Canal Water Supply Research Articles

Multi-scale closed-loop coupled real-time water quantity optimization scheduling of cascade pumping station in water supply canal systems

Closed-loop control is an effective control method to deal with uncertain disturbance in water supply canal system (WSCS). However, previous researches mainly focus on closed-loop control with a single time scale, and it is difficult to solve the uncertainty problem with a long time dimension. In this paper, a multi-scale closed-loop coupled real-time scheduling framework is established and solved by considering both large and small scale closed-loop scheduling models, so as to improve the performance of real-time scheduling in a longer time dimension under uncertain perturbations. The framework is applied to the virtual simulation test of the Xuhong River WSCS of the east route of the South-to-North Water Diversion project under different water distribution disturbances. The results show that the closed-loop control method can update the system status regularly through rolling optimization, and effectively reduce the prediction error of water level and energy consumption. In the two water distribution disturbance scenarios, the proposed method reduces the average relative deviation of water supply plan execution by 3.4 % and 5.9 %, and the unit energy consumption of cascade pumping station operation by 1.7 kWh/104m3 and 1.5 kWh/104m3, respectively, compared with the single-scale closed-loop scheduling method. In addition, the proposed method can effectively deal with the uncertainty of water distribution disturbance in limited computing time, and can meet the requirements of real-time scheduling in a long time dimension under uncertain disturbance.

Tiny-Machine-Learning-Based Supply Canal Surface Condition Monitoring.

The South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China is an extensive inter-basin water transfer project, for which ensuring the safe operation and maintenance of infrastructure poses a fundamental challenge. In this context, structural health monitoring is crucial for the safe and efficient operation of hydraulic infrastructure. Currently, most health monitoring systems for hydraulic infrastructure rely on commercial software or algorithms that only run on desktop computers. This study developed for the first time a lightweight convolutional neural network (CNN) model specifically for early detection of structural damage in water supply canals and deployed it as a tiny machine learning (TinyML) application on a low-power microcontroller unit (MCU). The model uses damage images of the supply canals that we collected as input and the damage types as output. With data augmentation techniques to enhance the training dataset, the deployed model is only 7.57 KB in size and demonstrates an accuracy of 94.17 ± 1.67% and a precision of 94.47 ± 1.46%, outperforming other commonly used CNN models in terms of performance and energy efficiency. Moreover, each inference consumes only 5610.18 μJ of energy, allowing a standard 225 mAh button cell to run continuously for nearly 11 years and perform approximately 4,945,055 inferences. This research not only confirms the feasibility of deploying real-time supply canal surface condition monitoring on low-power, resource-constrained devices but also provides practical technical solutions for improving infrastructure security.

Building MODFLOW Model in ModelMuse GUI For Bari Doab

This steady state groundwater model was developed in ModelMuse GUI developed by USGS, for irrigated areas of Bari Doab with an area of 2.95657 Mha (million hectares) GCA (gross command area). Under this study, the data of depth to watertable in all canal commands of Bari Doab was also collected and analyzed. Canal water supplies have recharged the aquifer and created a groundwater resource in the command areas. Continued abstraction and extensive exploitation of groundwater have resulted in the depletion of the ground watertable especially in fresh groundwater areas. Although there is clear evidence of groundwater over exploitation, in the form of falling watertables, even then, hundreds of new wells are being installed every year without knowing the sustainability of the aquifer for meeting this increased demand. For this purpose, ModelMuse GUI (graphical user interface), which is downloadable without any fee, was used for building MODFLOW model for Bari Doab, which can be used for different scenario simulations such as climate change and re-allocation. Model was calibrated and graphs were prepared in Excel. According to the calibration results, farmers are pumping 50 to 60 % higher than canal and rainfall recharge to groundwater.

Identifying the suitable managed aquifer recharge (MAR) strategy in an overexploited and contaminated river basin.

Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) is a promising adaptation measure to reduce vulnerability to climate change and hydrological variability. However, in areas where the basin is highly polluted, densely populated, and intensely cultivated, implementing suitable MAR strategies is a significant challenge. This study used a geographic information system-based multicriteria decision analysis (GIS-MCDA) approach to delineate the MAR potential sites using seven thematic layers describing surface and subsurface features. Further, basin-specific MAR approach was developed using information such as polluted water areas, canal network distribution for water supply, and cropping patterns. The results of this study indicate that only 17% of the area is highly suitable, while 54% and 29% were found moderately suitable and unsuitable for the MAR approach. Since most highly and moderately suitable sites were falling in the agricultural areas, agricultural-based MAR (AgMAR) was considered a preferred option. AquaCrop model for sugarcane was developed considering excess canal water supply during the grand growth stage to understand the AgMAR potential in the study area. It was observed that the potential recharge under normal irrigation scenarios varies from 135.5 to 272mm/year, which can be increased through AgMAR up to 545mm/year depending on the water availability for excess irrigations. This study provides an improved understanding of the parameters that should be considered for MAR site selection and post-GIS-MCDA analysis to assess the basin-specific MAR strategy.

Predictive control for the operation of cascade pumping stations in water supply canal systems considering energy consumption and costs

Water supply canal systems (WSCSs) have a significant environmental and energetic impact due to the large amount of energy consumed in water pumping and water losses. The safe and efficient operation of these systems is crucial. This study presents a closed-loop predictive control method for the operation of pumping stations in WSCSs, considering operation safety and energy consumption. In the proposed method, a linear prediction model derived from the hydrodynamic model is used for state prediction; data assimilation is used to correct the prediction model based on the feedback water level information; on the basis of the prediction results, the optimization control model for energy or cost saving is rolling established and solved to obtain the optimal pump control strategy. The method was tested on a virtual simulation model of a WSCS with two pumping stations under uncertain disturbances and compared to an open-loop optimal control method. The results demonstrated that the proposed method's cost- and energy-driven optimization strategies could reduce the system's operating energy and cost by 5.1 % and 5.5 %, respectively while ensuring the safe operation of the system. Compared with the result of 1.4 % energy reduction and 0.2 % cost reduction under the open-loop optimal control, the proposed method can retain a better optimization effect under uncertain disturbance and has good robustness. Furthermore, the method can be modified according to the needs of the WSCSs for pump control.

Modeling of Irrigation Water Demand for Sustaining Crop Yield in Saline Environment

Increasing the productivity of water and making safe use of poor quality water in agriculture will play a vital role in easing competition for scarce water resources prevention of environmental degradation and provision of food security. The purpose of this study is to cover the crop water demand and supply gap with the management strategies. The comparison of actual water supplies and demand, i.e. crop water demand has been calculated and found that demand is more than supply. The daily reference evapotranspiration for Bhutana distributory is estimated using pan-Montieth method in CROPWAT model and crop-water demand has also been calculated using CROPWAT model. The supply shortfall in total Rabi seasons is 329.5 mm in 2009-10 and 162.2 in 2010-11. This gap is met by pumping ground water. Different scenario is generated after canal supply gap analysis because supply is less and demand is more and at the same, ground water quality is not so good. In some places, there is a problem of salinity or sodicity. Twelve point have been selected for soil sample from different locations of Butanadistributory. The result revealed that EC, SAR, RSC varies from 1.5 g/kg, 2.7-20 (mmoles kg-1)0.5 , 0- 8.8 mg/l. The best management strategies such as growing salt tolerant crops varieties and proper irrigation scheduling with effective conjunctive use of multiquality irrigation water, and pre-sowing water management was suggested for various scenarios of deficit canal water supply, poor soil and ground water quality, and water logging conditions for growing more food with less water of good/poor quality. This study will be helpful for engineers, researchers and farmers in taking decision on utilization of ground water, which will minimize their yield losses in scarce water supply and marginal quality of ground water.

Sustainability of Boro rice cultivation in the canal irrigated command area of India

Abstract A comprehensive assessment and monitoring of rice intensification in canal irrigated command areas and its consequences on groundwater dynamics have enormous importance for the water–food–energy nexus. This study analyzed the spatiotemporal transition of Boro rice cultivation, canal irrigation practices during the cultivation season, and its effect on groundwater of a pioneering multipurpose water resource project in India. The rice maps from 1989 to 2018 were generated from Landsat and Sentinel-2A images using the Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis Technique Algorithm (ISODATA), the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and the enhanced vegetation index (EVI) to understand the historical distribution of rice cultivation. The ISODATA clustering algorithm performed well compared to the NDVI and the EVI with medium-resolution satellite images. The impact of Boro rice cultivation on groundwater resources was investigated by considering GLDAS NOAH model-based crop evapotranspiration, rainfall, and canal water supply. The area under rice cultivation increased from 33 to 66% during 1989–2018 due to its higher stress tolerance ability and productivity. However, during the cultivation period, the canal water supply was limited to the upstream and middle section of the command area, irrigating only 19% of the rice-cultivated area on average. The unavailability of the canal water supply during the cultivation season has led to 31 m of groundwater level depletion, which, if unchecked, may lead to overexploitation of groundwater in the middle and lower sections of the command area. The results of this study can be used to identify vulnerable areas that require urgent attention and accurate implementation of any agricultural or hydrological policy.

Climate variability in agroecosystems: A quantitative assessment of stakeholder-defined policies for enhanced socio-ecological resilience

CONTEXTThe development of methods for improving the assessment of resilience of socio-ecological systems has become increasingly important as the severity and variability of global climate patterns continue to compound and intensify. OBJECTIVEThe present study was conducted with the aim of using a dynamically-coupled bio-physical and socioeconomic model to test the efficacy of stakeholder-defined policy measures in conferring resilience to two agroecological variables, farm income and water-table depth, experiencing both socio-ecological shocks and climatic stress in the Rechna Doab basin of northeastern Pakistan. METHODSThe objective was accomplished by using a dynamically-coupled physical and group-built system dynamics modelling framework for scenario testing and output generation, including three NASA Earth Exchange Global Daily Downscaled Climate Projections (NEX-DGGP), two relevant socio-ecological shock scenarios (market inflation and canal water supply variability), and three stakeholder-defined policy measures. Resilience was assessed using the following system functionality metrics: 1) The degree of return for each variable after a perturbation, i.e., the extent to which the observed variable returns to baseline functioning; 2) The return time of the variable to baseline functioning; 3) The rate of variable return to baseline; 4) Overall perturbation of the system post-disturbance; and 5) The corrective impact of the shock on system functionality. Differences in the resilience metrics were subsequently compared based on the behavioral change(s) of the study variables in response to the application of the three selected policy scenarios. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSThe results presented here indicate that rainwater harvesting is the most effective stakeholder-defined policy measure for improving or maintaining resilience of the tested study variables in the Rechna Doab agricultural basin; this holds true for every climate and shock scenario with the exception of water-table depth in the upper and mid-watershed regions under canal supply shock conditions, for which canal lining is the most effective policy measure. The irrigation improvement and canal lining policies were more effective in improving the resilience metrics of water-table depth than those of the farm income variable, as the water-table depth variable is not bound so tightly by economic constraints; although there were regional differences in policy efficacy, these trends hold true, on average, for the entire watershed. The results presented herein align well with previous studies conducted in the region which note similar patterns in spatial resilience of agroecosystem variables (i.e., upper to lower watershed) in the Recha Doab basin as well as regional differences in the efficacy of the stakeholder-defined policy measures. SIGNIFICANCEThis unique approach for assessing socio-environmental policies can help improve decision-making processes with respect to agro-infrastructure and climate change mitigation strategies in vulnerable agroecosystems.

Impact assessment of indigenous field-level water storage structure (diggi) on agriculture in the great Indian desert

In the arid region of Rajasthan, India, it is very often a challenge to store rain/surface water for year-round use by human and livestock. The inhabitants of this desert area have developed several water storage structures, which they used to construct based on their indigenous knowledge of local terrain conditions. Recently, farmers living in the lower command areas of Indira Gandhi canal have constructed micro-farm water storage structures, called diggi, in their cropland. They store allocated canal water in diggi to timely utilize it as per irrigation requirements, and thus, done away with problems of deficit and untimely canal water supply. This impact assessment study, carried out in Poogal tehsil of Bikaner district, analyzed high-resolution satellite images for 2 years and used a geographic information system to quantify diggi structures and studied the diggi-growth interactions with changing rainfall pattern as well as land use/land cover. Results showed that during 2018, about 3243 number of structures were constructed compared to 241 existed during 2004–2005. The mean annual rainfall increased by 30% and crop area by 12,772 ha during the same period that included 7.86% increase in irrigated and 2.98% in rainfed croplands. Thus, diggi-based water management has been immensely helpful in the perspective of irrigated agriculture in the desert region.

Heritage documentation and structural analysis of historic water-supply canals

Heritage documentation and structural analysis of historic water-supply canals

Performance Evaluation and Water Availability of Canal Irrigation Scheme in Punjab Pakistan

The supply of surface water by century-old infrastructure causes substantial water loss and triggers huge abstractions of groundwater, resulting in low irrigation efficiency. We evaluated the irrigation performance (application and conveyance efficiencies) and water availability (supply-demand) from the field to the Mungi Distributary canal level in Punjab, Pakistan. Between April–September 2019 and 2020, we monitored water delivery in the canal network, soil moisture content in cotton fields, and the canal and groundwater quality. The crops’ actual evapotranspiration was estimated using the AquaCrop model. We found conveyance efficiencies >90% for minor distributaries, 70–89% for watercourses, and ~75% for field ditches per kilometer. Field application efficiency was >90% for drip and ~35% for flood basin, whereas for raised-bed furrow, conventional furrow, and ridge-furrow irrigation methods, it varied between 44% and 83%. The deficits of canal water supply versus demand for cotton fields ranged from 45% to 73%, whereas the Mungi Distributary canal water showed a 68.6% and 19.8% shortfall in the April–September and October–March seasons of 2018/2019, respectively. The study suggests prioritizing improvements to field water application rather than canals with better water quality; additionally, surplus water from the Mungi canal in November and December could be stored for later use.

ОЦЕНКА КАЧЕСТВА ВОДЫ В ИСТОЧНИКАХ ХОЗЯЙСТВЕННО-ПИТЬЕВОГО ВОДОСНАБЖЕНИЯ СЕЛЬСКИХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ НА СЕВЕРЕ КАЛМЫКИИ

Purpose: assessment of water quality in the source of centralized domestic water supply in the settlements of Bolshoy Tsaryn and Mirny in Oktyabrsky district of Kalmy-kia according to the main monitored indicators. Materials and methods. Water resources in the source of domestic water supply (before and after their treatment) in the settlements of Bolshoy Tsaryn and Mirny were considered as objects of study. The factual materials for the study were the protocols of laboratory studies of water quality in the distribution network of the settlement of Bolshoy Tsaryn, an explanatory note to the scheme of water supply and disposal of the settlements of Bolshoy Tsaryn and Mirny of Oktyabrsky district of the Republic of Kalmykia (2019), separate sections of the Scheme for the Integrated Use and Protection of Water Bodies of Endorheic Areas in the Interfluve of the Terek, Don and Volga (2014), as well as materials from previously published studies on the topic under consideration. Results. An analysis of the laboratory testing of samples shows that the water in the considered water supply source is suitable according to radiological indicators and the results of sanitary and hygienic analyzes, however, its quality does not meet the requirements of regulatory documents in terms of color (exceeds 20°) and turbidity (more than 2.6 FMU). Conclusions. When comparing analyzes of water samples taken from the network before and after treatment, it can be concluded that its organoleptic properties after purification are reduced by 15.9–26.2 % in terms of “color” and by 25.29–47.4 % in terms of “turbidity”, this is not always enough to meet the requirements of Sanitary Rules and Regulations. To address the issues of increased water color and turbidity, it is necessary to carry out deepening measures in the water intake area, as well as systematic cleaning of the canal's water supply network from sediment. In addition, it is necessary to consider the possibility of drinking water post-treatment through additional filtration.

Inca water channel flow analysis based on 3D models from terrestrial and UAV laser scanning at the Chachabamba archaeological site (Machu Picchu National Archaeological Park, Peru)

The Chachabamba archaeological site contains a unique water complex erected and modified by the Incas. Based on archaeological investigations within the ceremonial sector, it has been established that the function of this water complex was strictly ceremonial. Moreover, hydrodynamic studies of the water supply canals have verified the previous findings. Due to the complex characteristics of the site, which is largely overgrown by dense vegetation, we employed a methodology not previously applied in the region. Three-dimensional documentation techniques were used to produce hydrodynamic analyses of the site, which facilitated the preparation of appropriate models that are key to understanding the function of the entire water system.

Methodology of modeling nonlinear geomechanical processes in blocky and layered rock masses on models made of equivalent materials

The research purpose is to develop a methodology that increases the reliability of reproduction and research on models made of equivalent materials of complex nonlinear processes of deformation and destruction of structured rock masses under the influence of underground mining operations to provide a more accurate prediction of the occurrence of dangerous phenomena and assessment of their consequences. New approaches to similarity criterion based on the fundamental laws of thermodynamics; new types of equivalent materials that meet these criteria; systems for the formation of various initial and boundary conditions regulated by specially developed computer programs; new technical means for more reliable determination of stresses in models; new methods for solving inverse geomechanical problems in the absence of the necessary initial field data have been developed. Using the developed methodology, a number of complex nonlinear problems have been solved related to estimates of the oscillatory nature of changes in the bearing pressure during dynamic roof collapse processes; ranges of changes in the frequency of processes during deformation and destruction of rock mass elements, ranges of changes in their accelerations; parameters of shifts with a violation of the continuity of the rock mass under the influence of mining: secant cracks, delaminations, gaping voids, accounting for which is necessary to assess the danger of the formation of continuous water supply canals in the water-protection layer.

Smooth Mixed-Geometry Transitions in Water-Supply Canals

AbstractFifth-degree parametric equations were developed to calculate the cross-sectional dimensions and bed centerline elevations (thus, the geometric surface coordinates) between the two ends of ...

Effect of precise levelling, tillage and seed sowing methods of pearlmillet based cropping systems on productivity and soil quality in dryland area

Pearlmillet (PM) - Indian mustard (IM) is a major cropping system of dryland areas having some provision for supplemental irrigation either from groundwater or seasonal canal water supplies. In India, quite for some time, the PM-IM cropping system has been showing signs of stress and decline in system productivity and profitability, primarily due to deteriorating soil quality associated with the inability of the PM-IM growers to return any crop residues back to the soil. The objective of research study conducted during 2014−17 could improve the soil quality, productivity of the system and make it more profitable was to find if shift from traditional to an innovative conservation agriculture (CA) farming system. The study was conducted on rainy season PM based four dry winter season crops involving an IM and three legume crops- chickpea (CP), fieldpea (FP) and lentil (L) under two methods of land levelling viz. conventional (CLL) and precision laser-assisted land levelling (PLL), and three tillage and seed sowing (TSS) methods- conventional tillage (CT), zero tillage (ZT) and permanent raised broad bed- furrow (PBBF). The results of PLL and PBBF seed sowing significantly enhanced the soil quality parameters, yield attributing characters, productivity of rainy and winter season crops and of the cropping systems, net returns and water use efficiency (WUE) as compared with the conventional practices. Improvement in soil quality parameters and performance of the cropping systems followed the order: PM-CP > PM-L > PM-FP > PM-IM. Research study showed that TSS method with PBBF with in conjunction PLL can further make this system more productive and economically profitable, uplift soil quality and save resources.

SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER NEXUS: MANAGEMENT OPTION IN IRRIGATED AREAS OF LOWER BARI DOAB CANAL USING MODELING APPROACH

Lower Bari Doab Canal is the oldest irrigation system, however LBDC inequitably distribute the water from head to tail end. Spatial climate variability across the command area of LBDC has impact on reallocation of canal water supply and usage of irrigated water from head end to the tail end. The irrigation demand is increased with the increasing of cropping intensity due to increase of population, hence the surface water supply and rainfall do not fulfilled the crop water requirement then farmer abstracted more groundwater for fulfilled these requirement. At the tail end of LBDC, farmer extracted more water is causing groundwater mining due to lack of technical knowledge related to the management of groundwater. Now to management of this problem using simulation water balance approached from the data 2017- 2018 year. The water balance result show that total inflow in to system is 8197.13MCM from considering the parameter of recharge is 4006.278 MCM, supply from the canal is 4190.85 MCM but the total annual outflow is 18487.872 MCM from considering the parameter of evapotranspiration and groundwater abstraction. The change in water storage is (-10290.74MCM). The future scenarios result show that Scenario1: Due to climate change and uneven rainfall my cause to the now condition of groundwater and canal is not fulfill the crop water requirement. Scenario 2: Due to increase of groundwater the water table abstraction more decline at the end of the tail as compared to the head, the water abstraction falling at the 2.06m as compared to the head end 1.2m from the year 2017-2018 then it also effect on the water balance (-1131.31 MCM) to (- 12812.44). The result suggested that to manage the canal water supply, to build the storage system from saving the water at head end then to easily provide this to tail end and to avoid those crops which required more irrigation water and to use the artificial technique for the recharge of groundwater.

Evaluation of Parallel Pipe Subsurface Drainage System in a Waterlogged Paddy Field

Inadequate natural drainage facilities and flat lands causes, some of the Cauvery river basin command are suffering waterlogging and alkalinity problems during the canal water supply and period of excess rainfall. Subsurface drainage system is the method to lower the depth to groundwater level below the root zone and creates a favorable environment for crop growth. A study aimed to evaluate the performance of the parallel pipe subsurface system installed in farmers’ field at Sembari village, Lalgudi Taluk, Trichy District, Tamil Nadu in a waterlogged paddy field from October 2020 to February 2021. The field experiment was conducted with the combination of three lateral drain spacing (7.5, 10.0 and 12.5 m) and two drain depths (60 and 80 cm). 63 mm PVC perforated pipes wrapped with coir envelope were laid as lateral drains at a grade 0.3%. Inspection chambers connected with collector drains laid at a grade of 0.6% were used to measure the drain water discharge, observation wells installed midway between lateral pipes drains were used for measuring the depth to groundwater level. Hydraulic properties of soil, depth to water level, discharge collected in drain pipe were used as evaluation parameters. This study revealed that soil hydraulic conductivity had been increased to 30%, pH, EC and ESP has been reduced to 12, 54 and 20%, respectively. The system has performed well to alleviate the waterlogged condition in 7.5 m lateral drain spacing and 80 cm drain depth treatment by observing the higher rate of decrease in depth to water of 0.3 to 0.4 m and a drainage coefficient of 0.069 to 0.29 cm/day.

ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ БЕЗВИБРАЦИОННОГО МЕТОДА УКЛАДКИ БЕТОННОЙ СМЕСИ В ОБЛИЦОВКАХ КАНАЛОВ

The results of experimental studies are presented which make it possible to correct the technological parameters of laying the concrete mixture in the cladding of newly erected or reconstructed water supply canals. The studies were carried out on an experimental stand simulating the cannel profi le with a variable slope angle from 15° to 90°. The stand slope is covered with a conditional soil model in the form of a rough surface. To determine the relationship between the speed of the vibromold movement, the parameters of the concrete mixture, the profi le of the canal and the parameters of the concrete paver, mathematical models of the technological process have been developed. The analysis of the obtained results shows that accelerating additives signifi cantly reduce the duration of the concrete reaching its critical strength, in other words, it reduces the duration of the curing of the concrete under the formwork. The study of the obtained surface of the cladding on the stand shows that it contains some irregularities due to the absence of a smoothing strip. Therefore, under production conditions, concrete pavers must be equipped with smoothing devices, and the concrete mixture must be placed through a special hopper that regulates the height of the concrete mixture supply. For the construction of concrete linings on mobile concrete mixtures, it is recommended to use accelerating additives or their preliminary heating to a temperature of 50 … 60°C.

Remote Sensing and Modelling Based Framework for Valuing Irrigation System Efficiency and Steering Indicators of Consumptive Water Use in an Irrigated Region

Water crises are becoming severe in recent times, further fueled by population increase and climate change. They result in complex and unsustainable water management. Spatial estimation of consumptive water use is vital for performance assessment of the irrigation system using Remote Sensing (RS). For this study, its estimation is done using the Soil Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) approach. Performance indicators including equity, adequacy, and reliability were worked out at various spatiotemporal scales. Moreover, optimization and sustainable use of water resources are not possible without knowing the factors mainly influencing consumptive water use of major crops. For that purpose, random forest regression modelling was employed using various sets of factors for site-specific, proximity, and cropping system. The results show that the system is underperforming both for Kharif (i.e., summer) and Rabi (i.e., winter) seasons. Performance indicators highlight poor water distribution in the system, a shortage of water supply, and unreliability. The results are relatively good for Rabi as compared to Kharif, with an overall poor situation for both seasons. Factors importance varies for different crops. Overall, distance from canal, road density, canal density, and farm approachability are the most important factors for explaining consumptive water use. Auditing of consumptive water use shows the potential for resource optimization through on-farm water management by the targeted approach. The results are based on the present situation without considering future changes in canal water supply and consumptive water use under climate change.