Cancer Biomarkers Research Articles

Discovery of RNA Biomarkers for Prostate Cancer Using Cross-Platform Transcriptomics

Microarray and Single-Molecule Molecular Inversion Probe (smMIP)-based targeted RNA sequencing are two RNA profiling platforms for identifying disease-associated biomarkers. The microarray uses a GeneChip array with oligonucleotide probes to measure expression levels across thousands of genes, while smMIPs capture and quantify RNA transcripts and transcript variants via next-generation sequencing. To evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of both platforms, a comparative gene expression profiling study was conducted using RNA samples from 52 prostate tissues (normal, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and various prostate cancer (PCa) grades). Of all genes covered by both platforms, only 35% of the expression levels aligned, with 45% showing discrepancies. Both platforms identified the same 17 genes as potential PCa biomarkers. Microarray analysis identified an additional 253 genes that were not covered or not identified by smMIP technology, while smMIP technology identified eight markers not covered or not identified in the microarray core gene analysis, including fusion genes and splice variants. For high-grade prostate cancer (HG-PCa), the smMIP-method identified 8 markers, and the microarray identified 17 markers, with FOLH1, FAP and CLDN3 being common across both platforms. The choice of RNA expression analysis technology depends on research objectives; microarray technology is useful for the evaluation of a wide range of genes but has low throughput. In contrast, smMIP-based RNA sequencing enables sensitive analysis with minimal RNA in a medium- to high-throughput setting.

Extracellular Vesicle lncRNAs as Key Biomolecules for Cell-to-Cell Communication and Circulating Cancer Biomarkers

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted by almost every cell type and are considered carriers of active biomolecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Their content can be uptaken and released into the cytoplasm of recipient cells, thereby inducing gene reprogramming and phenotypic changes in the acceptor cells. Whether the effects of EVs on the physiology of recipient cells are mediated by individual biomolecules or the collective outcome of the total transferred EV content is still under debate. The EV RNA content consists of several types of RNA, such as messenger RNA (mRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), the latter defined as transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides that do not code for proteins but have important established biological functions. This review aims to update our insights on the functional roles of EV and their cargo non-coding RNA during cancer progression, to highlight the utility of EV RNA as novel diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers in cancer, and to tackle the technological advances and limitations for EV RNA identification, integrity assessment, and preservation of its functionality.

CAP superfamily proteins in human: a new target for cancer therapy.

The CAP (Cysteine-rich secretory protein, Antigen 5, and Pathogenesis-related protein 1) superfamily proteins (CAP proteins) are found in all kingdoms of life. The cysteine-rich secreted proteins are prevalent in human organs and tissues and serve as critical signaling molecules within cells, regulating a wide range of biochemical processes in the human body. Due to their involvement in numerous biological processes, CAP proteins have recently attracted significant attention, particularly in the context of tumorigenesis and cancer therapy. This review summarizes the expression patterns and roles of CAP proteins in various cancers. Additionally, it analyzes the mechanisms by which CAP proteins affect cancer cell proliferation and survival, regulate epithelial-mesenchymal transition, influence drug resistance, and regulate epigenetics. The review reveals that CAP proteins play distinct roles in various signaling pathways, such as the MAPK, PI3K-Akt, and p53 pathways, which are crucial for tumor progression. Furthermore, this review summarizes the tumor-inhibiting function of CAP proteins and their potential as cancer biomarkers. These findings suggest that CAP proteins represent a promising new target for innovative cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Development of oxidative stress- and ferroptosis-related prognostic signature in gastric cancer and identification of CDH19 as a novel biomarker

BackgroundFerroptosis is a unique mode of cell death that is iron-dependent and associated with oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Oxidative stress and ferroptosis are essential mechanisms leading to metabolic abnormalities in cells and have been popular areas in cancer research.MethodsInitially, 76 oxidative stress and ferroptosis-related genes (OFRGs) were acquired by intersecting the gene sets from oxidative stress and ferroptosis. Afterwards, optimal OFRGs were screened using PPI networks, and individuals were separated into two OFRG subtypes (K = 2). Subsequently, we successfully constructed and verified a prognostic signature comprising SLC7A2, Cadherin 19 (CDH19), and CCN1. To further uncover potential biomarkers of gastric cancer (GC), we examined the expression level of CDH19, investigated the effects of knocking down CDH19 on the biological behavior of GC cells, and explored whether CDH19 is involved in ferroptosis and oxidative stress processes.ResultsAccording to the findings, individuals in the low-risk scoring group have less infiltration of immune suppressive cells, fewer occurrences of immune escape and dysfunction, greater efficacy in chemotherapy and immunotherapy, and better survival outcomes. The qRT-PCR assay indicated that CDH19 expression was significantly higher in GC cells. Through experiments, we demonstrated that knocking down CDH19 can affect the transcription levels of ACSL4 and GPX4, increase intracellular iron ion concentration and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inhibit the proliferation and migration of GC cells.ConclusionWe developed an OFRG-related signature to predict the prognosis and treatment responsiveness of individuals with GC and identified CDH19 as a possible therapeutic target for GC.

LINE-1 cfDNA Methylation as an Emerging Biomarker in Solid Cancers

Epigenetic dysregulation is a hallmark of many human malignancies, with DNA methylation being a primary mechanism influencing gene expression and maintaining genomic stability. Genome-wide hypomethylation, characteristic of many cancers, is partly attributed to the demethylation of repetitive elements, including LINE-1, a prevalent non-LTR retrotransposon. The methylation status of LINE-1 is closely associated with overall genomic methylation levels in tumors. cfDNA comprises extracellular DNA fragments found in bodily fluids such as plasma, serum, and urine, offering a dynamic snapshot of the genetic and epigenetic landscape of tumors. This real-time sampling provides a minimally invasive avenue for cancer diagnostics, prognostics, and monitoring. The methylation status of LINE-1 in cfDNA has emerged as a promising biomarker, with several studies highlighting its potential in diagnosing and predicting outcomes in cancer patients. Recent research also suggests that cfDNA-based LINE-1 methylation analysis could serve as a valuable tool in evaluating the efficacy of cancer therapies, including immunotherapy. The growing clinical significance of cfDNA calls for a closer examination of its components, particularly repetitive elements like LINE-1. Despite their importance, the role of LINE-1 elements in cfDNA has not been thoroughly gauged. We aim to address this gap by reviewing the current literature on LINE-1 cfDNA assays, focusing on their potential applications in diagnostics and disease monitoring.

Potential Epigenetic Candidates for Early Biomarkers in Ovarian Cancer: A Literature Review.

Potential Epigenetic Candidates for Early Biomarkers in Ovarian Cancer: A Literature Review.

Hsa_circ_0109320 Serves as a Novel Circular RNA Biomarker in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer by Promoting Metastasis.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), including squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, ranks among the top 10 cancers worldwide in terms of prevalence and mortality. NSCLC, a highly malignant tumor, exhibits distant invasion and migration as well as an unfavorable prognosis. As an innovative circular RNA, hsa _circ_0109320 (circ_0109320) has been recognized as a promising cancer modulator. However, our understanding of the influence of circ_0109320 in NSCLC remains insufficient. Our research explored the clinical significance and effects of circ_0109320 on oncogenic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) phenotypes. Microarray analysis and qPCR indicated that circ_0109320 expression in NSCLC specimens increased relative to that in adjacent normal tissues and was further elevated in metastatic lymph nodes. The specimens acquired from 25 patients confirmed these findings. Additionally, circ_0109320 indicated a good score (AUC = 0.688, P = 0.013) on the ROC curves, which suggests its suitability as a promising biomarker for lung cancer. Meanwhile, circ_0109320 was noticeably upregulated in lung cancer (LC) cell lines compared to human bronchial epithelial cells. Next, we performed loss- and gain-of-function experiments to examine the role of circ_0109320 in the tumor phenotypes of the cell lines. We observed that depletion or overexpression of circ_0109320 did not alter cell viability. However, the ectopic removal of circ_0109320 repressed the migration and invasion of A549 and SK-MES-1 cells, whereas circ_0109320 overexpression promoted cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, the examination of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers indicated that circ_0109320 elevates cell EMT activity. In conclusion, circ_0109320 level was highly associated with increased tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. circ_0109320 could be a promising predictor of clinical outcomes and a reliable target to treat NSCLC by inhibiting metastasis.

Effect of MPP2 and its DNA methylation levels on prognosis of colorectal cancer patients

Colorectal cancer is one of the common malignant tumors with poor prognosis, which is partly due to the lack of an effective biomarker. The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of membrane palmitoylated protein (MPP2) on the prognosis of colorectal cancer patients. We obtained transcriptome data and DNA methylation data of 380 colorectal cancer patients from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Then we used a series of bioinformatics analysis methods to reveal the relationship between MPP2 expression, DNA methylation sites, prognosis, immune checkpoint and clinical characteristics of patients. Finally, in vitro experiment and the meta-analysis of thousands of patients further confirmed the impact of MPP2 on the prognosis of colorectal cancer patients and cell migration and proliferation. The expression level of MPP2 is negatively regulated by its DNA methylation sites, which leads to its low expression in colorectal cancer. High expression of MPP2 is an independent prognostic risk factor, which may be a biomarker for colorectal cancer. Moreover, the expression of MPP2 shows a close relationship with immune checkpoint or immune cells infiltration, especially CD4+T cells. In addition, meta-analysis involving 1584 patients from four different data further confirmed that MPP2 was a risk factor for colorectal cancer. Finally, knockdown of MPP2 could significantly inhibit the proliferation of SW480 cells via mTOR signaling pathway. This study was the first to suggest that MPP2 may become a promising biomarker, and has an important role in immune checkpoint or immune cell infiltration in colorectal cancer.

Progress in Precision Medicine for Head and Neck Cancer

This paper presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of biomarkers for head and neck cancer (HNC), a prevalent but molecularly diverse malignancy. We detail the roles of key proteins and genes in tumourigenesis and progression, emphasizing their diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic relevance. Our bioinformatic validation reveals crucial genes such as AURKA, HMGA2, MMP1, PLAU, and SERPINE1, along with microRNAs (miRNA), linked to HNC progression. OncomiRs, including hsa-miR-21-5p, hsa-miR-31-5p, hsa-miR-221-3p, hsa-miR-222-3p, hsa-miR-196a-5p, and hsa-miR-200c-3p, drive tumourigenesis, while tumour-suppressive miRNAs like hsa-miR-375 and hsa-miR-145-5p inhibit it. Notably, hsa-miR-155-3p correlates with survival outcomes in addition to the genes RAI14, S1PR5, OSBPL10, and METTL6, highlighting its prognostic potential. Future directions should focus on leveraging precision medicine, novel therapeutics, and AI integration to advance personalized treatment strategies to optimize patient outcomes in HNC care.

Immune Cell-Derived Exosomes: A Cell-Free Cutting-Edge Tumor Immunotherapy.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cellular communication molecules and are classified into three major subpopulations, such as microvesicles, apoptotic bodies, and exosomes. Among these, exosomes-based cancer research is a cutting-edge investigation approach to cancer understanding. During cancer progression , tumor-derived exosomes can reprogram the cellular system and promote cancer. Circulating exosomes in the body fluids such as blood, plasma, serum, saliva, CSF, sweat, and tears play a key role in identifying diagnostic and prognostic cancer biomarkers. Diverse therapeutic sources of exosomes including stem cells, plants, and immune cells, etc. exhibit significant cancer-healing properties. Although cancer-targeting immunotherapy is an effective strategy, it has limitations such as toxicity, and high costs. In comparison, immune cell-derived exosomes-based immunotherapy is a cell-free approach for cancer treatment and has advantages like less toxicity, biocompatibility, reduced immunogenicity, and efficient, target-specific cancer therapeutic development. This review highlights the therapeutic signature of immune cell-derived exosomes for cancer treatment.

Early colorectal cancer diagnosis: A novel methylated stool DNA model enhanced the diagnostic efficiency.

Methylated stool DNA (sDNA) is a reliable noninvasive biomarker for early colorectal cancer (CRC) diagnosis. However, there are barely any diagnostic panels that can achieve both a sensitivity and specificity exceeding 90% simultaneously. We aimed to identify a novel methylated sDNA panel and model for the early diagnosis of CRC. We conducted methyl-CpG binding domain isolated genome sequencing (MiGS) on CpG island methylation phenotype (CIMP)-positive (n=3) and CIMP-negative CRC tissues (n=3) and their corresponding normal adjacent tissues. Subsequently, by utilizing both the aforementioned data and public datasets, we identified a set of promising methylated sDNA markers for CRC. Next, we validated 5 of these genes using pyrosequencing in CRC patients (n=31). Then, we developed a combined diagnostic model (CDM) for CRC based on the methylation status of PRDM12, FOXE1, and SDC2 by a Training cohort (n=231). Finally, the performance of CDM was evaluated in an independent multicenter Validation cohort (n=800). A total of 1062 participants were included in this study. The area under the curve (AUC) of the CDM was 0.979 (95% CI: 0.960-0.997), and the optimal sensitivity and specificity were 97.35% and 99.05%, respectively, in the training cohort (n=231). In the independent validation cohort (n=800), the AUC was 0.950 (95% CI: 0.927-0.973), along with the optimal sensitivity of 92.75% and specificity of 97.21%. When CRC and advanced adenoma (AAD) were used as diagnostic targets, the model AUC was 0.945 (95% CI: 0.922-0.969), with an optimal sensitivity of 91.89% and a specificity of 95.21%. The model sensitivity for nonadvanced adenoma patients was 68.66%. The sDNA diagnostic model CDM, developed from both CIMP-P and CIMP-N, exhibited exceptional performance in CRC and could serve as a potential alternative strategy for CRC screening.

Untargeted metabolomic profiling of small extracellular vesicles reveals potential new biomarkers for triple negative breast cancer.

Breast Cancer (BC) is one of the most diagnosed malignancies among women and the second leading cause of cancer related death in North America. Triple Negative BC (TNBC), one of the most severe subtypes of BC, is extremely aggressive and has a higher chance of occurrence in women under 50 years of age. Due to a lack of regular mammographic testing in women under 50, many individuals with TNBC are diagnosed late which can decrease their survival rate. Currently, liquid biopsy is being investigated as a potentially less-invasive alternative to traditional breast tissue biopsy, but this approach is not completely reliable. Blood contains extracellular vesicles (EVs), which carry biomolecular cargo and play a role in BC progression and metastasis. Examination of small EVs could potentially yield metabolite biomarkers for early BC diagnosis. We aim to study metabolites in small EVs to find biomarkers for BC diagnosis. In this work, an untargeted nano-LC MS/MS metabolomics approach was used to analyze metabolites from small EVs derived from metastatic MDA-MB-231 and compare it with a non-cancerous MCF10A cell line. Two metabolites, LysoPC 22:6/0:0 and N-acetyl-L-Phenylalanine, unique to sEVs of MDA-MB-231, were identified, validated, and proposed as potential BC biomarkers. Metabolites from sEVs may be used for BC diagnosis.

Immunometabolic Contributions of Atopobiaceae Family Members in Human Papillomavirus Infection, Cervical Dysplasia and Cancer.

In the cervicovaginal environment, HPV acquisition and cervical cancer progression are linked to non-Lactobacillus dominance, of which Atopobiaceae are key taxa. We hypothesize that Atopobiaceae modulates the cervicovaginal microenvironment to promote HPV persistence and progression to cancer. However, the extent to which Atopobiaceae impact the immunometabolic microenvironment is poorly understood. We investigated Atopobiaceae in a cohort of primarily Hispanic and non-Hispanic White women who were HPV-negative (n=20), HPV-positive (n=31) without dysplasia, diagnosed with cervical dysplasia (n=38), or newly diagnosed with invasive cervical carcinoma (n=9). Microbiome data was integrated with clinical and demographic surveys, immunoproteomics, and metabolomics data. Atopobiaceae identified were Fannyhessea vaginae, Fannyhessea massiliense, Fannyhessea species type 2, Lancefieldella deltae, and an unclassified species. A higher prevalence of Atopobiaceae was observed in women who were Hispanic and had higher gravidity and parity. F. species type 2 and F. vaginae were observed with infections of high-risk HPV genotypes 31 and 52. Atopobiacaeae were negatively correlated with Lactobacillus and positively correlated to Sneathia, Dialister, Anaerococcus, Prevotella, and Bifidobacterium/Gardnerella. Proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-12, TNFα), immune checkpoint proteins (PD-L1, LAG3), and cancer biomarkers (CEA, MIF, TRAIL) were positively associated with Atopobiaceae-rich profiles. Pro-oncogenic metabolites, including 4-hydroxybutyrate and sphingosine, were also elevated in women colonized by Atopobiaceae. Our data implicate Atopobiaceae in lipid modulation, oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and immune evasion, which may contribute to cancer. This study highlights a key family of pathogenic cervicovaginal bacteria that could be exploited to monitor HPV persistence and/or targeted to prevent HPV-mediated cancer.

GUCA2A dysregulation as a promising biomarker for accurate diagnosis and prognosis of colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of global mortality and presents a significant barrier to improving life expectancy. The primary objective of this study was to discern a unique differentially expressed gene (DEG) that exhibits a strong association with colorectal cancer. By achieving this goal, the research aims to contribute valuable insights to the field of translational medicine. We performed analysis of colorectal cancer microarray and the TCGA colon adenoma carcinoma (COAD) datasets to identify DEGs associated with COAD and common DEGs were selected. Furthermore, a pan-cancer analysis encompassing 33 different cancer types was performed to identify differential genes significantly expressed only in COAD. Then, comprehensively in-silico analysis including gene set enrichment analysis, constructing Protein–Protein interaction, co-expression, and competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks, investigating the correlation between tumor-immune signatures in distinct tumor microenvironment and also the potential interactions between the identified gene and various drugs was executed. Further, the candidate gene was experimentally validated in tumoral colorectal tissues and colorectal adenomatous polyps by qRael-Time PCR. GUCA2A emerged as a significant DEG specific to colorectal cancer (|log2FC|> 1 and adjusted q-value < 0.05). Importantly, GUCA2A exhibited excellent diagnostic performance for COAD, with a 99.6% and 78% area under the curve (AUC) based on TCGA-COAD and colon cancer patients. In addition, GUCA2A expression in adenomatous polyps equal to or larger than 5 mm was significantly lower compared to smaller than 5 mm. Moreover, low expression of GUCA2A significantly impacted overall patient survival. Significant correlations were observed between tumor-immune signatures and GUCA2A expression. The ceRNA constructed included GUCA2A, 8 shared miRNAs, and 61 circRNAs. This study identifies GUCA2A as a promising prognostic and diagnostic biomarker for colorectal cancer. Further investigations are warranted to explore the potential of GUCA2A as a therapeutic biomarker.

Comprehensive Analysis and Experimental Validation of HEPACAM2 as a Potential Prognosis Biomarker and Immunotherapy Target in Colorectal Cancer.

The role of HEPACAM family member 2 (HEPACAM2) is unclear in colorectal cancer (CRC). The objective of this study was to perform an extensive examination of HEPACAM2 and validate it experimentally in CRC. This study investigated the significance of HEPACAM2 in CRC and its potential diagnostic utility utilizing data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Additionally, the study examined potential regulatory networks involving HEPACAM2, including its associations with immune infiltration, immune checkpoint genes, tumor mutational burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI), mRNA expression-based stemness index (mRNAsi), and drug sensitivity in CRC. The expression of HEPACAM2 was further validated using the GSE89076 dataset, and quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) was employed to confirm HEPACAM2 expression levels in six pairs of CRC tissue samples. HEPACAM2 exhibited abnormal expression patterns in various types of cancer, including CRC. A decrease in HEPACAM2 expression levels in CRC was found to be significantly correlated with the T stage (p < 0.001). Reduced HEPACAM2 expression in CRC patients was also linked to poorer overall survival (OS) (p = 0.007). The expression levels of HEPACAM2 in CRC patients were identified as an independent prognostic factor (p = 0.016). Furthermore, HEPACAM2 was associated with TCF-dependent signaling in response to WNT, G2/M checkpoints, and other pathways. The expression of HEPACAM2 in CRC was found to be associated with immune infiltration, immune checkpoint genes, TMB / MSI, and mRNAsi. Additionally, the expression of HEPACAM2 in CRC was significantly and inversely correlated with the drug sensitivities to gw772405x and 6-phenyl-6h-indeno[1,2-c]isoquinoline-5,11-dione. qRT-PCR confirmed that the expression level of HEPACAM2 was found to be lowly expressed in CRC tissues. These findings suggest that HEPACAM2 may serve as a potential prognostic biomarker and immunotherapeutic target for CRC patients.

Long non-coding RNAs as prognostic biomarkers in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: A systematic review

Traditional prognostic tools for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) often overestimate progression and recurrence risks, underscoring the need for more precise biomarkers. While long non-coding ribonucleic acids (lncRNAs) have been reviewed in bladder cancer, no review has focused on NMIBC. The aim of this study was to address this gap by investigating the role of lncRNAs in predicting NMIBC survival and progression. A systematic review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane databases as of July 31, 2024. Prognostic studies investigating the association between lncRNA expression and survival outcomes, such as cancer-specific survival, disease-free survival, recurrence-free survival, or overall survival, using Kaplan-Meier curves or hazard ratios, were included. A total of three studies were analyzed, involving 279 NMIBC patients and focusing on three lncRNAs: urothelial cancer associated 1 (UCA1), growth arrest-specific 5 (GAS5), and up-regulated in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (UNMIBC). Increased UCA1 expression was strongly associated with poor disease-free survival (hazard ratio (HR): 1.974; 95%CI: 1.061–3.673; p=0.032) and progression-free survival (HR: 3.476; 95%CI: 1.187–10.18; p=0.023). Reduced GAS5 expression was significantly associated with poor disease-free survival (HR: 2.659; 95%CI: 1.348–5.576; p=0.005) and progression-free survival (HR: 6.628; 95%CI: 1.494–29.40; p=0.013). Higher level of UNMIBC was strongly associated with poor recurrence-free survival (HR: 2.362; 95%CI: 1.504–4.837; p=0.007). In conclusion, lncRNAs have potential as prognostic biomarkers in NMIBC, with UCA1 and UNMIBC overexpression and GAS5 underexpression being significant in predicting disease recurrence and progression, highlighting the clinical relevance of monitoring these lncRNAs to improve prognosis and guide treatment decisions.

Identification of Plasma Protein Biomarkers for Predicting Lung Cancer.

Lung cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, necessitating the development of effective early diagnostic strategies. Despite advancements in imaging and screening technologies, late-stage diagnoses remain common, limiting treatment options and reducing survival rates. Thus, there is a critical need for reliable, minimally invasive biomarkers to improve early detection and patient outcomes. Plasma protein biomarkers offer promising potential for early lung cancer detection and continuous disease monitoring. This study explored the potential of specific plasma protein markers as early indicators of lung cancer. Plasma samples were collected from normal healthy individuals and lung cancer patients, and protein purification and analysis were conducted using LC-MS/MS. A mixed-effect model was applied to select lung cancer-related protein markers based on label-free relative quantification values. We identified 29 proteins with potential for early lung cancer diagnosis, including complement proteins (CFB, C3, C8G, C1QA, C1R, C6), orosomucoid proteins (ORM1, ORM2), ceruloplasmin (CP), alpha-1-B glycoprotein (A1BG), and others. These proteins play diverse roles in immune response, inflammation, and cell signaling, suggesting their relevance in lung cancer pathophysiology. Our findings suggest the potential of plasma proteins as early diagnostic biomarkers for lung cancer. Further validation in larger cohorts is needed to confirm their clinical utility. Integrating these biomarkers into existing diagnostic modalities could enhance early detection accuracy, leading to improved patient outcomes.

Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Ginkgo biloba Polyphenols in Targeting Biomarkers of Colorectal Cancer: An In-silico Evaluation.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major contributor to cancer-related deaths worldwide, driving the need for effective anticancer therapies with fewer side effects. The exploration of Ginkgo biloba, a natural source, offers a hopeful avenue for novel treatments targeting key colorectal biomarkers involved in CRC treatment. The aim of this study was to explore the binding affinity of natural molecules derived from G. biloba to essential biomarkers associated with CRC, including Kirsten rat sarcoma virus, neuroblastoma RAS mutations, serine/threonine-protein kinase B-Raf, phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase, and deleted colorectal cancer, using molecular docking. The focus of this research was to evaluate how effectively these molecules bind to specified targets in order to identify potential inhibitors for the treatment of CRC. A total of 152 polyphenolic compounds from G. biloba were selected and subjected to molecular docking simulations to evaluate their interactions with CRC-related biomarkers. The docking results were analysed to identify ligands exhibiting strong affinities towards the targeted genes, suggesting potential inhibitory effects. Docking simulations unveiled the strong binding affinities between selected polyphenolic compounds derived from G. biloba and genes associated with CRC. The complex glycoside structures that are found in flavonols are of significant importance. These compounds, including derivatives with distinctive arrangements, exhibited promising docking scores, signifying substantial interactions with the targeted biomarkers. The study demonstrates the potential of G. biloba-derived molecules as effective anticancer agents for colorectal cancer. The identified ligands exhibit strong interactions with crucial CRC-related biomarkers, suggesting potential inhibition ability. Further in vitro and in vivo investigations are needed to validate and build upon these promising findings, advancing the development of novel and efficient CRC therapies.

An overview about biomarkers in breast cancer: Insights into the diagnostic and prognostic significance

An overview about biomarkers in breast cancer: Insights into the diagnostic and prognostic significance

Ovarian cancer biomarker testing over time in the era of PARP inhibitors

Ovarian cancer biomarker testing over time in the era of PARP inhibitors