Canal Discharge Research Articles

Comparative efficacy of new combined drugs against complicated otodectic mange in small domestic animals

The purpose of the research is to evaluate the comparative efficacy of two veterinary drugs («Inspector ear drops» and «Rolf Club 3D ear drops») to treat dogs and cats for otodectic mange complicated by otitis media of bacterial etiology.Materials and methods. A total of 36 animals participated in the studies. The studies were carried out at the VNIIP – FSC VIEV. The diagnosis was confirmed comprehensively from epidemiological data, clinical signs and laboratory tests. Microscopy of scrapings taken from the inner surface of the ears was performed to detect Otodectes cynotis. Bacteriological and mycological examination of ear canal discharge was conducted according to established procedures. Ear canal otoscopic examination was performed using a veterinary otoscope. For therapeutic purposes, the experimental animals were treated with «Inspector ear drops» and «Rolf Club 3D ear drops» as per instructions for use.Results and discussion. The initial comprehensive clinical examination diagnosed otodectic mange in all animals as complicated by acute otitis media of bacterial etiology. On treatment day 8, the animals showed a positive effect of the studied drugs; clinical signs of the disease reduced significantly. In a repeated clinical examination on day 11, most animals showed clinical recovery that was confirmed by negative bacteriological and mycological studies. Acarological studies showed no mites on days 8 and 14-15. However, the course of treatment was extended to 14 days for two dogs, after which their complete clinical recovery was observed. After the end of the study, the animals from the control group were treated with «Rolf Club 3D ear drops». Thus, an assessment of the results revealed that the drugs for veterinary use, «Inspector ear drops» and «Rolf Club 3D ear drops» showed an identical therapeutic effect in dogs and cats against otodectic mange complicated by acute bacterial otitis media.

Analysis of canal discharge management through remodeled structure at Guddu Barrage

As vital hydraulic infrastructure, barrages and canals are crucial for agricultural irrigation in Sindh Province, Pakistan. Any deviation from the intended design discharge can significantly impact water resource management, leading to economic losses. The Ghotki Canal in Sindh faced challenges in receiving its allocated inflow, prompting an extension of the divide wall at Guddu Barrage to 589.59 ft. However, this extension inadvertently exacerbated the problem by reducing the Ghotki canal's inflow, resulting in a 166.7 ft gap between the original and extended divide wall segments. This study takes a unique approach, using a non-distorted physical model at a scale ratio of 1:85, to assess the influence of the divide wall gap across five scenarios, varying gap width and river flow rates from 100,000 to 500,000 cusecs. The findings highlighted the disruptive effects of the gap on flow regimes, notably affecting critical infrastructure such as the silt excluder and left pocket capacity. Alterations in the divide wall gap width predominantly impact the Ghotki Canal discharge while minimally affecting the Rainee Canal. Without a divide wall gap, the Ghotki Canal's head regulator draws 88% of the designated capacity, while the Rainee Canal consistently receives its total inflow share of 10,000 Cusecs. In conclusion, this study underscores the importance of structure remodeling in barrages for effective water resource management, emphasizing the need for nuanced approaches to optimize canal performance and sustain agricultural livelihoods and regional development.

Performance Assessment of Irrigation Projects in Nepal by Integrating Landsat Images and Local Data

With growing global concern for food and water insecurity, an efficient method to monitor irrigation projects is essential, especially in the developing world where irrigation performance is often suboptimal. In Nepal, the irrigated area has not been objectively recorded, although their assessment has substantial implications for national policy, project’s annual budgets, and donor funding. Here, we present the application of Landsat images to measure irrigated areas in Nepal for the past 17 years to contribute to the assessment of the irrigation performance. Landsat 5 TM (2006–2011) and Landsat 8 OLI (2013–2022) images were used to develop a machine learning model, which classifies irrigated and non-irrigated areas in the study areas. The random forest classification achieved an overall accuracy of 82.2% and kappa statistics of 0.72. For the class of irrigation areas, the producer’s accuracy and consumer’s accuracy were 79% and 96%, respectively. Our regionally trained machine learning model outperforms the existing global cropland map, highlighting the need for such models for local irrigation project evaluations. We assess irrigation project performance and its drivers by combining long-term changes in satellite-derived irrigated areas with local data related to irrigation performance, such as annual budget, irrigation service fee, crop yield, precipitation, and main canal discharge.

Determination of the Canal Discharge Capacity Ratio and Roughness to Assess Its Maintenance Status: Application in Egypt

Waterlogging and soil salinity issues can be handled using surface or subsurface drainage networks, soil bed elevation, and soil and crop management patterns. A properly operating and maintained drainage system is important for both rural and urban inhabitants to protect lives and property from flooding and high groundwater levels, enhance health conditions, and safeguards water purity, soil salinity, and waterlogging. It also supports and increases crop yields and consequently rural incomes. This study assessed the maintenance condition of the main surface drains (Baloza and ELFarama) located in the Tina Plain (50,000 acres) and a portion of the Southeast El-Kantara regions (25,000 acres) in North Sinai, Egypt, based on the values of the Discharge Capacity Ratio (DCR) and Manning’s roughness (n). Ten measurement locations at the drain cross-section were used in the investigation. For the ELFarama Drain, the average values of n and DCR were found to be 0.029 and 86.2%, and for the Baloza Drain, they were 0.032 and 78.6%, respectively. Compared to the design values, the actual Manning’s roughness was higher, indicating that the drainage canals’ capacities had been reduced and that their upkeep was inadequate. In both drains, sedimentation is present and they need to be maintained, according to the hydrographic surveying results for the actual cross-sections compared to the planned cross-sections. A methodology for the channel maintenance method is presented. For removing vegetation and dredging sediment, a long-boom mechanical hydraulic excavator with a bucket is suggested and to be conducted every two years. To the results of this study, the amount of weed infestation in vegetated channels is the main factor that affects Manning’s roughness coefficient value. It is now easier to calculate the proportion of weeds that are submerged in vegetated channels using echo-sound sonar technology. The DCR is an affordable and simple methodology to assess the channel maintenance status for sustainable agriculture.

Обоснование методов гидравлических расчетов оросительных каналов

Purpose: justification of the applicability of various methods of hydraulic calculations of irrigation canals of land reclamation systems. It is recommended to use five types of hydraulic tasks allowing determining the following main parameters of irrigation canals for each type: conveying capacity (first type), canal slope (second type), roughness coefficient (third type), water flow depth (fourth type), cross-section dimensions of the irrigation canal (fifth type). Materials and methods. The well-known classical methods and dependences of N. N. Pavlovsky, B. A. Bakhmetev, R. R. Chugaev, A. A. Agroskin, Shezi and other scientists were taken as a basis during the research. Results. Methods for determining the main hydraulic characteristics of irrigation canals, including: canal discharge and slope and roughness coefficient are considered. These methods allow making calculations by the selection and graphical methods. The fifth type of problems is a series of independent solutions, where the effective width also calculated graphically is used. An analysis of the calculation results shows that for problems of the first type, the Chezy coefficients and hydraulic discharge decrease with an increase in the channel roughness coefficient values. Based on the calculated data obtained, canal discharge change chart depending on the roughness coefficient of the channel was constructed. Conclusions. The conditions for application of various methods of hydraulic calculation of irrigation canals were determined based on the results of the research. The values of the roughness coefficients of irrigation canals in impervious lining – concrete monolithic and reinforced concrete from prefabricated slabs are given. Summary calculation results for six different examples are presented.

Water Delivery Performance of Canal Irrigation: A Case Study of Chalakudy River Diversion Scheme

The role of irrigation is important in mitigating the challenges involved in food production under the changing climate scenarios. Adequacy and equity in water distribution are the primary concern regarding the performance of any irrigation scheme. Conveyance efficiency and two adequacy indicators, namely, Relative Water Supply and Adequacy were used to evaluate the performance of Chalakudy River Diversion Scheme (CRDS) located in central Kerala, India, in the present study, Water withdrawal data collected from Irrigation Department, and data collected from field measurements of canal discharge and seepage loss were used in the study. Irrigation requirement of the canal command area was worked out using the FAO’s CROPWAT 8.0 software. The results revealed that the average annual irrigation demand of the CRDS command area is 46.90 Mm3. Measured flow rate through the canal system showed that the flow decreases towards the tail end. Loss of water through seepage from the canal was high in the irrigation scheme due to the highly damaged condition of canal lining and poor maintenance. The CRDS canal system’s overall conveyance efficiency was found to be 51%. Based on Relative Water Supply and Adequacy Indicator, functioning of the irrigation scheme falls in the category of ‘fair’. Apart from proper repair and maintenance of canal system, conjunctive use of groundwater and canal water for irrigation is suggested towards the tail reaches to alleviate irrigation water inadequacy problems in the CRDS command area.

A novel irrigation canal scheduling model adaptable to the spatial-temporal variability of water conveyance loss

The water conveyance loss of irrigation canals shows significant spatial-temporal variability both along the canal reach and over time. An accurate representation of these variances in irrigation canal scheduling is essential to reduce water conveyance loss. However, the existing optimal irrigation scheduling models (OISMs) still have deficiencies in dealing with spatial-temporal variability of water conveyance losses, which seriously limits the model performance in many irrigation areas with high spatial-temporal variability. Borrowing a concept from hydrology, we propose a Dynamic Calculation Method of canal water conveyance loss (DMWCL), in which antecedent water conveyance index (AWCI) is defined to represent the effects of antecedent soil water content upon infiltration losses, and the integral-flow balance method is adopted to describe the characteristics of canal discharge decreasing along the canal reach. Based on the DMWCL, we present a novel canal scheduling model with the potential to adapt to spatial-temporal variability (DMWCL-CS). The new model is applied to the Hetao Irrigation District, Inner Mongolia, a typical agricultural watershed in China. Our results across the case studies show that the canal water delivery schedule derived by the DMWCL-CS model reduces water conveyance loss and improves irrigation performance, ranging from 2.49 million m3 to 10.60 million m3 in 2014 and from 0.60 million m3 to 6.17 million m3 in 2016, respectively, compared to that of three additional models. Interestingly, we find that the water delivery schedule of the DMWCL-CS model accelerates the wetting process of the canal bed soil to reduce the water conveyance loss and increases the discharge to adapt to the characteristics that the discharge decreases along the canal reach. The DMWCL-CS model provides essential insights for irrigation managers to formulate a canal water delivery schedule that adapts to spatial-temporal variability. The proposed framework is generic and can be integrated into any OISM.

Prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes bla-CTX-M, bla-SHV, bla-TEM in enterobacteria strains isolated from perinatal center patients

Relevance A common mechanism of resistance is the synthesis of enzymes that inactivate the antibiotic (AB). Since its discovery at the end of the 20th century, ESBLs have spread widely throughout the world. Representatives of this group of complex protein compounds have common properties of hydrolysis of ß-lactam antibiotics and differ from each other in amino acid sequence. The genetic determinants that determine their synthesis are the bla-CTX-M, bla-SHV, and bla-TEM genes. Aims. To assess the prevalence of bla-CTX-M, bla-SHV, bla-TEM genes in antibiotic-resistant strains of enterobacteria isolated from samples of patients of the perinatal center. Materials & Methods. We studied 135 strains of ESBL-producing enterobacteria isolated during microbiological monitoring from January 01, 2020 to December 31, 2021. Biological material (feces (92), blood (1), urine (5), cervical canal discharge (33), last (4)) came from patients of the perinatal center (43 women and 92 newborns), examined both for clinical indications and during local microbiological monitoring. Species identification of isolated microorganisms was carried out by bacteriological method, detection of antibiotic resistance genes was carried out using real-time PCR. Results. In 87 cases (64.4%), the studied genetic determinants of antibiotic resistance were successfully identified. Of the 26 studied strains of Klebsiella pneumonia, 24 (92.3%) were able to establish the determinants of resistance to AB, 50% of which are represented by bla-CTX-M. Out of 66 Escherichia coli, 59 (89.33%) had a genetic profile of antibiotic resistance, which was also dominated by bla-CTX-M (67.80%). However, in the Enterobacter cloacae group, it was possible to determine the presence of the studied genes only in 8.10% of cases. K. pneumoniae carrying three antibiotic resistance genes bla-CTX-M, bla-SHV, bla-TEM was isolated once from a sample of the cervical canal of a woman aged 27 years. E. coli strains carrying the CTX-M gene were isolated from 3 mother-child pairs out of 135 cases: in mothers – from the discharge of the cervical canal in the third trimester of pregnancy, in newborns – from feces in the first week of life, which can indicate possible transmission of an AB-resistant microorganism either in utero or through the birth canal. Conclusions. Thus, in the course of the study, determinants of antibiotic resistance of enterobacteria isolated from patients of the perinatal center were identified in 64.4% of cases. The dominant gene leading to the occurrence of AD among ESBL is the bla-CTX-M gene. The number of strains with an established genetic profile of resistance to AB is less among Enterobacter cloacae (p<0.001). In order to study the genetic profile in more detail and to identify the mechanisms for the formation of antibiotic resistance, it is necessary to expand the detection of observed genes

The role of chronic cervicitis and disorders of local immunity of the cervix in the etiology of undeveloped pregnancy

Aim. To determine the role of chronic cervicitis and violations of local immunity of the cervix in the etiology of miscarriage of the first trimester, as well as to justify the necessary scope of examination for timely therapeutic and preventive measures.
 Materials and methods. The results of a prospective and retrospective study of 225 women with undeveloped pregnancy who were admitted to a gynecological hospital are presented. All women received microscopic, cultural, and molecular genetic (PCR), studies of vaginal and cervical canal discharge, cytological studies of scrapings from the cervical canal and cervix, studies of the structure of cervical mucus and its immunoglobulin A, and pathomorphological studies of the fetal egg. According to the results of the pathomorphological examination of the abortion material in combination with the clinical data, the examined patients were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 included 95 women with bacterial infection of the fetal egg, group 2 90 women with viral infection of the fetal egg. As a control group, 40 women with normal progressive pregnancy were taken, who were admitted for its artificial termination.
 Results. Inflammatory diseases of the lower genital organs in the group of women with bacterial infection of the fetal egg are significantly more common than in the group of viral infection of the fetal egg and the control group, and correlate with the results of pathomorphological studies in more than 86.7% of cases. In the group of women with bacterial infection, according to the results of the study of the structure of cervical mucus and the level of secretory IgA, a decrease in local immunity of the cervix was revealed.
 Conclusion. The analysis of the research results allows us to confirm the concept of ascending infection of the fetal egg in the bacterial etiology of undeveloped pregnancy, which deserves the practical attention of obstetricians and gynecologists and further study for the timely treatment of at hospital phase dysbiotic and inflammatory diseases of the lower parts of the female genital organs during pregravidar preparation.

Decentralizing corruption: Irrigation reform in Pakistan

Does decentralizing the allocation of public resources reduce rent-seeking and improve equity? We study a governance reform in Pakistan’s vast Indus Basin irrigation system, where corruption is endemic. Using canal discharge measurements across Punjab province from 2006 to 2014, we find that water theft increased on channels taken over by local farmer organizations compared to those that remained bureaucratically managed, reducing agricultural surplus and substantially redistributing wealth from downstream to upstream landowners. Water theft increased by more along channels with relatively larger (more influential) upstream landowners, suggesting that the political-economy context is critical to the success, or lack thereof, of decentralization.

Comparative Use of Hydrologic Indicators to Determine the Effects of Flow Regimes on Water Quality in Three Channels across Southern Florida, USA

This study determines the relationships between water flow and water quality in three types of channels in southern Florida, USA: Shark River Slough, Peace River, and Hillsboro Canal. Peace River most resembles a natural channel with floodplain connectivity, sinuosity, and uninhibited flow. Shark River Slough has a natural, shallow channel with sheet flow, while the Hillsboro Canal is the most modified channel due to dredging, straightening, and regulated flow. Hydrologic indices for each channel were estimated to characterize flow regimes and flow variability, while concentration–discharge (C–Q) relationships were determined to quantify the impact of flow regime on water quality. The greatest variability in flow occurred at the Hillsboro Canal, followed by Peace River and Shark River Slough. Connectivity to floodplains and long durations of low and high flow pulses at Peace River and Shark River Slough contributed to the dilution of water quality constituent concentrations at higher flows. Conversely, the channelized characteristics of the Hillsboro Canal resulted in an enrichment of constituents, especially during high flows. This study suggests that C–Q relationships can be used in canal discharge management to prevent water quality degradation of sensitive downstream wetland and aquatic ecosystems.

Dynamic of groundwater table, peat subsidence and carbon emission impacted from deforestation in tropical peatland, Riau, Indonesia

Drainage canals have triggered peat subsidence and lowered groundwater table, enabling wildfires and peat degradation in Riau, Indonesia. This study examines the changes on groundwater table, peat subsidence rate, and carbon emission in response to deforestation and land cover changes. We established 31 study sites in some land cover types (i.e., oil palm plantation, acacia regrowth and shrub), with 124 monitoring shallow wells and 31 subsidence poles that were setup and have been monitored for 18 months. Groundwater table of all plots averaged -55 cm in Dosan Village, higher than that in Dayun Village (-66 cm). In accordance, peat had subsided in faster rate (8.4 cm year−1) in Dayun Village than that in Dosan (3.3 cm year−1). This average annual groundwater table has resulted in carbon emissions from peat decomposition up to 66 t CO2eq ha−1 year−1. On the other hand, canal discharge of these sites ranged from 2 to 73 dm3 s−1, averaging 26 dm3 s−1. These results evidence that land uses converted from peat forest, and the dimension of canal control the decrease in groundwater table, the pace of peat subsidence, and rate of carbon emissions in tropical peatlands.

РЕКОНСТРУКЦИЯ НОВОТРОИЦКОГО ВОДОХРАНИЛИЩА В СТАВРОПОЛЬСКОМ КРАЕ

Purpose: checking the headrace canal to the fall no. 1 for diversion capacity in connection with a change in the canal discharge. Due to the increase in the estimated flow for irrigation and watering, it is planned to build a canal from the reservoir to the fall no. 1. The tasks of the hydraulic computation included the determining of the headrace canal parameters for the intended catastrophic water discharge of 375 cubic m/s, the computation was carried out taking into account the non-steady flow in canal. For effective energy extinction in the tail-race of the fall, it is required to make a constructive decision and carry out a justification taking into account the topographic conditions of the structure's operation. It is necessary to resolve the issue of energy extinction in tail-race of the structure. Calculations of the toothed overfall for energy extinction in the tail-race are presented. Materials and methods. A version of the dissipator with an indented wall which allows dissipate energy in the constraint environment effectively and obtain a favorable distribution of velocities in the flow in tail race of the structure was adopted for the computation. A step-by-step computation for determining the diversion capacity of the fall no. 1 was carried out: first, the diversion capacity of the headrace canal was determined at a catastrophic discharge Q = 375 cubic m/s with a subsequent change in its hydraulic parameters, then the computation for dissipating the flow energy in the downstream of the structure are given. Results: the calculations of the jagged sill for damping the energy in the tail-race are presented, the indented wall of the fall is designed and the corresponding depths in the tail-race are calculated. Conclusions: the performed computation of the headrace canal and fall no. 1 made it possible to ensure the passage of a catastrophic flow rate equal to 375 cubic m/s, under set conditions.

Особенности микробиоты цервикального канала во втором триместре беременности при истмико-цервикальной недостаточности с клиникой вульвовагинита в зависимости от рH влагалищного содержимого

Study Objective: To study the microbiological composition of cervical canal in insuficiencia istmicocervical (IIC) in patients with vulvovaginitis depending on vaginal discharge рH. Study Design: perspective study. Materials and Methods. The study included 67 patients of reproductive age with clinical signs of vulvovaginitis and IIC. Where vaginal discharge рН was > 4.5, patients were prescribed empirical Metrogil Plus; these women comprised the study group (n = 40). Where vaginal discharge рН was ≤ 4.5, patients were prescribed empirical Tergynan; these women were controls (n = 27). Baseline anthropometric, social, clinical and anamnestic data, pregnancy characteristics and parity were recorded; then women underwent examination, and samples were collected for analysis (bacterioscopy, vaginal discharge рН measurement, bacteriological test). On day 9–11 of hospitalisation, patients had another speculum examination; clinical symptoms dynamics, pH and bacterioscopic test results were evaluated. Satisfaction with therapy, compliance and therapy-related arverse events were recorded. Study Results. Various Staphylococcus spp. were the most prevalent cause of the conditions in the study group (n = 17; 42.5%). In controls this value was 12 (44.4%). Staphylococcus spp. were mostly opportunistic saprophytic flora and usually were not pathogens, except for Staphylococcus haemolyticus, which was found in 11 (27.5%) patients in the study group and in 3 (11.1%) controls. Lactobacillus spp. Was diagnosed more often in controls than in the study group: 12 (44.4%) vs. 9 (22.5%) (р = 0.05). The control group was diagnosed only with Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus jensenii; they also prevailed in the study group, together with Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus paracasei. At рН > 4.5, cervical canal culture was characterised with a variety of opportunistic pathogens and normal flora. After the therapy, patients in both groups did not complain of vaginal discharges. Physical examination demonstrated normal vaginal wall colour and moderate discharges. Vaginal discharge pH was significantly lower in the study group and was normal in controls. Conclusion. The majority of patients with vulvovaginitis and IIC in the second trimester of pregnancy had lower prevalence as well as lower absolute and relative amount of Lactobacillus spp. in their cervical canal discharge. At the same time, increase in vaginal рН is associated with changes in the quality ratio of lactic acid bacilli. Keywords: cervical canal microbiota, insuficiencia istmicocervical, vaginal discharge рH, vulvovaginitis

Pediatric acute otitis externa: Characteristics and predictors for hospital admission

BackgroundAcute otitis externa (AOE), is a common infectious disease affecting children and adults. Its peak prevalence is around the summer months, it involves the external auditory canal and in most cases is due to bacterial agents. MethodsThis is a retrospective observational analytical case-based study involving all consecutive patients under the age of 18 years old presenting with AOE to a pediatric emergency department. ResultsWe collected data from 337 patients under 18 years of age with 344 visits to the Emergency Department, between the years 2011–2018. Nearly half of the visits presented during the summer months. Children were divided into two subgroups: hospitalized and non-hospitalized. Median hospitalization time was 3 days. The hospitalized sub-group had higher rates of failed treatment, as well as higher rates of external ear canal edema, systemic fever, canal discharge and auricular edema. On multivariable analysis the following variables had the strongest correlation for hospital admission: auricular edema (OR 27.98), otorrhea (OR 1.82), narrowing of the ear canal by more than 50% (OR 1.91), fever (OR 2.92), and previous systemic treatment (OR 2.53). Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) was isolated in 78% of cultures in the hospitalized sub-group. All PA strains were sensitive to ciprofloxacin. ConclusionsThis study highlights the main clinical variables which may predict hospitalization among children with AOE as well as the dominant role of sensitive strains of PA in the pathogenesis of this condition in children.

The structure of conditionally pathogenic microflora, isolated from the urogenital tract of women with pathological course of pregnancy.

The structure of the microflora of the urogenital tract of a woman is variable and diverse, changing its qualitative and quantitative composition can affect various physiological processes in the body of a woman, including the course of pregnancy. In this study, the results of cultures of 1415 samples of urine and cervical canal discharge of pregnant women were analyzed. Species identification was carried out by MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry using Microflex LT (Bruker) mass spectrometer. Gram-positive bacteria (69.5%) dominated the structure of the cervical canal microflora, among which Staphylococcus spp prevailed., Enterococcus spp. and Lactobacillus spp. Among gram-negative bacteria most often encountered microorganisms of the order Enterobacteriales, the predominant species among which was E. coli. Also, yeast-like fungi were isolated from the material of the cervical canal, their number was 11% of the total number of crops. Qualitative microbiological composition of urine was represented by gram-positive flora (68.7%), gram-negative flora (30.1%) and Candida fungi (1.2%). There is a significant predominance of coagulase-negative staphylococci (97.3%) over coagulase-positive (2.7%) in the structure of gram-positive microorganisms. The composition of gram-negative flora is mainly represented by bacteria of the order Enterobacteriales (71.4%). The study identified microorganisms that can cause postpartum complications and the development of inflammatory diseases of the newborn, which suggests the need for regular microbiological examination for pregnant women.

Optimasi operasi irigasi pada kondisi darurat pasca bencana gempa di Daerah Irigasi Gumbasa, Sigi, Sulawesi Tengah

KKejadian bencana gempa di Kabupaten Sigi, Sulawesi Tengah telah merusak Daerah Irigasi Gumbasa. Rehabilitasi jaringan irigasi akan dilaksanakan secara bertahap dimulai pada tahap I dari bendung hingga ke ruas saluran di BGKn 8 (Sibalaya) yang terdampak likuifaksi. Operasi irigasi perlu dilakukan secara bertahap pada jaringan irigasi yang telah selesai direhabilitasi dan siap diairi sehingga masyarakat sekitar dapat segera bercocok tanam dan tidak kehilangan mata pencaharian. Namun demikian, luas layanan dan debit yang diperlukan jauh lebih rendah dibandingkan desain sehingga akan mengakibatkan beberapa kendala distribusi air. Penelitian ini untuk merumuskan pola operasi irigasi DI Gumbasa pada kondisi darurat dimana debit yang dialirkan jauh lebih kecil dibandingkan debit rencana. Penelitian dilakukan dalam bentuk pengumpulan data dan perumusan skenario operasi irigasi melalui analisis hidraulik. Skenario yang disimulasikan adalah operasi tanpa optimasi, optimasi dengan menggunakan pintu sorong eksisting, dan optimasi menggunakan skotbalok. Berdasarkan hasil permodelan, operasi irigasi tanpa optimasi tidak dapat di lakukan karena elevasi air tidak dapat naik dan mengalir ke saluran sekunder dikarenakan besarnya dimensi saluran primer. Optimasi penggunakan pintu sorong hanya dapat meninggikan elevasi air sebesar ±1 m dari dasar saluran. Selain itu jika optimasi dilakukan dengan penutupan pintu sorong secara total dapat mengakibatkan air melimpas keluar di beberapa lokasi. Pada skenario terakhir pemanfaatan skot balok untuk optimasi merupakan solusi yang terbaik. Skot balok dapat meninggikan air pada ketinggian yang dibutuhkan. Skot balok adalah bangunan yang cukup baik untuk pengatur muka air sementara dimana ketinggian muka air dapat diatur walaupun debit yang mengalir relatif kecil.

Treatment of Mixed Otitis Externa Using Ceftazidime Powder and Topical Miconazole Versus Topical Miconazole Only

Background: Otitis externa is an inflammatory in external auditory canal, with the presentation of otalgia, otorrhea, and pruritus. Bacteria and fungi are the most causative agents of the disease. Although several antifungal and antibacterial agents are usually used to treat it, combination therapy plays an important role in good treatment efficacy. Objectives: According to the problems associated with the treatment of mixed otitis externa, the current study aimed at evaluating the efficacy of ceftazidime powder and topical miconazole (as the case group) versus topical miconazole only (as the control group) to treat mixed otitis externa. Methods: Seventy-two patients with mixed otitis externa were divided into two groups; the case group was treated with ceftazidime powder and topical miconazole, and the control group was treated only with topical miconazole. Both groups were evaluated after two weeks. The diagnosis of mixed otitis externa was based on signs, symptoms, and the presence of bacterial and fungal elements in direct examination and culture. Results: Swelling, itching, and canal discharge were observed in 67.7%, 64.7%, and 90.3% of the patients, respectively in the case group, and 47.1%, 26.3% and 93.1% of the patients, respectively in the control group. Complete resolution of all clinical signs and symptoms occurred in 23 (67.6%) patients in the case group and 11 (28.9%) patients in the control group (P = 0.001). Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most common bacteria, and Aspergillus spp. and Candida spp. were the most common fungi identified in the cultures. Conclusions: According to the complete resolution of clinical signs, the application of ceftazidime powder and topical miconazole was better than topical miconazole to treat mixed otitis externa.

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF MICROBIOCENOSES OF THE CERVICAL CANAL DISCHARGE AND THE EJACULATE IN MARRIED COUPLES

The study objectiveis to perform comparative evaluation of the microbiocenoses of the cervical canal discharge and the ejaculate in married couples using standard bacteriological culture and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test systems Androflor for men and Femoflor for women.Materials and methods. Retrospective analysis of medical histories of 154 married couples seeking medical help in the preconception period was conducted. All patients were divided into 2 groups: in 121 married couples, standard bacteriological cultures of the cervical canal discharge and the ejaculate were evaluated; in 33 couples, analysis of the cervical canal discharge and the ejaculate was performed using RTPCR test systems Androflor and Femoflor.Results. Monoinfection was significantly more frequent in the ejaculate than in the cervical canal discharge (p <0.05). In women, cultures were significantly more frequently identified as sterile compared to men (p = 0.01). According to the results of standard bacteriological study, in most observations microbiocenoses of the cervical canal discharge and the ejaculate of married couples didn’t match fully in microorganism composition (69.4 %) and matched exactly only in 18.2 % of cases. Evaluation using RT-PRC showed different microorganisms in the microbiocenoses of the ejaculate and the cervical canal discharge in 48 % of observations.Conclusion. The study demonstrates the uniqueness of urogenital microbiocenoses and attests to the necessity of examination of both partners at the stage of preconception preparation and unacceptability of prescribing the same treatment to both partners.

Hydrologic impacts of drought-adaptive agricultural water management in a semi-arid river basin: Case of Rincon Valley, New Mexico

This paper examines the coupled effects of weather condition, crop coverage change, and regional water management (i.e., releases from Caballo Reservoir) on hydrologic characteristics of Rincon Valley (2466 km2), a semi-arid agricultural area in New Mexico, U.S.A., using Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The model simulates the vertical water budget and horizontal water transfers during the period 1994–2013, incorporating irrigation of fourteen crops in normal (2008) and dry (2011) years to evaluate the hydrologic impacts of cropping change as a drought-adaptive water management strategy. It was calibrated (2000–2002) and validated (2003–2005) using daily-observed streamflow data. Furthermore, evapotranspiration, diversion and irrigation water volume were verified for the period of 2000–2005 using monthly crop irrigation requirement data and canal discharge data. Results demonstrate the significant role of surface water infiltration, providing approximately 18% of the average annual groundwater recharge during the irrigation season. Watershed scale evapotranspiration (ET) and return flows for the irrigation season were estimated to be 23% and 1% higher than those for the non-irrigation season, respectively. For irrigation units, the ratio of ET to combined precipitation and irrigation water for the dry year was 5% higher than the normal year whereas surface runoff, soil water storage, and groundwater recharge were 7%, 17%, and 39% lower than the normal year, respectively. High groundwater recharge occurs in the hydrologic response units (HRU) where corn and cotton are planted on silty clay loam soil. The Alfalfa acreage (i.e., the largest water user) was reduced by 15% while the cotton acreage was increased by 13% in order to adapt to lower water availability during the dry year. Quantitative understanding of the hydrologic fluxes in the Rincon Valley’s irrigated agricultural area illuminates adaptive land and water management to buffer the adverse impacts of prolonged droughts.