ready for the kind of devotion that was characteristic for V. A. Gavrilyuk.

IVAN PETROVICH PETRENKO IS A RECOGNIZED AUTHORITY IN THEORY OF SELECTION AND GENETICS OF ANIMALS

The well-known scientist, the author of fundamental research on the theory of breeding and genetics of animals, the Chief scientific researcher of the laboratory of selection of Red-and-White breeds of the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets, NAAS Ivan Petrovich Petrenko, turned 80 years on October 20, 2018.
 He was born in the village of Berezanka Chernigiv region of Chernihiv oblast in the family of a peasant. After graduation of Chernigiv school № 4 in 1956 year, he works as a freelance worker at the collective farm nd a Chkalov (village Berezanka Chernihiv region of Chernihiv oblast). From 1957 to 1962 he studied at the zootechnical faculty of Ukrainian Agricultural Academy (Kyiv). From 1962 to 1963, Ivan Petrovich worked as a Senior zootechnik of Chernihiv State Regional Agricultural Plant, from 1963 to 1965 – a zootechnician-breeder at Nizhyn Plant of Artificial Insemination of Agricultural Animals. From 1965 to 1968, he studied at the post-graduate school at the Department of Genetics, and from 1968 to 1976 he became an assistant to the Department of Agricultural Animals Development at Ukrainian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Kyiv).
 Since 1976 and till now the work of Ivan Petrovich Petrenko is connected with Ukrainian Research Institute of Breeding and Artificial Insemination of Cattle (now Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets NAAS), where he works on positions of Senior, Leading (1976–1993) and Chief (1993–2000, 2002 and to date) scientific researcher. From 2000 to 2002 he worked as Chief scientific researcher at Institute of Meat Livestock of Ukrainian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Kyiv).
 Ivan Petrovich was awarded the scientific degree of the Candidate of biological sciences (Ph.D) in the specialty "Genetics" in 1968 under the protective substitute (1968) of the dissertation on the topic "Fractionation and hormone-flax processing of ram sperm in order to regulate the ratio of sex of offspring". Academic rank of Senior scientific researcher was awarded in 1980. He successfully defended his dissertation in 1994 for obtaining a scientific degree of a Doctor of agricultural sciences from the specialty of breeding and animals selection on the theme "Genetic-population processes in the breeding, cross-breeding and regulation of the sexual composition of offspring in animals".
 The circle of scientific interests of the jubilator is quite broad. He made a significant contribution to the scientific understanding of the natural variability of offspring at birth at farm animals at the population level. He developed fundamentally new methodological approaches to theoretical analysis and scientific understanding of genetic-population processes in animals at inbreeding, reproductive cross-breeding, the consolidation of heredity of domestic animals, the structure of the gene pool of the breed for the additive genetic productivity potential. He suggested his vision of the problem of manifestation of heterosis in domestic animals at crossing and the reasons for its extinction in subsequent generations for their breeding "in oneself” etc. Together with NAAS academicians M. V. Zubets, V. P. Burkat, Correspondent member of NAAS D. T. Vinnychuk, Doctor of agricultural sciences O. F. Havruk developed a fundamentally new scientific intensive system of genotypic selection of pedigree cubs in dairy cattle breeding, as well as a system of breeding work in Holstein breeding herds of commodity farms. Ivan Petrovich Petrenko is a co-author of factory types and lines of Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breed. In the scientific work of the scientist there are more than 200 scientific works, in particular 5 monographs. Ivan Petrovich – co-author and executor of 2 regional programs, 10 programs and plans of selection and breeding work in breeding and basic farms for breeding dairy cattle.
 Ivan Petrovich is twice (1997, 2001 years) laureate of Ukrainian Academy of Agrarian Sciences Award "For outstanding achievements in agrarian science".
 From 1996 to 2002, Ivan Petrovich Petrenko was a member of the Expert Council of the Higher Attestation Commission of Ukraine. From 1970 to 1990, he was a member of the All-Union Society of Genetics and Breeders nd. a. M. I. Vavilov, and from 1991 to up to date – of Ukrainian Society of Genetics and Breeders nd. a. M. I. Vavilov. Since 1994 he has been a permanent member of the Scientific Council of Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics of Ukrainian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, since 1996 – a member of a specialized Scientific Council for the defense of the doctorate (candidate) of agricultural sciences, a member of the editorial board of the scientific collection "Breeding and animal genetics". High-level professionalism, comprehensive knowledge made Ivan Petrovich a well-deserved authority in the team and scientific community of Ukraine.
 Now Ivan Petrovich Petrenko is the Chief scientific researcher of the laboratory of selection of Red-and-White breeds. The staff of Institute, in which the jubilee works more than 40 years, sincerely congratulates dear Ivan Petrovich and wishes him a solid health, further creative success and longevity.

VOLYNO-PODILLYA THE WORLD OF FLORA

A detailed floral portrait of the Volyn-Podilskyi region of Ukraine was drawn by the participants of the International scientific-practical conference "Plant introduction in Volyn-Podillya: science, education, art of landscape formation, production", which was held at the Ternopil Oblast Communal Institute of Postgraduate Education academy them. Taras Shevchenko. The co-organizers of the scientific forum were Kremenetsky Botanical Garden, Ternopil National Pedagogical University. Volodymyr Hnatyuk, Vinnytsia National Agrarian University, National Forestry University of Ukraine (Lviv), State Ecological Academy of Postgraduate Education and Management, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, as well as foreign scientific and educational institutions: University of Natural Sciences and Sciences in Lviv, Austria. In addition to representatives of other institutions, the Organizing Committee of the Conference, headed by the Director of Ternopil OKIPPO OM Petrovsky, included the Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Biology, Ecology and Methods of Teaching them. Taras Shevchenko NI Tsitsyura and a former employee of our educational institution, and now Doctor of Biological Sciences, Head of the Department of Content and Methods of Educational Subjects of Ternopil OIPPO, Professor VM Chernyak.

Chemical composition of essential oils from leaves of Rhododendron dauricum and R. aureum

Rhododendron dauricum L. and R. aureum Georgi. (Ericaceae) are medicinal plants used in Tibetan medicine to treat several pathological conditions [1]. Phenolic and terpenoid compounds have been observed previously in these plants [2]. In addition, the compositions of essential oils of both species growing in Russia (Khabarovsk Territory [3], Amur [4], Irkutsk Oblast, Buryatiya [5]) and in China [6] have been reported. Our goal was to study the dynamics of essential oil (EO) composition change of leaves of R. dauricum and R. aureum collected in the vicinity of Lake Baikal during June-August 2008 and in Irkutsk Oblast regions (R. dauricum, experimental plot of SIPFB, Irkutsk; R. aureum, Utulik, Slyudyansk Region). The species were identified by Candidate of Biological Sciences T. A. Penzina [Herbarium samples of raw material (leaves) are preserved in the SIPFB, No. RD128/08-RD130/08, RA064/08-RA066/08). EO was obtained from fresh raw material (storage time <5-6 h) by steam distillation in a Clevenger apparatus for 5 h. Extraction of the distillate with hexane produced an additional amount of EO that was combined with the main portion. EO was studied by GC—MS (Agilent Technologies with mass-selective detector, HP-Innowax column, 30 m/250 μm/0.50 μm, 50-250°C temperature gradient, heating rate 2°/min, He carrier gas, flow rate 1 mL/min). Table lists the analytical results for EO from R. dauricum and R. aureum. About 30 components were observed in EO from R. dauricum. Among these trans-caryophyllene (June, August) and γ-cadinene (July) dominated. The high variability of EO composition during vegetation of the species is noteworthy. Thus, whereas the June samples were dominated by trans-caryophyllene (19.10%), γ-cadinene (13.95%), β-gurjunene (10.46%), and humulene (10.20%); the July and August samples had only traces of β-gurjunene and humulene and high amounts of α-amorphene (8.59-10.00%). The EO content was highest (0.13%) in August. According to the literature, the principal components of R. dauricum EO were limonene, α-pinene, and p-cymene [4]; α-pinene, tetradecane, and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid [5]; and caryophyllene, humulene, and caryophyllene oxide [6]. Studies of EO from R. aureum leaves found that the dominant component of the volatile terpenoid complex was the tricyclic aristolane sesquiterpene calarene, the content of which reached 16-48% (of the EO mass). The content and composition of EO varied during the vegetative period. Its content increased toward autumn (0.18%). The components also changed. The concentration of aristolane derivatives (calarene and aristolene) decreased whereas those of burbonanes (β-burbonene) and cadinanes (α-cadinol and β-cadinene) increased. The Baikal population of R. aureum studied by us differed from that away from Lake Baikal, the principal EO components of which were hexanoic acid, carvacrol, and α-pinene [5].

On the Draft of a New Program for General Biology

Abstract The draft program on general biology published below has been prepared by the Program Committee under the Presidium of the RSFSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences with the participation of the Bureau of the Scientific Council on Problems of Cytology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. The working group directly involved in the elaboration of the program included: Doctor of Biological Sciences Iu. I. Polianskii (leader of the group), A. D. Braun, A. S. Danilevskii, L. N. Zhivkin, F. D. Skazkin, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences N. M. Verzilin, Candidate of Biological Sciences A. M. Semenova-Tian'shanskaia, and Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences V. M. Korsunskaia.