Candidate Biomaterials Research Articles

Near-Infrared Carbon Dots With Antibacterial and Osteogenic Activities for Sonodynamic Therapy of Infected Bone Defects.

Repairing infected bone defects is hindered by the presence of stubborn bacterial infections and inadequate osteogenic activity. The incorporation of harmful antibiotics not only fosters the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria, but also diminishes the osteogenic properties of scaffold materials. In addition, it is essential to continuously monitor the degradation kinetics of scaffold materials at bone defect sites, yet the majority of bone repair materials lack imaging capability. To address these issues, this study reports for the first time the development of a single nanomaterial with triple functionality: efficient sonodynamic antibacterial activity, accelerated bone defect repair capability, and NIR imaging ability for visualized therapy of infected bone defects. Through rationally regulating the surface functional groups, the obtained multifunctional NIR carbon dots (NIR-CD) exhibit p-n junction-enhanced sonodynamic activity, narrow bandgap-facilitated NIR imaging capability, and negative charge-augmented osteogenic activity. The validation of NIR-CDs antibacterial and osteogenic activities in vivo is conducted by constructing 3D injectable hydrogels encapsulated by NIR-CDs (NIR-CD/GelMA). The implantation of multifunctional NIR-CD/GelMA hydrogel scaffolds in a model of MRSA-infected craniotomy defects results in almost complete restoration of the infected bone defects after 60 days. These findings will provide traceable, renewable, repairable and antibacterial candidate biomaterials for bone tissue engineering.

All-natural hydrogel composed of carboxymethyl chitosan and oxidized dextran for promoting wound healing by immune-microenvironment regulation

Chronic wound treatment has always been a major clinical challenge owing to complex and dynamic wound microenvironment. The design and development of effective management with antimicrobial activity, ROS-scavenging and regulation immune response is vital for tissue repair. Herein, we developed puerarin (PUE) loaded a double network hydrogel consisting of methacrylated carboxymethyl chitosan and oxidized dextran with Schiff base and photo-crosslinking reaction. The composite hydrogel presented fast self-healing and outstanding compressive performance to bear deformation. The hydrogel exhibits a cumulative drug release pattern with biphasic release, which offers great potential for accelerating tissue healing at all stages of wounding. In addition, the hydrogel has good biocompatibility, antimicrobial ability and tube-forming ability in vitro. The full-thickness skin wound model of Staphylococcus aureus infection showed that the hydrogel dressing can accelerate tissue repair. This study demonstrated that the design of combing natural biomacromolecules with traditional Chinese medicine could be severed as a promising candidate biomaterial for skin tissue recovery.

In-situ incorporation of polydopamine surface modified bioactive glass nanoparticles into a plasma electrolytic oxidation coating on biodegradable AZ31 Mg alloy: A study of bioactivity and corrosion performance

Magnesium alloys are promising candidates for next-generation biodegradable biomaterials. However, their poor corrosion resistance has limited their medical applications. In this study, to improve the bioactivity performance and control the degradation rate of an AZ31 Mg alloy, anodic oxide coatings containing bioactive glass (BG) were created on the alloy using plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO). First, BG nanoparticles were synthesized through the sol-gel method and surface-modified with polydopamine (BG/PDA). These nanoparticles were then dispersed in an alkaline phosphate electrolyte and incorporated into the coatings grown using unipolar and bipolar waveforms. According to EDS results, incorporation of BG/PDA nanoparticles was higher when the bipolar waveform was applied. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed that the coatings significantly enhanced the corrosion resistance of the AZ31 Mg alloy, with the BG/PDA nanoparticle-containing coatings demonstrating the lowest degradation rate during long-term immersion. These coatings achieved the highest faradic resistance of ∼ 12 kΩ.cm² after 28 days of immersion. The incorporation of BG and BG/PDA nanoparticles enhanced the bioactivity performance of the coatings, facilitating hydroxyapatite formation on the coating surface. Based on the results, the newly developed BG-coated alloy shows promising potential for biomedical applications.

Physical chitosan hydrogels loaded with TiO2 nanoparticles/resveratrol hydroalcoholic extract: Hemocompatibility, swelling, microstructural, and EDX mapping analysis

Physical hydrogels produced by chitosan low (LCh) and medium molecular weight (MCh) were loaded with TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) and TiO2 nanoparticles loaded with resveratrol extract (Polygonum cuspidatum) (TiO2NPsRes). Equilibrium water content, EDX mapping analysis, and hemocompatibility of chitosan hydrogels were evaluated. Chitosan hydrogels preserved their porous structure, displaying mean pore size between 111.7 and 139 µm. The equilibrium water content of the physical chitosan hydrogels reached values of 24 times their mass in distilled water, decreasing with the addition of TiO2. The EDX analysis corroborated that chitosan hydrogels displayed high titanium concentration (8.8–9.5 % w/w), while resveratrol extract reduced the load of titanium in the hydrogels (0.2 and 2.1 % w/w). The hemocompatibility of hydrogels was suitable with hemolytic values as low as 2.1 and 3.1 %. Physical chitosan hydrogels loaded with TiO2 and TiO2Res can be candidates for biomaterials in biomedical applications.

Osteogenic potency of dental stem cell-composite scaffolds in an animal cleft palate model

ObjectiveTo evaluate the osteogenic potency of stem cells isolated from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) in polycaprolactone with gelatin surface modification (PCL-GE) and poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)-bioactive glass composite (PLGA-bioactive glass (BG)) scaffolds after implantation in a rat cleft model. MethodsCleft palate-like lesions were induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by extracting the right maxillary first molars and drilling the intact alveolar bone. Rats were then divided into five groups: Control, PCL-GE, PCL-GE-SHED, PLGA-BG, and PLGA-BG-SHED, and received corresponding composite scaffolds with/without SHED at the extraction site. Tissue samples were collected at 2, 3, and 6 months post-implantation (4 rats per group). Gross and histological analyses were conducted to assess osteoid or bone formation. Immunohistochemistry for osteocalcin and human mitochondria was performed to evaluate bone components and human stem cell viability in the tissue. ResultsBone tissue formation was observed in the PCL-GE and PLGA-BG groups compared to the control, where no bone formation occurred. PLGA-BG scaffolds demonstrated greater bone regeneration potential than PCL-GE over 2–6 months. Additionally, scaffolds with SHED accelerated bone formation compared to scaffolds alone. Osteocalcin expression was detected in all rats, and positive immunoreactivity for human mitochondria was observed in the regenerated bone tissue with PCL-GE-SHED and PLGA-BG-SHED. ConclusionPCL-GE and PLGA-BG composite scaffolds effectively repaired and regenerated bone tissue in rat cleft palate defects. Moreover, scaffolds supplemented with SHED exhibited enhanced osteogenic potency. Clinical significancePCL-GE and PLGA-BG scaffolds, augmented with SHED, emerge as promising biomaterial candidates for addressing cleft repair and advancing bone tissue engineering endeavors.

Proangiogenic effect and underlying mechanism of holmium oxide nanoparticles: a new biomaterial for tissue engineering

BackgroundEarly angiogenesis provides nutrient supply for bone tissue repair, and insufficient angiogenesis will lead tissue engineering failure. Lanthanide metal nanoparticles (LM NPs) are the preferred materials for tissue engineering and can effectively promote angiogenesis. Holmium oxide nanoparticles (HNPs) are LM NPs with the function of bone tissue “tracking” labelling. Preliminary studies have shown that HNPs has potential of promote angiogenesis, but the specific role and mechanism remain unclear. This limits the biological application of HNPs.ResultsIn this study, we confirmed that HNPs promoted early vessel formation, especially that of H-type vessels in vivo, thereby accelerating bone tissue repair. Moreover, HNPs promoted angiogenesis by increasing cell migration, which was mediated by filopodia extension in vitro. At the molecular level, HNPs interact with the membrane protein EphrinB2 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and phosphorylated EphrinB2 can bind and activate VAV2, which is an activator of the filopodia regulatory protein CDC42. When these three molecules were inhibited separately, angiogenesis was reduced.ConclusionOverall, our study confirmed that HNPs increased cell migration to promote angiogenesis for the first time, which is beneficial for bone repair. The EphrinB2/VAV2/CDC42 signalling pathway regulates cell migration, which is an important target of angiogenesis. Thus, HNPs are a new candidate biomaterial for tissue engineering, providing new insights into their biological application.

Multifunctional bilayer nanofibrous membrane enhances periodontal regeneration via mesenchymal stem cell recruitment and macrophage polarization

The continuous stimulation of periodontitis leads to a decrease in the number of stem cells within the lesion area and significantly impairing their regenerative capacity. Therefore, it is crucial to promote stem cell homing and regulate the local immune microenvironment to suppress inflammation for the regeneration of periodontitis-related tissue defects. Here, we fabricated a novel multifunctional bilayer nanofibrous membrane using electrospinning technology. The dense poly(caprolactone) (PCL) nanofibers served as the barrier layer to resist epithelial invasion, while the polyvinyl alcohol/chitooligosaccharides (PVA/COS) composite nanofiber membrane loaded with calcium beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB-Ca) acted as the functional layer. Material characterization tests revealed that the bilayer nanofibrous membrane presented desirable mechanical strength, stability, and excellent cytocompatibility. In vitro, PCL@PVA/COS/HMB-Ca (P@PCH) can not only directly promote rBMSCs migration and differentiation, but also induce macrophage toward pro-healing (M2) phenotype-polarization with increasing the secretion of anti-inflammatory and pro-healing cytokines, thus providing a favorable osteoimmune environment for stem cells recruitment and osteogenic differentiation. In vivo, the P@PCH membrane effectively recruited host MSCs to the defect area, alleviated inflammatory infiltration, and accelerated bone defects repair. Collectively, our data indicated that the P@PCH nanocomposite membrane might be a promising biomaterial candidate for guided tissue regeneration in periodontal applications.

A novel Chilean salmon fish backbone-based nanoHydroxyApatite functional biomaterial for potential use in bone tissue engineering.

Given the ensuing increase in bone and periodontal diseases and defects, de novo bone repair and/or regeneration strategies are constantly undergoing-development alongside advances in orthopedic, oro-dental and cranio-maxillo-facial technologies and improvements in bio-/nano-materials. Indeed, there is a remarkably growing need for new oro-dental functional biomaterials that can help recreate soft and hard tissues and restore function and aesthetics of teeth/ dentition and surrounding tissues. In bone tissue engineering, HydroxyApatite minerals (HAp), the most stable CaP/Calcium Phosphate bioceramic and a widely-used material as a bone graft substitute, have been extensively studied for regenerative medicine and dentistry applications, including clinical use. Yet, limitations and challenges owing principally to its bio-mechanical strength, exist and therefore, research and innovation efforts continue to pursue enhancing its bio-effects, particularly at the nano-scale. Herein, we report on the physico-chemical properties of a novel nanoHydroxyApatite material obtained from the backbone of Salmon fish (patent-pending); an abundant and promising yet under-explored alternative HAp source. Briefly, our nanoS-HAp obtained via a modified and innovative alkaline hydrolysis-calcination process was characterized by X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, spectroscopy, and a cell viability assay. When compared to control HAp (synthetic, human, bovine or porcine), our nanoS-HAp demonstrated attractive characteristics, a promising biomaterial candidate for use in bone tissue engineering, and beyond.

Chemical Transformation of B- to A-type Proanthocyanidins and 3D Structural Implications.

In nature, proanthocyanidins (PACs) with A-type linkages are relatively rare, likely due to biosynthetic constraints in the formation of additional ether bonds to be introduced into the more common B-type precursors. However, A-type linkages confer greater structural rigidity on PACs than do B-type linkages. Prior investigations into the structure-activity relationships (SAR) describing how plant-derived PACs with B- and complex AB-type linkages affect their capacity for dentin biomodification indicate that a higher ratio of double linkages leads to a greater interaction with dentin type I collagen. Thus, A-type PACs emerge as particularly intriguing candidates for interventional functional biomaterials. This study employed a free-radical-mediated oxidation using DPPH to transform trimeric and tetrameric B-type PACs, 2 and 4, respectively, into their exclusively A-type linked analogues, 3 and 5, respectively. The structures and absolute configurations of the semisynthetic products, including the new all-A-type tetramer 5, were determined by comprehensive spectroscopic analysis. Additionally, molecular modeling investigated the conformational characteristics of all trimers and tetramers, 1-5. Our findings suggest that the specific interflavan linkages significantly impact the flexibility and low-energy conformations of the connected monomeric units, which conversely can affect the bioactive conformations relevant for dentin biomodification.

Recent Advances in Polymers Bearing Activated Esters for the Synthesis of Glycopolymers by Postpolymerization Modification.

Glycopolymers are functional polymers with saccharide moieties on their side chains and are attractive candidates for biomaterials. Postpolymerization modification can be employed for the synthesis of glycopolymers. Activated esters are useful in various fields, including polymer chemistry and biochemistry, because of their high reactivity and ease of reaction. In particular, the formation of amide bonds caused by the reaction of activated esters with amino groups is of high synthetic chemical value owing to its high selectivity. It has been employed in the synthesis of various functional polymers, including glycopolymers. This paper reviews the recent advances in polymers bearing activated esters for the synthesis of glycopolymers by postpolymerization modification. The development of polymers bearing hydrophobic and hydrophilic activated esters is described. Although water-soluble activated esters are generally unstable and hydrolyzed in water, novel polymer backbones bearing water-soluble activated esters are stable and useful for postpolymerization modification for synthesizing glycopolymers in water. Dual postpolymerization modification can be employed to modify polymer side chains using two different molecules. Thiolactone and glycine propargyl esters on the polymer backbone are described as activated esters for dual postpolymerization modification.

The Chicken Egg: An Advanced Material for Tissue Engineering.

The chicken egg, an excellent natural source of proteins, has been an overlooked native biomaterial with remarkable physicochemical, structural, and biological properties. Recently, with significant advances in biomedical engineering, particularly in the development of 3D in vitro platforms, chicken egg materials have increasingly been investigated as biomaterials due to their distinct advantages such as their low cost, availability, easy handling, gelling ability, bioactivity, and provision of a developmentally stimulating environment for cells. In addition, the chicken egg and its by-products can improve tissue engraftment and stimulate angiogenesis, making it particularly attractive for wound healing and tissue engineering applications. Evidence suggests that the egg white (EW), egg yolk (EY), and eggshell membrane (ESM) are great biomaterial candidates for tissue engineering, as their protein composition resembles mammalian extracellular matrix proteins, ideal for cellular attachment, cellular differentiation, proliferation, and survivability. Moreover, eggshell (ES) is considered an excellent calcium resource for generating hydroxyapatite (HA), making it a promising biomaterial for bone regeneration. This review will provide researchers with a concise yet comprehensive understanding of the chicken egg structure, composition, and associated bioactive molecules in each component and introduce up-to-date tissue engineering applications of chicken eggs as biomaterials.

Peran Decellurarized Dental Pulp Sebagai Kandidat Biomaterial Baru Dalam Regenerasi Pulpa : Tinjauan Literatur

Pulp necrosis is one of the main diseases that are most often found in the teeth and mouth. Root canal treatment is the main solution for pulp necrosis, but its implementation can lead to tooth death and recurrent infections. Regenerating the pulp by transplanting scaffolds, stem cells, and growth factors into the root canal is an alternative that can be offered to treat pulpal disease by keeping the teeth vital. Scaffold plays an important role in pulp regeneration, one of which is the ECM scaffold derived from pulp which combines the micro-collagen structure along with bioactive molecules that are important for pulp regeneration and able to promote the differentiation and proliferation of stem cells. This literature review aimed to identify the role of decellularized dental pulp as a new biomaterial candidate in pulp regenerations. The method being used in this review is systematic literature review using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) method. Decellularized Dental Pulp as a New Biomaterial Candidate has a role in pulp regeneration.

Inorganic ions activate lineage-specific gene regulatory networks

Inorganic biomaterials have been shown to direct cellular responses, including cell−cell and cell−matrix interactions. Notably, ions released from these inorganic biomaterials play a vital role in defining cell identity, and promoting tissue-specific functions. However, the effect of inorganic ions on cellular functions have yet to be investigated at the transcriptomic level, representing a critical knowledge gap in the development of next-generation bioactive materials. To address this gap, we investigated the impact of various inorganic ions including silver, copper, titanium, and platinum on human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Our finding showed that silver and copper induce osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation respectively, through enrichment of lineage-specific gene expression program. In particular, silver effectively induced Wingless/Integrated (Wnt) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, which are vital for osteogenesis. On the other hand, copper specifically stimulated Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling, while suppressing Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling, thereby promoting chondrogenesis. In contrast, platinum, and tantalum, ions didn't stimulate regenerative responses. Together, our findings highlight the potential of inorganic biomaterials in tissue regeneration strategies, which currently rely largely on growth factors and small molecule therapeutics. Statement of significanceThis research emphasizes the critical role of bioactive inorganic ions in controlling lineage-specific gene expression patterns in mesenchymal stem cells, effectively modulating the transcriptome landscape and directing cell fate. The study lays the foundation for a systematic database of biomaterial candidates and their effects on cellular functions, which will ultimately streamline the translation of new biomaterials into clinical applications.

Molecular design of a solvent-free spiropyran-containing DNA material with triple external stimuli-responsive behavior

External stimuli-responsive behavior allows smart materials to gain controllable physicochemical changes. Compared to single stimulus response, the multiple stimuli-responsive behavior makes materials suitable for accommodating different environments, which is highly desired but appreciably more difficult to be addressed. In this study, a spiropyran-containing ammonium surfactant SPA is designed and synthesized for the electrostatic complexation with DNA, affording the ionic biomaterial DNA-SPA with a triple stimuli-responsive behavior. The treatments of UV irradiation and heating can promote fast ring-opening isomerization of DNA-SPA by giving distinct orange-to-purple color change. These properties make DNA-SPA a good candidate biomaterial for information recording and temperature indication. DNA-SPA also responds to humidity by showing linear fit between absorption intensity and relative humidity, providing the potential use as a hygrometer. The half-life of the ring-opening isomer of DNA-SPA favors the stable indications of UV irradition, temperature and humidity, and the sensitivity of ring-opening isomer to Vis light promotes the recyclable use of such biomaterial. This study provides a designing strategy for the fabrication of multiple external stimuli-responsive functional materials, opening a new pathway for gaining smart biomaterials capable of working in various fields.

Protein and Polysaccharide-Based Optical Materials for Biomedical Applications.

Recent advances in biomedical research, particularly in optical applications, have sparked a transformative movement towards replacing synthetic polymers with more biocompatible and sustainable alternatives. Most often made from plastics or glass, these materials ignite immune responses from the body, and their production is based on environmentally harsh oil-based processes. Biopolymers, including both polysaccharides and proteins, have emerged as a potential candidate for optical biomaterials due to their inherent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and sustainability, derived from their existence in nature and being recognized by the immune system. Current extraction and fabrication methods for these biomaterials, including thermal drawing, extrusion and printing, mold casting, dry-jet wet spinning, hydrogel formations, and nanoparticles, aim to create optical materials in cost-effective and environmentally friendly manners for a wide range of applications. Present and future applications include optical waveguides and sensors, imaging and diagnostics, optical fibers, and waveguides, as well as ocular implants using biopolymers, which will revolutionize these fields, specifically their uses in the healthcare industry.

Bioactive self-assembling silk fibroin–sericin films for skin tissue engineering

The quest for an ideal wound dressing material has been a strong motivation for researchers to explore novel biomaterials for this purpose. Such explorations have led to the extensive use of silk fibroin (SF) as a suitable polymer for several applications over the years. Unfortunately, another major silk protein—sericin has not received its due attention yet in spite of having favorable biological properties. In this study, we report an approach of blending SF and silk sericin (SS) without the usage of chemical crosslinkers is made possible by the usage of formic acid which evaporates to induce β-sheets formation to form cytocompatible films. Raman spectroscopy confirms the presence of SF/SS components in blend and formation of β-sheet in films. In situ, gelation kinetics studies were conducted to understand the change in gelation properties with addition of sericin into SF. Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium and live/dead assays were performed to study cellular attachment, viability and proliferation on SF/SS films. The antibacterial properties of SF/SS films were tested using Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The re-structured SF/SS films were stable, transparent, show good mechanical properties, antibacterial activity and cytocompatibility, therefore can serve as suitable biomaterial candidates for skin regeneration applications.

A NOVEL BIOMIMETIC BONE ADHESIVE: TRANSLATION FROM SMALL TO LARGE ANIMAL PRECLINICAL MODEL ON THE PATH TO FIRST IN-HUMAN USE

Surgeons treating fractures with many small osteochondral fragments have often expressed the clinical need for an adhesive to join such fragments, as an adjunct to standard implants. If an adhesive would maintain alignment of the articular surfaces and subsequently heal it could result in improved clinical outcomes. However, there are no bone adhesives available for clinical indications and few pre-clinical models to assess safety and efficacy of adhesive biomaterial candidates. A bone adhesive candidate based on water, α-TCP and an amino acid phosphoserine was evaluated in-vivo in a novel murine bone core model (preliminary results presented EORS 2019) in which excised bone cores were glued back in place and harvested @ 0, 3, 7, 14, 28 and 42days. Adhesive pull-out strength was demonstrated 0–28 days, with a dip at 14 days increasing to 11.3N maximum. Histology 0–42 days showed the adhesive progressively remodelling to bone in both cancellous and cortical compartments with no signs of either undesirable inflammation or peripheral ectopic bone formation. These favourable results suggested translation to a large animal model.A porcine dental extraction socket model was subsequently developed where dental implants were affixed only with the adhesive. Biomechanical data was collected @ 1, 14, 28 and 56 days, and histology at 1,14,28 and 56 days. Adhesive strength assessed by implant pull-out force increased out to 28 days and maintained out to 56 days (282N maximum) with failure only occurring at the adhesive bone interface. Histology confirmed the adhesive's biocompatibility and osteoconductive behavior. Additionally, remodelling was demonstrated at the adhesive-bone interface with resorption by osteoclast-like cells and followed by new bone apposition and substitution by bone. Whilst the in-vivo dental implant data is encouraging, a large animal preclinical model is needed (under development) to confirm the adhesive is capable of healing, for example, loaded osteochondral bone fragments.Acknowledgements: The murine study was supported, in part, by the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (#RMA15-0110).

Harnessing prion-inspired amyloid self-assembly for sustainable and biocompatible proton conductivity.

Protein-based materials have emerged as promising candidates for proton-conducting biomaterials. Therefore, drawing inspiration from the amino acid composition of prion-like domains, we designed short self-assembling peptides incorporating the (X-Tyr) motif, with X representing Asn, Gly and Ser, which form fibrillar structures capable of conducting protons. In this study, we conducted an analysis of the conductivity capacity of these fibers, with a focus on temperature and frequency dependence of conductivity. The loss tangent curves data and the electrode polarization model with the Debye approximation were employed to calculate transport properties, including conductivity, diffusivity, and density of charge carriers. Results revealed the prion-like fibers can transport protons more efficiently than biomaterials and other synthetic proton conducting materials, and that a significant increase in conductivity is observed with fibrillar orientations. The temperature dependence of conductivity of the peptides, measured in wet conditions, showed conductivities following the trend σ(NY7) < σ(GY7) < σ(SY7), in all the range of temperatures studied. The Arrhenius behavior, and the activation energy associated with conductivity followed the trend: Eact (SY7) = 8.2 ± 0.6 kJ mol-1 < Eact (GY7) < 13 ± 5 kJ mol-1 < Eact (NY7) = 31 ± 7 kJ mol-1, in different range of temperatures depending of the peptide. Furthermore, the diffusion coefficient correlated with increasing temperature in GY7 and SY7 fibers for temperatures compress between 20 °C and 80 °C, while NY7 only below 60 °C. However, it is noteworthy that the diffusivity observed in the SY7 peptide is lower, compared to GY7 and NY7 presumably due to its enlarged length. This observation can be attributed to two factors: firstly, the higher conductivity values observed in SY7 compared to GY7 and NY7, and secondly, to the value of relation observed of cations present in the peptide SY7 compared with GY7 and NY7, which in turn is dependent on temperature. In light of these findings, we envision our prion-inspired nanofibers as highly efficient proton-conducting natural biopolymers that are both biocompatible and biodegradable. These properties provide the opportunity for the development of next-generation bioelectrical interfaces and protonic devices.

Haloarchaeal poly[(3-hydroxybutyrate)-co-(3-hydroxyvalerate)] composite films reinforced with graphene nanoplatelets as a biomaterial for skin tissue engineering.

Halophilic archaea are an untapped source for a wide range of applications. This study explores the potential of a copolymer poly[(3-hydroxybutyrate)-co-(3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), naturally synthesized by the halophilic archaeon, Halogeometricum borinquense E3, as a potential candidate for a tissue engineering biomaterial. Composites and blends from natural PHBV were fabricated with poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA), poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) to enhance the properties of the material. This significantly improved the tensile strength of the blend to 4.729 MPa (359%). The reinforcement with 0.3% w/v of GNP further increased the tensile strength to 13.268 MPa (981%). Characterization of the films was done using ATR-FTIR, XRD, TGA, and SEM. The haloarchaeal PHBV exhibited the highest porosity ergo the highest swelling percentage while the PHBV/GNP showed the least. All the films showed good biocompatibility compared to tissue culture plastic (TCP). The viability of HaCaT cells and L929 fibroblast cells was maximum on the PHBV/PLLA/PCL blend albeit no significant change in the cell viability was observed in the graphene-reinforced nanocomposite. The films were also highly hemocompatible (<5% hemolysis).

In vivo application of a glutaraldehyde-free, UVA/riboflavin cross-linked bovine pericardium confirms suitability for cardiovascular substitutes

Glutaraldehyde (GA)-treated bovine pericardium is still the gold standard for the fabrication of bioprostheses needed for the surgical treatment of valvular malfunction. Although excellent stability and low immunogenicity are accomplished, the application of GA is considered to be causal for structural valve deterioration, diminishing the long-term durability of bioprosthetic tissue. The novel GA-free SULEEI-treatment of bovine pericardium combines decellularization, riboflavin/UVA-cross-linking, and low-energy electron beam irradiation. In the present study, we initiated an in vivo application. We used a subcutaneous rat model to compare the immune and tissue responses, calcification propensity, and biomechanical properties of the alternatively prepared SULEEI bovine pericardial tissue with standard glutaraldehyde-fixed and industrially produced bovine pericardial patch material. SULEEI pericardium evokes a similar immune reaction and tissue response as the control standard bovine patch material. The calcification propensity of SULEEI tissue was low, and biomechanical analysis revealed a heterogeneous but similar pattern in tissue stiffness compared to the control patch. The results of this study highlight the potential of SULEEI-treated bovine pericardial tissue as a candidate for cutting-edge cardiovascular and valvular biomaterials in reconstructive surgery.