Candida Spp Research Articles

Antifungal Resistance and Breakthrough Candidemia Among Pediatric Cancer Patients: An Emerging Threat

Abstract Background Cancer patients are at risk for candidemia. Resistance and breakthrough Candida represent an emerging threat. The study aims to analyze the clinical features, resistance patterns and breakthrough candidemia among pediatric cancer patients. Methods The retrospective study was conducted from 2014 - 2020 in children admitted to Children Cancer Hospital, Egypt. Clinical, microbiological, and outcomes were analyzed. Mortality was estimated within 30 days from Candida spp. Isolation from blood. Results Three hundred fifty (350) pediatric cancer patients were diagnosed with candidemia. The median age was four years (4 months- 18 years). Most of the patients had hematological malignancies (54%) while solid tumors represent (46%). Clinical features of the patients included neutropenia (80%), the presence of central venous line (57%), ICU admission (44%), and steroid use (43%). Non-Albicans candida was predominant (71%) compared to Candida Albicans (29%). The isolated species were: C. Albicans (29%), C.Tropicalis (29%), C. parapsilosis (21%), C. krusei (7%), C.glabrata(3%), C. guilliermondii (1.5%)and C. famata (2%). Chronic disseminated candidiasis was reported in 30 (9%) patients, with the liver being the most affected organ. Breakthrough candidemia on top of echinocandin prophylaxis was reported among 62(18%) patients with C. parapsilosis is the most common 31(50%) isolated pathogen. From 96 patients with breakthrough candidemia, all-cause mortality was reported in 32 patient (33%) while candida attributable cause of death in elven (11%) patients. Antifungal resistance was reported in 74(21%) patients: fluconazole (15%), liposomal ampho-B (6%), echinocandin (5%) and voriconazole (3%). Among 74 patients with resistant candidemia, death was reported in 24%. Echinocandin Resistant candida was a direct cause of mortality in 3(17%) patients. The overall day- 30 mortality rate was 24% (85/350 patients), while candida attributable of mortality was (10%). Patients with septic shock, ICU admission, and resistant candida had a higher mortality risk. Conclusion Echinocandin-resistant and breakthrough Candida are significant threat with a high mortality rate among pediatric cancer patients. Antifungal stewardship may be helpful. Figure 1. Resistance Pattern of Candidemia among Pediatric Cancer Patients

Invasive fungal disease in patients with cancer in a tertiary care pediatric hospital

Abstract Background In the last two decades, the raise in invasive fungal diseases (IFD) has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed hosts. Its incidence varies between 2 to 21% and depends on the host´s underlying disease, the intensity of immunosuppressive treatment and the presence of comorbidities. The aim of this study is to describe the epidemiological, clinical and microbiological characteristics of IFD in patients with hematology-oncology disease. Methods Retrospective, descriptive study. Patients under 18 years of age with acute leukemias, lymphomas and solid tumors with a diagnosis of proven IFD (according to EORTC-MSG 2019 criteria) were included during the period from January 2020 to November 2023 in a tertiary care pediatric hospital. Results During the study period, 304 patients were under follow-up. 14 episodes of proven IFD were identified in 13 patients.The median age was 120 months. Male sex predominated (69.2%). The recognized factors associated were neutropenia (69.2%), use of corticosteroids in the last 3 months (61.5%) and use of previous antibiotics (92.3%). The most common underlying disease was Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) in 11 cases (78.5%), of which 3 were in relapse. The 21.4% of the episodes occurred in solid tumors (1 osteosarcoma of the tibia, 1 abdominal germ cell tumor, 1 neuroblastoma). Patients receiving primary prophylaxis for filamentous fungi were 3/14 (21.4%), according to the European Conference on Infections in Leukemia (ECIL-8). All received voriconazole. The fungal isolates identified were: 1 Rhizopus spp. (eye biopsy, paranasal sinuses) 1 Penicillum spp. (lung biopsy), 1 Exserohilum rostratum (skin biopsy), 1 Trichophyton asahii (blood cultures), 1 Purpuracillum lilacinus (skin biopsy), 1 Aspergillus fumigatus (Bronchoalveolar lavage, BAL),: 3 Candida parapsilosis (blood cultures), 1 Candida tropicalis (blood cultures), 1 Candida spp (blood cultures), 1 Malassezia (BAL). The patients with invasive molds infections were six, all of them with pathological chest tomography. Galactomannans (GM) were positive in 66% (4/6). BAL with positive GM was performed in 2 of them. The primary focus were: cutaneous (3/6), pulmonary (2/6) and orbital-rhinosinusal (1/6). Regarding IFD due to yeast fungi: all Candida infections were associated with central venous catheters fungemia. Malassezia infection presented with pulmonary involvement. Fungal co-infection was observed in 1 patient with documentation of Aspergillus fumigatus in BAL and Candida tropicalis in blood and urine cultures. Empirical antifungal therapy was liposomal amphotericin in 76.9 % of the patients. Two patients died (15.4%) at 30 days of follow-up. Conclusion Early diagnosis and timely antifungal therapy represent the main strategies to increase the survival of patients with IFD. Antifungal prophylaxis is postulated as an effective prevention measure and its indication should be defined according to the patient’s characteristics and the incidence of IFD at the treating center. We consider that patients with suspected IFD and clinical focus should undergo the corresponding tissue biopsy for culture, histological evaluation, and molecular biology, to direct the appropriate treatment. Candida species represent the most frequent isolates, however, Aspergillus and Rhizopus infections are associated with higher morbidity and mortality.

Purification Of Bacteriocin Produced By Staphylococcus Aureus And Its Effect On Some Candida Spp.

Candida is the most implicated fungal pathogen in the clinical setting. Virulence factors, such as biofilms play important roles in its pathogenesis. Hence, this study aimed to investigate role of staphylococcal bacteriocin in inhibit biofilm and viability of Candida spp. Seventy-two isolates were collected from abscess, wounds and burns . All isolates were reidentified using different examinations. In addition, eight species of previously isolated clinical Candida species, from oral and vaginal cavities of patients with candidiasis, including C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. parasilosis, C. krusei, C. lusitaniae, C. kefyr, C. tropicalis and C. ciferrii, were utilized to check the antimicrobial activity of S. aureus on Candida spp. Agar well diffusion method were used to detect bacteriocin production by S. aureus, whereas only 5 isolates were selected. The antibacterial effect of selected S. aureus isolates were tested against indicators (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans). Isolate of S. aureus no.2 was showed the best bacteriocin production. Bacteriocin was purified using ammonium sulfate and dialysis. Different concentrations was utilized to determine sub-minimal inhibitory concentration (sub-MIC) of bacteriocin. Sub-MIC of bacteriocin was utilized to estimate its inhibitory effect on viability of Candida spp. Bacteriocin showed the maximal inhibition percentage against C. parapsilosis CV26 with 85.42%, followed by C. tropicalis CO49 with 80.49%. The viability of C. kefyr CO45, C. krusei CO41, C. glabrata CO38, C. albicans CV5 and C. lusitaniae was inhibited by 77.78, 75.41, 74.67, 71.43 and 70.18%, respectively. In addition, 69.84 and 64.62% of C. albicans CV1 and C. ciferrii. Using microtiter plate, sub-MIC of bacteriocin showed maximal inhibitory effect against C. ciferrii with 82.26%, followed by C. lusitaniae with 80.4%, the biofilm formation of C. parapsilosis CV26 and C. tropicalis CO49 was inhibited by 80.49% and 79.82%, respectively.

Ecotoxicity and Mutagenicity Assessment of Novel Antifungal Agents VT-1161 and T-2307.

Antifungal substances are essential for managing fungal infections in humans, animals, and plants, and their usage has significantly increased due to the global rise in fungal infections. However, the extensive application of antifungal agents in pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and agriculture has led to their widespread environmental dissemination through various pathways, such as excretion, improper disposal, and agricultural runoff. Despite advances in wastewater treatment, many antifungal compounds persist in the environment, affecting non-target organisms and contributing to resistance development. This study investigates the environmental impact of two novel antifungal agents, VT-1161 and T-2307, recently introduced as alternatives for treating resistant Candida spp. We assessed their ecotoxicity and mutagenicity using multiple bioassays: immobilization of Daphnia magna, growth inhibition of Raphidocelis subcapitata, luminescence inhibition of Aliivibrio fischeri, and mutagenicity on Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100. Results indicate that both VT-1161 and T-2307 exhibit lower toxicity compared to existing antifungal compounds, with effective concentrations (EC50) causing 50% response ranging from 14.34 to 27.92 mg L-1. Furthermore, both agents were classified as less hazardous based on the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals. Despite these favorable results, further research is needed to understand their environmental behavior, interactions, and potential resistance development among non-target species. Our findings highlight the importance of comprehensive environmental risk assessments to ensure the sustainable use of new antifungal agents.

Ergosterol Biosynthesis and Regulation Impact the Antifungal Resistance and Virulence of Candida spp.

Ergosterol is a key fungal sterol that is mainly found in the plasma membrane and is responsible for the proper membrane structure, rigidity, permeability and activity of membrane proteins. Ergosterol plays a crucial role in the ability of fungi to adapt to environmental stresses. The biosynthesis of ergosterol is also intimately connected with the antifungal resistance and virulence of pathogenic fungi. The most common etiological agents of life-threatening fungal infections are yeasts belonging to the genus Candida. The antifungal agents mostly used to treat Candida spp. infections are azoles, which act as competitive inhibitors of sterol demethylase, a key enzyme in the fungal ergosterol biosynthetic pathway. Although most studies on ergosterol biosynthesis, its regulation and the uptake of sterols are from the baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the study of ergosterol biosynthesis and its relationship to antifungal drug resistance and virulence in pathogenic fungi is of utmost importance. The increasing antifungal drug resistance of Candida spp. and the limited armamentarium of antimycotics pose a challenge in the development of new therapeutic approaches. This review summarizes the available data on ergosterol biosynthesis and related phenomena in Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida species (Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis and Candida auris) with special emphasis on C. albicans and C. glabrata as the most common etiological agents of systemic candidiasis.

Antifungal activity’s study of the of new derivatives of pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazol-3-ones and pyrazol-3- carboxamides in the biofilm model of Candida spp.

The search for new antifungal drugs is current interest due to the wide spread of fungal infections. To simulate the antifungal effect of new promising compounds with high antifungal activity in planktonic culture in clinical practice, it is necessary to study their effect on the biofilm of micromycetes.Aim: To study the antifungal activity of new promising representatives of silver salts of pyrazoles and their condensed systems under conditions of biofilm formation.Material and Methods. To study the antifungal activity of silver salts I and II, the micromethod of two-fold serial dilutions was used. Activity against a typical and 14 clinical highly virulent isolates of C. albicans was studied. The study of the antimycotic activity of substances under biofilm conditions was carried out using resazurin to quantify the degree of biofilm formation. The minimum inhibitory concentrations for biofilms were calculated (sMIC50 - the concentration of the antifungal substance at which a 50% decrease in fluorescence is observed compared to the positive control).Results and Discussion. It was shown that the antifungal effect of the studied compounds in biofilm culture of clinical strains of Candida spp. is significantly lower than in planktonic culture. High antifungal activity of the silver salt of pyrazole-3- carboxamide in planktonic and biofilm cultures of resistant strains of Candida albicans, exceeding the effect of the reference drug fluconazole by 2.8–11.2 times, was revealed.Conclusion. A promising pyrazole-3-carboxamide derivative has been identified that effectively inhibits the growth of Candida albicans biofilms, which can be recommended for further study.

Wild-type MIC distributions and epidemiological cutoff values for 5-flucytosine and Candida species as determined by EUCAST broth microdilution.

EUCAST has established clinical breakpoints and epidemiological cutoff values (ECOFFs) for Candida spp. However, limited data are available for 5-flucytosine (5-FC). We assessed the in vitro susceptibility of 5-FC against a large collection of clinical Candida species using EUCAST methodology and determined the associated ECOFFs. A total of 5622 Candida isolates were collected from patients across the Netherlands between 2008 and 2024. 5-FC MICs were determined using the EUCAST microbroth dilution reference method. Furthermore, MICs were extracted from the EUCAST website. The MICs from this study and those extracted were used to determine ECOFFs and local ECOFFs (L-ECOFFs). 5-FC exhibited potent in vitro activity against C. albicans, N. glabratus and C. parapsilosis, while decreased susceptibility was observed for C. tropicalis, Pichia species, K. marxianus, Y. lipolytica, and C. auris. The ECOFFs (mg/L) and the percentages of WT isolates for 5-FC were: C. albicans: 0.5 (97.2%), N. glabratus: 0.5 (96.6%), C. parapsilosis: 0.5 (99.5%) and P. kudriavzevii: 8 (99.4%). The L-ECOFF (mg/L) and the percentages of WT isolates for 5-FC were: C. dubliniensis: 0.25 (96.8%), C. tropicalis: 0.25 (67.2%), K. marxianus: 0.25 (48.0%), C. lusitaniae: 0.25 (86.5%), M. guillermondii: 0.125 (95.9%) and P. norvegiensis: 8 (94.2%). 5-FC remains a valuable drug to manage difficult-to-treat invasive Candida infections. In vitro susceptibility cannot be predicted based on species identification for most Candida species, but requires MIC-testing. ECOFFs will help to interpret the MICs to support treatment decisions.

Biosynthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles by Candida spp and Their Antimicrobial Activity

Background and Purpose: biosynthesis of nanoparticles by candida albicans is considered one of the new methods to synthesize iron nanoparticles (FeNPs), and it has been presented in some significant industries and the medical fields, especially ‎in the development of new antimicrobial agents in pharmaceutical industries, as an alternative ‎to traditional antimicrobial agents. This paper focuses on the synthesis of iron nanoparticles, ‎which are prepared by candida albicans, and the possibility of these ‎prepared nanoparticles being an antimicrobial agent in vitro Materials and Methods: FeNPs are synthesized by iron salt using candida albicans. The prepared FeNPs suspension was tested ‎using UV-visible spectroscopy and FTIR Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy ‎to identify the formation of FeNPs. The antimicrobial activity of prepared FeNPs suspension was confirmed on the plates (in vitro). Results: The data show that the synthesis of FeNPs using candida albicans is ‎a suitable and safe compatible, less expensive, less time-consuming, stable, and eco-friendly method for producing a good concentration of FeNPs, with a concentration of ‎9.4 ug\ml representing the minimum inhibitory concentration for the inhibition of some pathogenic bacteria on ‎the plate. Conclusion: The FeNPs prepared suspension has antimicrobial activity in vitro.

Tracking Candidemia Trends and Antifungal Resistance Patterns across Europe: An In-Depth Analysis of Surveillance Systems and Surveillance Studies.

The WHO fungal priority list classifies Candida species as critical and high-priority pathogens, and the WHO GLASS fungi initiative seeks to establish a standardised global framework for antifungal resistance monitoring. We aimed to review resistance rates and antifungal resistance patterns across European surveillance systems and studies in response to these recent calls for action. A systematic review of national and international surveillance systems and peer-reviewed surveillance studies available up to June 2024 was conducted. Descriptive and trend analyses were performed on surveillance data reporting resistance to different antifungals in Candida spp. In total, 6 national surveillance systems and 28 studies from 13 countries provided candidemia resistance data, mostly about the C. albicans, C. glabrata and C. parapsilosis complex. Azole resistance was most frequently reported (6/6 surveillance systems and 27/28 studies) with the highest resistance rate, especially for C. glabrata, in Croatia (100%, 28/28 isolates) and Slovenia (85.7%, 82/96) and C. parapsilosis in Croatia (80.6%, 54/67) and Italy (72.6%, 106/146). Echinocandin and polyene resistance rates were nearly zero. The number of isolates included in the surveillance systems increased over the years, particularly for C. albicans (+40-60 isolates/year), C. glabrata, and C. parapsilosis (+15-30 isolates/year). No surveillance system or study reported resistance data for C. auris. Pooled data from national surveillance revealed a decreasing trend in azole resistance in C. albicans and C. glabrata. The increasing azole-resistance trend in C. parapsilosis disappeared after adjusting for between-country heterogeneity. Overall, echinocandin and polyene resistance trends appeared relatively stable. Awareness of antifungal resistance is growing, but further actions are needed to strengthen surveillance capacity and knowledge-sharing networks across Europe.

Strengthening Fungal Infection Diagnosis and Treatment: An In-depth Analysis of Capabilities in Honduras.

Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are a major public health concern in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) due to limited diagnostic and treatment resources, leading to high morbidity and mortality. Despite their significant global burden, IFIs are underrecognized and underdiagnosed in LMICs. This study evaluates the diagnostic and therapeutic capacities for managing IFI in Honduras, a country with unique health care challenges. From March to December 2023, a comprehensive survey was conducted across multiple health care centers in Honduras. The survey, reviewed for content and clarity by local medical institutions, targeted medical microbiologists and clinicians to assess various aspects of fungal disease diagnosis and treatment. Data included the availability and use of diagnostic tools and antifungal therapies, identifying gaps and limitations in current practices. The survey revealed that Candida spp (97.4%) and Aspergillus spp (35.9%) were the most concerning pathogens. Although microscopy and culture methods were available in most institutions, their application in suspected IFI cases was inconsistent, and antifungal susceptibility testing was rarely performed. Advanced diagnostic techniques, such as antigen detection, were available in only a few institutions, while antibody detection and polymerase chain reaction testing were entirely absent. All hospitals had access to at least 1 triazole antifungal, typically fluconazole, but there was a notable scarcity of more potent antifungals, including amphotericin B formulations and echinocandins. The limited use of available diagnostic tools and the restricted availability of essential antifungals were identified as major barriers to effective IFI management. This study highlights significant gaps in the diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities for managing IFI in Honduras. The underutilization of basic diagnostic tools, the inaccessibility of advanced testing methods, and the limited availability of essential antifungal medications underscore the urgent need for capacity-building initiatives, infrastructure improvements, and policy reforms. Addressing these deficiencies is critical for enhancing the management of IFI in Honduras, with broader implications for similar LMIC settings. These findings can inform targeted interventions and resource allocation to improve outcomes for patients with IFI.

The influence of a composition based on exometabolites of Saccharomyces boulardii in relation to the pathogenic and persistent properties of fungi of the genus Candida

Clinical manifestations of mycoses vary widely from mild mucosal damage to severe invasive forms. Currently, the pharmaceutical market offers a wide range of antimycotic drugs, including oral and injectable drugs for systemic and external and local use. Varying degrees of effectiveness are due to the chemical structure and pharmacokinetics. A significant problem is the recurrence of mucosal candidiasis. One of the possible solutions to this problem can be considered the use of exometabolites of bacterial or fungal origin, affecting the morphofunctional structures of fungi of the genus Candida spp. The purpose of the study was to obtain cell-free supernatant of Saccharomyces boulardii (S. boulardii) and herbal extracts, which are the basis of a composition with a preventive effect against fungi of the genus Candida. The authors proposed a composition based on the exometabolite of S. boulardii and herbal extracts for the prevention of candidiasis. Propylene glycol served as a control. The effectiveness of the composition was assessed on clinical isolates of C. albicans, C. glabrata and C. krusei isolated from the vaginal biotope at a dilution of 103-106 CFU/mL. At the first stage, we studied the effect of S. boulardii metabolites on the biological properties of fungi. Next, the fungicidal activity of metabolites and extracts was determined by serial dilution against micromycete isolates. At the final stage, the effect of the composition with the most effective extracts was studied. Under the influence of the supernatant of S. boulardii, micromycetes lost the ability to form growth tubes, and a decrease in the catalase activity of Candida spp. was observed both during carriage and disease. Exometabolites significantly reduced the ability to form film in cultures isolated from patients with vaginal candidiasis. The most effective among the extracts were the extracts of St. John’s wort and coriander. The fungicidal properties of the composition were maintained for 12 hours after co-incubation with all isolates of Candida spp. Thus, the composition is effective against both C. albicans and C. non-albicans carriage and disease.

Similarities and distinctions in the activation of the Candida glabrata Pdr1 regulatory pathway by azole and non-azole drugs.

Incidences of fluconazole (FLC) resistance among Candida glabrata clinical isolates is a growing issue in clinics. The pleiotropic drug response (PDR) network in C. glabrata confers azole resistance and is defined primarily by the Zn2Cys6 zinc cluster-containing transcription factor Pdr1 and target genes such as CDR1, that encodes an ATP-binding cassette transporter protein thought to act as a FLC efflux pump. Mutations in the PDR1 gene that render the transcription factor hyperactive are the most common cause of fluconazole resistance among clinical isolates. The phenothiazine class drug fluphenazine and a molecular derivative, CWHM-974, which both exhibit antifungal properties, have been shown to induce the expression of Cdr1 in Candida spp. We have used a firefly luciferase reporter gene driven by the CDR1 promoter to demonstrate two distinct patterns of CDR1 promoter activation kinetics: gradual promoter activation kinetics that occur in response to ergosterol limitations imposed by exposure to azole and polyene class antifungals and a robust and rapid CDR1 induction occurring in response to the stress imposed by fluphenazines. We can attribute these different patterns of CDR1 induction as proceeding through the promoter region of this gene since this is the only segment of the gene included in the luciferase reporter construct. Genetic analysis indicates that the signaling pathways responsible for phenothiazine and azole induction of CDR1 overlap but are not identical. The short time course of phenothiazine induction suggests that these compounds may act more directly on the Pdr1 protein to stimulate its activity.

Epidemiological characteristic of nails, skin of the feet and hands mycoses in the Perm region

Introduction. Mycoses of the skin and their derivatives are one of the most common groups of fungal infections. Lesion to the nails and skin of the feet and hands occupies a leading place in the structure of this pathology. These diseases are characterized by a long course and often ineffective therapy. Onychomycosis and fungal infections of the skin of the feet and hands are characterized by certain epidemiological features and have a diverse etiology.Aim. To study of the epidemiological characteristic of mycoses of the nails, skin of the feet and hands according to the data of the Regional Clinical Dermatovenerological Dispensary of Perm over a ten-year period to optimize the detection and further treatment of this pathologyMaterials and methods. For the study, statistical data from the Regional Clinical Dermatovenerological Dispensary in Perm were used. Data were analyzed for the period 2012–2021 to assess the dynamics of the prevalence of mycoses of the skin and nails of the feet and hands, their etiological structure. Cases recorded during direct patient contact were taken into account. For laboratory confirmation of mycoses, a culture method was used.Results and discussion. The number of cases of mycoses of the skin and nails of the feet and hands for the period from 2012 to 2021 was analyzed. It was established that the share of this pathology in the structure of superficial mycoses averaged 49.9%. There was no significant dynamics in the number of recorded cases of fungal infection of this location during the analyzed period. This pathology was more often observed in females than in males throughout the study period. The most significant etiological factors were representatives of Trichophyton spp., Candida spp., as well as molds. There has been a change in the etiological structure of mycoses of the nails, skin of the feet and hands over the observed period: there is a tendency towards a decrease in the proportion of dermatophytes and an increase in the proportion of yeast fungi.Conclusion. The relevance of the studied group of mycoses was confirmed using the example of the Perm region. The main cause of fungal infections of the nails and skin of the feet and hands were representatives of dermatophytes and Candida spp. It is recommended to focus on identifying this pathology in males during preventive examinations due to the low frequency of their visits to medical specialists.

Unraveling the complexities of antifungal susceptibility testing in Candida spp.: Insights from design of experiments

Our study delved into the intricate dynamics of antifungal susceptibility testing for Candida spp., employing a Design of Experiments approach. We systematically investigated the influence of pH, temperature, inoculum size, and glucose concentration on both growth patterns and inhibitory concentrations of Candida spp. Our findings underscore the nuanced interplay between these factors, revealing significant impacts on susceptibility outcomes. Notably, even minor adjustments in these parameters yielded substantial variations in growth and inhibitory concentrations, underscoring the critical importance of meticulous control over growth conditions in antifungal susceptibility testing protocols. Each Candida isolates exhibited unique susceptibility profiles, necessitating tailored culture conditions for accurate testing. Our study sheds light on the variability inherent in Candida spp. growth patterns and emphasizes the need for standardized protocols to ensure consistency across laboratories. By leveraging the design of experiments, our research provides a systematic framework for unraveling the complexities of antifungal susceptibility testing, offering valuable insights for optimizing testing protocols and informing clinical decision-making in antifungal treatment. These findings represent a significant step towards enhancing the efficacy and reliability of antifungal susceptibility testing in clinical practice.

Production and characterization of bacteriocin from lactic acid bacteria isolated from fermented food products

Bacteriocin is a natal antimicrobial which can be exploited to evade the inevitability of adding chemical preservatives to food products. This study is aimed at the production and characterization of bacteriocin from Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from fermented food products. Sixteen (16) samples of various fermented food products (abacha, fufu, ogi and yoghurt) were screened for the presence of bacteriocin producing LAB using agar well diffusion method. The strain designated C6 was selected for further studies due to its broad inhibitory effect on the growth of all tested organisms (Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 33090, Pseudomonas aeruginosa MN 515053, Listeria innocua ATCC 2127, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida spp and Aspergillus terrus MN907795). Molecular characterization spotted C6 isolated from yoghurt as Lactobacillus fermentum (accession no. MN907811). Purification of the antimicrobial substance was achieved using High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with nisin as Standard which revealed it to be bacteriocin a proteinaceous antimicrobial that is stable to heat and organic solvents. Effect of substrate level on the growth of Lactobacillus fermentum and optimization of physicochemical parameters on bacteriocin production revealed optimum condition of 1.0 % glucose, 0.5 % sodium nitrate, pH of 6.0, incubation temperature of 35°C for 72h. This makes Lactobacillus fermentum and its bacteriocin a good antagonistic agent for exploitation in pharmaceutical and food processing industries as well as in the field of biotechnology.

Assessment of microbial contamination on generator surfaces: a case study at the University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Microorganisms pervade the atmosphere, with inert surfaces serving as secondary repositories for the transmission of bacteria and fungi, posing public health concerns. This study aimed to assess the microbial burden on top surfaces and handles of specific generators at the University of Port Harcourt. Total Heterotrophic Bacteria counts ranged from 5.0 to 8.13 log CFU/ml, with the highest count observed on the handle of a generator at Ematex and the lowest on the top of a generator at the SSLT building. Total Fungi counts ranged from 5.0 to 6.45 log CFU/ml, with the highest count on the handle of a generator at English House and the lowest on the handle of a generator at Ofrima and the top of a generator at SSLT. Identified organisms include Staphylococcus spp, Enterococcus spp., Klebsiella spp., Bacillus spp., Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Escherichia coli, as well as Aspergillius spp., Penicillium spp., Chysosporium spp., Fussarium spp., Muccur spp., and Candida spp. Microorganisms on generator handles exceeded those on the top, and the microbial profiles of handles were similar across the generator sets. Improved personal hygiene and regular handwashing is advised to mitigate bacterial presence on hands, which can be transferred from generator surfaces and handles.

Antimicrobial and synergistic effects of lemongrass and geranium essential oils against Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida spp.

The oral cavity harbors more than 700 species of bacteria, which play crucial roles in the development of various oral diseases including caries, endodontic infection, periodontal infection, and diverse oral diseases. To investigate the antimicrobial action of Cymbopogon Schoenanthus and Pelargonium graveolens essential oils against Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Ca. dubliniensis, and Ca. krusei. Minimum microbicidal concentration was determined following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute documents. The synergistic antimicrobial activity was evaluated using the Broth microdilution checkerboard method, and the antibiofilm activity was evaluated with the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance followed by the Tukey post-hoc test (P ≤ 0.05). C. schoenanthus and P. graveolens essential oils were as effective as 0.12% chlorhexidine against S. mutans and St. aureus monotypic biofilms after 24 h. After 24 h P. graveolens essential oil at 0.25% was more effective than the nystatin group, and C. schoenanthus essential oil at 0.25% was as effective as the nystatin group. C. schoenanthus and P. graveolens essential oils are effective against S. mutans, St. aureus, Ca. albicans, Ca. dubliniensis, and Ca. krusei at different concentrations after 5 min and 24 h.

Antifungal activity of Myrrh gum resin against pathogenic Candida spp.

Medicinal plants have a long and significant history of being used for their healing properties. One famous example is Commiphora, which is mostly found in the southern part of Arabia. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a water-based extract obtained from two different varieties of myrrh in suppressing the proliferation of Candida spp. at different concentrations. The inhibitory activity of the aqueous extract of two different varieties of myrrh, commonly used in traditional medicine, was assessed against five pathogenic yeasts using the diffusion technique. Mass spectrum was used to analyze myrrh's chemical composition for antimicrobial effects. The aqueous extract of both tested species of myrrh (Commiphora myrrha and Commiphora molmol) showed inhibitory effects on all tested isolates. During the chemical examination of myrrh, it was noted that the material included 12 components known for their antimicrobial properties. The essential oil derived from two varieties of myrrh showed the most significant effects on Candida tropicalis (ATCC 66029), Candida guilliermondii (ATCC 6260), Candida laurentii (ATCC 18803), Candida neoformans (ATCC 66031), and Candida albicans (ATCC 14053). Analysis of chemical composition of the myrrh revealed 19 known components, of which 12 compounds have been proven by research to suppress the growth of microorganisms. C.myrrha and C.molmol aqueous extracts exhibit a promising antifungal effect against common Candida infections. The aqueous extracts present a variety of antimicrobial compounds; however, further research is necessary to elucidate the specific mechanisms of action of these compounds, and to evaluate their efficacy, toxicity and safety before considering their clinical application.

Exploring the anticandidal potential: Evaluating leaf extract efficacy and GC–MS metabolite profiling of Chenopodium album var. album L.

IntroductionChenopodium album var. album L., renowned as lamb's quarters, is a versatile medicinal plant, revealing its efficacy in treating various ailments. This study evaluated the in vitro antifungal activity of ethyl acetate extract of C. album var. album L. MethodsChenopodium album leaf extract demonstrated antifungal potential via the Agar well-diffusion and Broth-dilution method. Active fractions, obtained through column chromatography, were rigorously tested against Candida spp. The most potent fraction underwent detailed analysis with High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS), and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), for comprehensive characterization. ResultsThe ethyl acetate extract (EAE) exhibited significant antifungal activity, with Candida albicans being the most susceptible (inhibition zone of 14.67 ± 0.58a). Fractionation of the EAE yielded a highly active F2 fraction, which showed a remarkable zone of inhibition against C. albicans (17.50 ± 1.00a). Comprehensive examinations, including HPTLC, GC–MS, and FT-IR, identified 12 compounds in the F2 fraction, and the major compounds were Furo [2,3-c] pyridine, 2,3-dihydro-2,7-dimethyl, Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and 2,3,4,4-Tretrapropyl-1-(trimethylsilyl)-1-(trimethylsilyloxy)-1,3-diaza-2,4-diborabutane. This study marks the first report of these 12 compounds identified from the F2 fraction of C. album. ConclusionThe present study highlights the antifungal activity of EAE and its fractions from C. album var. album that could be further explored for the selection of leads that may contribute to novel drug development.

CORRELATION OF BODY MASS INDEX, AGE, IMMUNO-BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF THE THYROID PANEL WITH INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA IN PATIENTS WITH CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM DISORDERS AND THYROID DYSFUNCTION

The purpose of the study – to find out the correlations between the intestinal microbiotaand age, anthropometric indicators according to body mass index, immuno- biochemicalindicators of the thyroid panel in patients with carbohydrate metabolism disorders andthyroid dysfunction.Material and methods. The study included 89 patients with carbohydrate metabolismdisorders (type 2 diabetes mellitus, prediabetes, obesity) and thyroid dysfunction(autoimmune thyroiditis, hypothyroidism, Graves’ disease). Anthropometric indicators of height and weight; laboratory determination of immuno- biochemical parametersof carbohydrate metabolism and thyroid hormone were determined. To analyze thecomposition of the intestinal microbiota, fecal samples were taken and the quantitativeand qualitative composition was calculated using the principle of PCR sequencing.Statistical methods of comparison and correlation of variables were used.Results. In patients, several significant correlations were found between the gutmicrobiota and the parameters studied. A negative correlation was found between bodymass index and Bifidobacterium spp. and Escherichia coli and a positive correlationbetween body mass index and some opportunistic pathogens. Thus, with Shigella spp.and Staphylococcus aureus, there is a direct weak reliable relationship, while an inversereliable relationship with Helicobacter pylory. Interesting correlations were foundwith a tendency to confidence with Salmonella spp. and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicrondirect weak and a tendency to a plausible feedback between BMI and Faecalibacteriumprausnitzii and Candida spp. Bacteria of the phylum Firmicutes were inverselycorrelated with fT3 levels. Representatives of the phylum Bacteroidetes found a directcorrelation with fT3, TgAb. Clostridium perfringens was directly correlated with levelsof fT3, fT4, TRAb, TgAb, and Fusobacterium nucleatum was directly correlated withTPOAb. Interestingly, Candida spp. showed an inverse correlation with TPOAb, whileamong this genus of fungi, only Candida krusei was characterized by the appearanceof a correlation as a direct relationship with TRAb. Helicobacter pylory was directlycorrelated with TRAb and TgAb.Conclusions. 1. There are direct and inverse correlations between individualrepresentatives of the intestinal microbiota and body mass index. 2. Establishedcorrelations between individual representatives of the intestinal microbiome and thelevel of thyroid hormones and thyroid antibodies indicate the ability of the microbiometo influence the functional state of the thyroid gland through the mediation of the immunesystem.