Canal Water Research Articles

Hydrochemical characterization and sustainability assessment of Ismailia canal water, Eastern Nile Delta, Egypt: implications for human health and environmental safety

Surface freshwater systems globally face severe stresses due to overpopulation and associated waste. The Ismailia Canal, a crucial freshwater source in the eastern Nile Delta, Egypt, serves multiple purposes and is endangered by various environmental activities. This study characterizes the canal’s water using physicochemical parameters to evaluate its suitability for different uses. Water samples were collected twice in winter and summer seasons of the year 2018 from eight sites distributed along the course of Ismailia Canal. A comprehensive chemical analysis of the samples was carried out. Water chemistry was graphically and statistically assessed. Water qualities were evaluated using WHO guidelines, water quality index (WQI), Pollution indices of metals (PIm) and long- and short-term effect of trace elements on irrigation. Results show that the water is slightly alkaline and moderately hard, with higher salinity in winter than summer. Major cations and anions are higher in winter, whereas NO₃ is higher in summer. The canal water is primarily of the Ca(Mg)-HCO₃ type, influenced mainly by rock-water interactions. While most physicochemical parameters meet drinking water standards, Al, Sb, As, Cd, Fe, Pb, and Tl exceed limits, with significant impacts from Al and Tl year-round, and seasonal impacts from As, Pb, Cd, and Fe. For irrigation, water quality is generally unaffected in winter, but Mo and Se have slight impacts in summer for long-term use. This research is vital for informing sustainable water management practices, which are crucial for Egypt’s research initiatives, economic stability, and environmental sustainability.

An integrated approach to evaluating water contaminants and evaporation in agricultural water distribution systems

This study presents an innovative approach for assessing water quality in agricultural irrigation networks, integrating stable isotope analysis, in vivo zebrafish screening, and comprehensive chemical profiling to investigate the occurrence, transformation, and potential toxicity of organic contaminants. Stable isotope analysis was used to measure evaporation as a proxy for water residence time in the canal, while liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) identified a range of organic compounds in water samples collected from both the irrigation canal and its source river. Results indicated a reduction in contaminant levels in the canal compared to the river, with the most significant evaporation and concentration changes occurring at a holding reservoir, suggesting that managing residence time could help reduce water loss in arid irrigation networks. The data also highlighted how evaporation, particularly during the dry, hot season, influences contaminant dynamics. Hierarchical clustering of LC-HRMS results showed notable differences between the chemical profiles of canal and river samples, indicating that irrigation systems may contribute to the degradation or removal of certain compounds. Over 60 % of detected compounds were naturally derived, with anthropogenic contaminants like pesticides and personal care products further highlighting human impacts. Priority contaminants, including DEET and 2-naphthalene sulfonic acid, likely originated from urban activities upstream. Initial screening using zebrafish embryos showed bioactivity across sites, confirming the presence of contaminants needing further examination. Correlation analysis linked natural compounds to evaporation rates, suggesting that flora and fauna play significant roles in the chemical makeup of canal water. Overall, this approach provides a comprehensive framework for monitoring irrigation water, offering insights into contaminant behavior and supporting the development of standardized methods for assessing chemical fate and ecological risks in agricultural irrigation systems.

Optimizing Water Productivity through the Conjunctive Use of Borewell and Canal Water for Enhancing Sheep Productivity in Arid Climate of Western Rajasthan, India

In the arid regions of Rajasthan, water scarcity poses a significant challenge to both agriculture and livestock productivity. Sustainable practices in such climates require effective management of limited water resources. This study focuses on optimizing water productivity through the conjunctive use of canal water and borewell water to address the problem of water scarcity while maximizing output per unit of water. The experiment involved eighteen healthy lambs of aged 2-3 months which were managed intensively and divided into three groups of six lambs each based on a randomized block design. All groups were fed Pennisetum glaucum (pearl millet) and Medicago sativa (lucerne) ad-libitum along with concentrates adjusted according to their body weights. The groups were offered three types of drinking water: canal water (G1), a combination of canal and borewell water (G2) and borewell water (G3) in a clean bucket twice a day. No significant effect on total feed intake and body weight of the lambs was found based on the drinking water source. However, G1 and G2 lambs, which were offered canal water, consumed significantly (p<0.05) less water (74.4 ± 1.84 liters) compared to the lambs in G3 (81.6 ± 1.91 liters). The virtual water requirement per kilogram of weight gain, calculated from both direct water intake and indirect intake through feed was lowest in G1 lambs (5771.34 liters) followed by G2 lambs (6129.00 liters) and G3 lambs (6312.00 liters) per kilogram of weight gain, respectively. These results indicate that water productivity was highest with canal water (G1) and lowest with borewell water (G3) per kilogram of weight gain. This study underscores the importance of efficient water management in maximizing productivity and resource use efficiency in water-limited arid regions.

Initial Experimental Investigation of Hydraulic Characteristics at Right-Angle Diversion in a Combined Canal and Pipe Water Conveyance System

To enhance the efficiency of irrigation water utilisation, China is progressively converting irrigation ditches into pipelines. The water distribution outlets in irrigation zones are predominantly right-angled, and there are typically occurrences of erosion, sedimentation, and structural deterioration in the surrounding areas. This article employs a synthesis of indoor physical model experiments and theoretical analysis to examine the distribution of channel flow velocity and variations in water surface profile, pipeline flow rate, diversion ratio, circulation intensity, and turbulence energy across different relative water depths. The experimental results indicate that the water surface adjacent to the main canal wall demonstrates a pattern of initial decline, followed by an increase and subsequently another decline; furthermore, as the water level in the main channel rises, the magnitude of this fluctuation progressively diminishes. In some sections of the canal, the water surface elevation progressively increases, albeit with minimal amplitude. With a constant relative water depth, an increase in main channel flow results in a corresponding increase in pipeline flow; however, the diversion ratio is inversely related to the main channel flow. Conversely, when the main channel flow rate is constant, the diversion ratio increases as relative water depth rises. The vertical flow velocity near the water diversion outlet has a negative value, signifying the existence of a backflow zone, while the horizontal flow velocity varies considerably, facilitating the formation of circulation and resulting in localised deposition and erosion. The water flow near the pipe inlet downstream of the lower lip of 0.5 times the pipe diameter is impacted by the return zone, which has a higher turbulence energy and circulation strength and is more susceptible to siltation. The turbulence energy of the water flow is higher in the range of 0.5 times the pipe diameter upstream and downstream of the pipe inlet. This research is highly significant in facilitating the conversion of irrigation channels into pipelines.

Seasonal occurrence and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediments and water in the left-bank canals of Indus River, Pakistan.

This study investigated a pressing environmental concern: the presence, distribution, sources, and ecological implications of sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the left-bank canals of Kotri barrage-Akram, Pinyari, and Phuleli of the Indus River in Pakistan. These vital waterways, crucial for industrial, domestic, and agricultural activities, are experiencing contamination threats from anthropogenic sources, particularly PAHs. The study collected three water and two sediment samples from each canal in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Then the EPA's liquid-liquid extraction method and gas chromatography determined the concentrations of PAHs. The findings of this study reveal alarming contamination levels, with pre-monsoon concentrations ranging from 22.256 to 836.455ng/L in water and 1,459.941 to 43,179.243ng/g in sediments. The post-monsoon concentrations ranged from 60.352 to 5663.058ng/L in water and 2976.770 to 15,238.335ng/g in sediments. The diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis (PCA) identified multiple sources of contamination, including industrial and domestic wastewater discharge, solid waste burning, vehicular emissions, biomass combustion, and petroleum residues. Furthermore, the assessment of the toxic equivalency factor (TEF) underscored the heightened carcinogenic potential of certain PAHs, notably benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(a)anthracene. Thus, the high levels of PAH contamination pose severe health risks to both human populations and aquatic ecosystems, emphasizing the urgency of addressing this issue. Stricter regulations governing industrial and domestic waste discharge, advocacy for cleaner fuel technologies, and the implementation of effective waste management practices must be initiated as crucial strategies in safeguarding the environmental integrity of the left-bank canals and the health of the surrounding communities.

Demonstration scale treatment of drainage canal water in the Nile Delta through a combination of facultative lagoons and hybrid constructed wetlands

Drainage canal water (DCW), a mixture of Nile water, drainage water and municipal wastewater, is largely used for irrigation in the Nile Delta. Facultative lagoons (FL) and constructed wetlands (CWs) represent interesting options for DCW treatment before its agricultural re-use, but very few studies investigated their implementation in Egypt. This work aimed at developing at demonstration scale (250 m3 d-1) a FL+CW treatment train capable to turn DCW into an effluent reusable in agriculture. Three types of hybrid CWs were tested in parallel for 530 days. The combination of FL with a cascade hybrid CW, operated at a 200 L d-1 m-2 surface loading rate, led to medium-to-high removal efficiencies (suspended solids 90%, total nitrogen 84%, phosphate 80%, COD 67%, faecal coliforms 2.2 Log) and surface removal rates (COD 47.5 t y-1 ha-1, total nitrogen 10.9 t y-1 ha-1, faecal coliforms 1.5 1011 MPN y-1 ha-1). The effluent, compliant with class C of EU 2020/741 regulation, is potentially reusable to irrigate numerous Egyptian crops. The results show that the combination of FLs with cascade hybrid CWs has a great potential for the treatment of DCW and low-strength municipal wastewater, with near-zero energy consumption, null consumption of chemicals and a land requirement varying between 1.1% and 1.5% of the agricultural land irrigated with the treated DCW.

Nickel toxicology testing in alternative specimen from farm ruminants in a urban polluted environment

The impact of nickel (Ni) metal toxicity, on public health was assessed analyzing forage samples (Acacia nilotica, Zea mays, Pennisetum glaucum, Capparis decidua and Medicago sativa), soils and blood samples of cow, buffalo and sheep (blood plasma, fecal, and hair) collected from three different agro-ecological zones and analyzed through atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results showed that nickel values differed in soil samples ranging from 4.49 to 9 to 25 mg/kg, in forages from 3.78 to 9.53 mg/kg and in animal samples from 0.65 to 2.42 mg/kg. Nickel concentration, in soil and forage samples, was below the permitted limits. Soil with the minimum nickel level was found under C. decidua while the maximum concentration was reached under the A. nilotica. Among the animals, nickel was maximum in buffaloes that grazed on the Z. mays fodder. Ni was more accumulated in feces than other body tissues. The sheep and buffaloes showed high vulnerability to Ni pollution due to the highest contamination levels at site II and III. Bioconcentration factor, pollution load index and enrichment factor were found to be higher in buffaloes than cows, respectively. The daily intake and health risk index ranged from 0.0056 to 0.0184 mg/kg/day and 0.186–0.614 mg/kg/day respectively. In short, the results of this study evidenced that Nickel-containing fertilizers should never not be used to grow forage species. Government should to lessen the toxic metal accessibility to animals. Although general values were lower than the admitted limit, nickel can be accumulated and the consume of food containing nickel can increase health risks. General monitoring of soil and vegetation pollution load, as well as the use of other non-conventional water like canal water for forage irrigation could be a sustainable solution to decrease the access of nickel in the food chain.

Green hydrogen, power, and heat generation by polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzer and fuel cell powered by a hydrokinetic turbine in low-velocity water canals, a 4E assessment

Thousands of kilometers of man-made low-velocity water transfer canals around the world can be used as a source of renewable energy for electricity and green hydrogen production. These canals have not been well investigated as an energy source, according to the literature. In the present paper, three technologies of Hydrokinetic Turbine (HKT), Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell, and Electrolyzer (PEM-FC/EL) are utilized to produce electricity, green hydrogen, and heat using these canals. Thermodynamic, economic, and environmental models of the cycle are presented, coded in the Engineering Equation Solver software, and finally validated with published research and manufacturers’ data. Two scenarios were examined, first HKT, PEMEL, and PEMFC were used for electricity generation (power-to-hydrogen-to-power, P2X2P) and second only HKT and PEMEL were used for green hydrogen production (power-to-hydrogen, P2X). While both scenarios are economical, the P2X scenario has a smaller payback period (less than 2 years) and a higher net present value. Practical correlations are derived to determine the rate of hydrogen production, power generation, and emission reduction as a function of water velocity. The round-trip energy and exergy efficiency of the system is 46.17% and 20.78% and it reduces carbon dioxide by 0.874 tons/year when water velocity is 1.5 m/s.

Pattern of Drowning among Autopsies Conducted at Baroda Medical College and S.S.G Hospital

Drowning kills at least 3,72,000 people every year and is the 3rd leading cause of unintentional deaths. In addition to the human tragedy, drowning represents a huge economic problem with direct and indirect costs, including many Disability-Adjusted Life Years. In India, there is limited knowledge about the epidemiology of drowning.The objective of the study was to study the incidence, manner and epidemiology of deaths due to drowning in and around Vadodara region.The present study was conducted from May 2022 to April 2023 in Government Medical College, Baroda on 82 cases to study the various epidemiological parameters of drowning. In this study period, 1989 cases of post-mortem examination were done out of which 82 cases were of drowning deaths. A maximum number of cases were seen in the age group of 21–30 years with 43% cases of males, dominating the study population. 62% of deaths were accidental in nature and occurred during the rainy season. The most common place of occurrence of drowning was river (38%) followed by water canal (31%). Soddening of hands and feet was the most common external feature of drowning followed by the presence of froth at mouth and nostril. Drowning is a most ignored public hazard worldwide with serious implications for the society. Public awareness regarding safety measures and drowning prevention strategies suitable to the needs of geographical region should be adapted.

Ethical and Legal Protection of Drinking Water Resources in Islamic Jurisprudence (with Emphasis on Drinking Water Resources in Kabul)

Water is a vital resource for all living beings. The increase in population and decrease in rainfall in many cities around the world have led to serious water scarcity and pollution of wells and water resources in countries. The expansion of industrial production has resulted in the release of pollutants into surface and groundwater in cities and farmlands of countries. Therefore, this research has been conducted in a library way to examine the views and solutions of Islamic jurisprudence on resolving the problems and preserving the health of drinking water resources and wells, especially in Kabul. The findings of this research are that to preserve the health of water resources, a legal or spatial boundary between neighboring wells or farmers is required to be 500 meters in soft land, but in hard land, at least 250 meters between them is necessary to prevent the resulting damages. However, the distance between a well and a septic tank is 2.5 meters in hard land, and at least 7 cubits or 3.5 meters in soft areas. This is to purify water pollutants and prevent the resulting damages to neighbors. The legal boundary approach has been stated to compensate for the damage caused by a well or a water canal. Moral boundary means the growth of human responsibility to prevent water and environmental pollution in Islamic jurisprudence. Natural pollutant filters for well and canal water are the elements of soil, sand, abundant or flowing water, and oxygen present in water in Islamic jurisprudence.

Spatial variation in physicochemical water quality parameters associated with Rice farming in the Dakalt Branch Canal, Kafrelsheikh governorate, Egypt

AbstractThe inappropriate use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in rice farming has been identified as a significant source of pollution in the aquatic environments. The declining water quality has been a cause of concern for the riparian communities owing to ill health associated with the usage of contaminated water from lotic systems draining such rice‐growing areas and its potential to cause lethal and sublethal effects on aquatic organisms. The spatial variation of selected water quality parameters was assessed using multivariate techniques. Data from three sampling stations, collected in triplicates, were analyzed to understand the effects of rice farming practices on the Dakalt Branch Canal's water quality. Eleven physicochemical parameters were measured in situ with a portable multimeter, while nutrients and other chemical parameters were determined following the standard procedures outlined in the American Public Health Association using the UV/Visible spectrophotometer. One‐way ANOVA was used to establish whether or not there were significant differences among means of various parameters. The findings revealed considerable spatial variability in the means for nearly all water quality parameters (p < 0.05). The Water Quality Index revealed that all the sampling stations were polluted with indices of more than 100. We conclude that poor rice management practices are responsible for the observed pollution of the River Nile and potentially lethal and sublethal effects on aquatic organisms and human health. We therefore recommend regular monitoring of the water quality of the Dakalt Branch Canal and that the relevant stakeholders, including farmers, embrace Best Management Practices, especially when applying pesticides and fertilizers.

Salinity challenges and adaptive strategies in salinization-affected coastal Bangladesh: Implications for agricultural sustainability and water resource management

Abstract Salinization has become a rising global concern due to its notable effects on agriculture and freshwater resources. Coastal region of Bangladesh has been struggling with elevated levels of soil and water salinity, exacerbated by storm surges and rising sea levels. We assessed nutrient and salinity contents in agricultural and homestead lands, and the level of salinity in pond and canal water in six sub-districts in coastal Bangladesh. Finally, using household (HH) survey, focus group discussion (FGD) and key informant interview (KII), we explored the adaptive practices and challenges of salinity issues in agriculture and drinking water management. Soil nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents exhibited significant variations across the sub-districts, which reflect the diversity of agricultural practices and soil management strategies. However, there was no notable difference in soil salinity across the sub-districts, which underscores the commonality of soil salinity as a pressing concern. Shyamnagar (13.99 dS m−1) recorded the highest level of pond water salinity, followed by Assasuni (13.96 dS m−1), Dacope (13.91 dS m−1), Koyra (13.58 dS m−1), Morrelganj (13.33 dS m−1), and Mongla (13.19 dS m−1) sub-districts, which highlights that water salinity decreased from exposed coast to the landward areas. Respondents in HH surveys, FGDs and KIIs identified salinity as a major challenge in agriculture and drinking water. Furthermore, climate-related stresses were recognized as significant challenges impacting crop productivity. The research highlights the feasibility of rainwater harvesting, with 89%–100% of HHs harvest rainwater in HH tanks, as an effective adaptive practice for managing drinking water. The study emphasizes the positive impact of vermicompost in reducing soil salinity levels, which is demonstrated by the 43%–88% of HHs using this practice, indicating its potential as a nature-based solution to address soil salinization. The findings underscore the need for resilient agricultural systems and sustainable water management approaches to tackle these challenges.

Novel hybrid treatment for canal water recycling by integrating coagulation, catalytic ozonation, and filtration for agricultural sustainability

This study employed a novel approach, utilizing recycled alumina flocs after coagulation/flocculation (C/F) as a catalyst in catalytic ozonation (CO), along with the auxiliary catalyst sodium zeolite (Na-Z), where alumina produces hydroxyl radicals, and zeolite enhances molecular ozone reactions. This synergistic strategy focuses on treating contaminated canal water, recognizing that the presence of various pollutants can reduce the efficacy of a singular catalyst type. In the current investigation, alum, Na-Z, and rice husk (RH) were applied as a coagulant, catalyst, and filter media in C/F, CO, and filtration processes respectively. Four treatment technologies (C/F, O3, O3/Na-Z, and RHF) were studied independently and in four different combinations (O3–C/F, C/F–O3, C/F–O3/Na-Z, and C/F–O3/Na-Z–RHF) for the first time and their efficacious performance was evaluated. It was revealed that the combination-IV (C/F–O3/Na-Z–RHF) was a more efficient and economical treatment than others. This novel integrated treatment C/F–O3/Na-Z–RHF has remarkable removal efficiency of 99 %, 99 %, 85 %, 93 %, 100 %, 89 %, and 93 % for TSS, turbidity, COD, BOD5, fecal coliforms, cadmium, and copper respectively, under optimized working conditions. Also, treated canal water complied with the studied irrigation water quality guidelines. Notably, this efficient treatment combination halved the treatment time compared to others, potentially reducing the electrical energy demand of 11.45 kWh.m−3 and the overall operational treatment cost of 1.62 USD.m−3. Hence, the application of this efficient hybrid treatment system contributed to recycling canal water for agricultural use, livestock, and pasture watering, playing a crucial role in mitigating the water crisis.

Effects of water quality and nitrogen on wheat productivity: Experimental and modelling study using the SALTMED model

AbstractThe effects of different water qualities and nitrogen doses need to be investigated for wheat growth to determine the optimal management strategy for sustaining wheat production potential to ensure human food security. Therefore, a 2‐year study (2020–2021 to 2021–2022) was conducted on wheat irrigated with different water qualities, including canal water (Ca), tubewell water (Tu) and mixed Ca‐Tu water (Mx), each fertilized with two nitrogen doses, that is, N75 = 75 kgN.ha−1 and N100 = 100 kgN.ha−1. Ca⨯N100 performed best, with 5.12 t.ha−1 grain yield, 11.60 t.ha−1 biomass, 102.83 cm plant height and 1.32 kg.m−3 water productivity. The best values of the root mean square error (RMSE), normalized root mean square error (NRMSE), coefficient of determination (R2) and coefficient of residual mass (CRM) were 0.11, 0.12, 0.93 and −0.004, respectively, for calibration and 0.13, 0.15, 0.87 and ±0.01, respectively, for validation of the SALTMED model. The scenario simulation was performed for additional levels of water salinity (electrical conductivity [EC] = 8 and 12 dS.m−1) and nitrogen doses (50, 125, 150 and 175 kgN.ha−1). The results revealed improvements in wheat grain yield of 107%, 16% and −6% at EC = 8 dS.m−1 and 125%, 31% and 5% at EC = 12 dS.m−1, while the improvements in biomass were 113%, 22% and −2% at EC = 8 dS.m−1 and 137%, 29% and 8% at EC = 12 dS.m−1 with increasing nitrogen doses from 50–125 kg.ha−1, 125–150 kg.ha−1 and 150–175 kg.ha−1, respectively. It is recommended that high‐quality water with the lowest possible EC and nitrogen applications of up to 150 kgN.ha−1 be adopted for wheat production in semi‐arid areas of Punjab, Pakistan.

Linking recharge water sources to groundwater composition in the Hindon subbasin of the Ganges River, India

Groundwater resources of the densely populated Indo-Gangetic Basin are under increasing pressure, not only from extensive groundwater abstraction, but also from contamination. In this study we aim to better understand how different recharge sources affect the hydrochemical and isotope composition of groundwater. We used the Hindon subbasin in Northern India as a case study. Recharge water sources and groundwater were analysed for hydrochemical variables and stable isotopes along a 50 km transect between the Yamuna and Ganges rivers. Groundwater samples were statistically clustered based on hydrochemical variables, and the spatial variation of the groundwater clusters was compared with recharge sources.Groundwater quality could be linked to both recharge from irrigation canal water as well as recharge from polluted river water of the Hindon and its tributaries. We could not directly link groundwater outside these related zones to their recharge source. However, we suspect that shallow polluted groundwater (< 40 m depth) is affected by recharge from agricultural areas and infiltration of municipal wastewater, whereas deeper unpolluted groundwater (40–80 m depth) originates from recharge by rain and river water under more pristine conditions. Our findings show that human activities significantly impact the quality of groundwater, as we found vertical recharge of clean irrigation canal water and polluted municipal, agricultural and river surface water (up to 40 m depth). At one location, groundwater at 75 m depth shows increased Cl, NO3 and SO4 concentrations, suggesting accelerated downward displacement of polluted shallow groundwater by pumping. Limited horizontal displacement was found. We present a conceptual model demonstrating the evolution from a previously unpolluted groundwater system discharging to the river, to a contemporary system with infiltration dominance of polluted river, municipal and agricultural water and local clean irrigation canal water. This model may be relevant for large parts of the Indo-Gangetic Basin.

Enhanced pollution removal from canal water by coupling aeration to floating treatment wetlands

Floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) are natural solutions for purifying polluted water, providing a green surface area and improving city landscape. This study investigated if the efficiency of FTWs can be improved by aeration for treating contaminated canal water. The three used plant species were Canna generalis, Phragmites australis, and Cyperus alternifolius. The experiment was carried out in three FTWs with aeration and three without aeration to compare the removal for COD, NH4 +-N, E. coli, PO4 3−-P, and Fe. In the aerated FTWs, air blowers were installed to run at two different air flow rates of 2.5 L min−1 (Batch 1) and 1.0 L min−1 (Batch 2). Aeration increased the dissolved oxygen concentrations in each tank, which came over 6.5 mg L−1 in both batches. This study sheds light on the positive impact of aeration has on COD and NH4 +-N removal: these are nearly three-fold higher compared to non-aeration conditions and reached approximately 99% (1.7-log reduction) for E. coli removal. Additionally, the plant growth rate in the aerated FTWs was higher than in the non-aerated ones. The average shoot growth rate of Phragmites australis was 0.76 cm d−1 for the aerated FTW which was two-fold higher compared to the non-aerated one.

Assessment of poly(diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) and lime for surface water treatment (pond, river, and canal water): seasonal variations and correlation analyses.

The present study deals with the assessment of different physicochemical parameters (pH, electrical conductivity (E.C.), turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and dissolved oxygen) in different surface water such as pond, river, and canal water in four different seasons, viz. March, June, September, and December 2023. The research endeavors to assess the impact of a cationic polyelectrolyte, specifically poly(diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) (PDADMAC), utilized as a coagulation aid in conjunction with lime for water treatment. Employing a conventional jar test apparatus, turbidity removal from diverse water samples is examined. Furthermore, the samples undergo characterization utilizing X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The study also conducts correlation analyses on various parameters such as electrical conductivity (EC), pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity of raw water, polyelectrolyte dosage, and percentage of turbidity removal across different water sources. Utilizing the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software, these analyses aim to establish robust relationships among initial turbidity, temperature, percentage of turbidity removal, dosage of coagulant aid, electrical conductivity, and total dissolved solids (TDS) in pond water, river water, and canal water. A strong positive correlation could be found between the percentage of turbidity removal and the value of initial turbidity of all surface water. However, a negative correlation could be observed between the polyelectrolyte dosage and raw water's turbidity. By elucidating these correlations, the study contributes to a deeper understanding of the effectiveness of PDADMAC and lime in water treatment processes across diverse environmental conditions. This research enhances our comprehension of surface water treatment methodologies and provides valuable insights for optimizing water treatment strategies to address the challenges posed by varying water sources and seasonal fluctuations.

Retrospective evaluation of patients admitted to the emergency department due to drowning

Introduction: Drowning is a preventable process that can result in respiratory failure and death, and often occurs accidentally. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the demographic characteristics and clinical course of the patients admitted to our emergency department in a district neighbouring a lake due to drowning. Methods: Demographic characteristics, time of presentation, swimming ability, accident mechanism, predisposing factors, Glasgow coma scores (GCS), treatment, discharge, hospitalisation decisions, and mortality status of all patients admitted to our emergency department between January 2018 and January 2023 were recorded retrospectively from patient files and the digital automation system. Results: Twenty (66.7%) patients were male and 10 (33.3%) were female; the patients wereaged between 6 months and 59 years, with a mean age of 14.06 years. An analysis of the site of incident revealed that 26 cases (86.6%) drowned in the lake and 4 cases (13.3%) drowned in a water canal. When we analysed the predisposing factors, it was found that one of the cases drowned after an accidental fall while walking on the rocks and one of the cases drowned after having chest pain and syncope. Among the cases with a GCS of 3, 1 of them died in the intensive care unit after 12 hours, 3 of them recovered with tracheostomy sequelae, and the remaining 14 cases died in the emergency department. Mortality was not observed in any of the 12 cases with a GCS of 14 or above. Fourteen cases died in the emergency department, 11 were referred to the intensive care unit, and 5 cases were discharged after emergency department follow-up. When we classified the patients according to Szpilman's clinical classification system, 8 cases were classified as Grade1, 4 cases as Grade 2, 16 cases as Grade 5, and 2 cases as Grade 6. Conclusion: Raising awareness of families with children and increasing the necessary safety measures in water canals in summer months and in lakes is believed to reduce drowning-induced mortality. In addition to preventing drowning cases, providing the public with first aid training for drowning and healthcare professionals with appropriate assessment, intervention, and treatment algorithms may further reduce mortality.

GSM Based Canal Gate and Flood Monitoring and Control System

Technology based modern Irrigation systems are the recent requirement in every part of world today. The irrigation water is being used for agricultural, industrial and domestic purposes. Owing to mismanagement and inequitable distribution of water, it is necessary to have a fool-proof system where water is supplied to the end-users judiciously. Due to the variable atmospheric circumstances these conditions sometimes may vary from place to place, which makes very difficult to operate the canal gate manually and instantly. Therefore, we proposed. The “GSM based Canal gate and Flood monitoring and control system’’ canal gates are monitored and controlled after sensing the water level and flow speed. In our project the water level and flow will be calculated automatically and send towards the operator through SMS and the Canal Gate is operated according to the collected data, this system also Announce flood in case of high level of water and speed of water in River or canals by the help of Alarming as well as lightning tower with green, yellow and red lights indication of normal, intermediate and flood conditions respectively.

Spatial distribution characteristics of relationship network of Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal water engineering facilities based on Gephi

The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, China’s oldest and most crucial water transportation project, ensures smooth operation and efficient water transportation through interconnected water engineering facilities. Studying the connections among the water engineering facilities of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is theoretically and practically significant for preserving and innovating canal heritage. Therefore, this study utilizes social network analysis to comprehensively examine the spatial connections and network status of water engineering facilities along the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal across different channel structure. Gephi 0.10.1 was utilized in this study to construct a relational network of water engineering facilities along the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, with each facility considered as a network node. By applying network analysis indices such as degree, closeness centrality, and betweenness centrality, the correlation between water engineering facilities was thoroughly investigated. The study’s findings reveal that: (1) the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal possesses numerous overall network nodes with extensive coverage; however, its overall network density is relatively low, and the inter-node connection is weak. (2) Across the entire network, the spatial distribution of degree and betweenness centrality exhibits a clustered pattern. Their distribution patterns are centered on the Lake region section where Hongze Lake is located and the segment from Liucheng to Zhenjiang in the Lake region, the River transport confluence section, and the Nature river section, respectively. The spatial distribution characteristics of closeness centrality show a dispersed shape, with stronger areas mainly concentrated in the canal’s tributaries, especially the Nature river section, which shows more prominence. (3) Analyzed from a channel structure perspective, water engineering facilities in different sections assume distinct linking roles within the network. Facilities in the Lake region section play the strongest overall linkage role, partly due to its highest node proportion. Conversely, in the Nature river section, facilities primarily serve transshipment and direct connection functions, whereas in the River transport confluence section, they act mainly as intermediaries or “bridges”. Notably, water control facilities in the Nature river section and river engineering facilities in the River transport confluence section play pivotal driving roles in their respective sections, warranting special attention and protection as critical canal nodes.