Canadian Race Research Articles

Uncovering the history of recombination and population structure in western Canadian stripe rust populations through mating type alleles

BackgroundThe population structure of crop pathogens such as Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), the cause of wheat stripe rust, is of interest to researchers looking to understand these pathogens on a molecular level as well as those with an applied focus such as disease epidemiology. Cereal rusts can reproduce sexually or asexually, and the emergence of novel lineages has the potential to cause serious epidemics such as the one caused by the ‘Warrior’ lineage in Europe. In a global context, Pst lineages in Canada were not well-characterized and the origin of foreign incursions was not known. Additionally, while some Pst mating type genes have been identified in published genomes, there has been no rigorous assessment of mating type diversity and distribution across the species.ResultsWe used a whole-genome/transcriptome sequencing approach for the Canadian Pst population to identify lineages in their global context and evidence tracing foreign incursions. More importantly: for the first time ever, we identified nine alleles of the homeodomain mating type locus in the worldwide Pst population and show that previously identified lineages exhibit a single pair of these alleles. Consistently with the literature, we find only two pheromone receptor mating type alleles. We show that the recent population shift from the ‘PstS1’ lineage to the ‘PstS1-related’ lineage is also associated with the introduction of a novel mating type allele (Pst-b3-HD) to the Canadian population. We also show evidence for high levels of mating type diversity in samples associated with the Himalayan center of diversity for Pst, including a single Canadian race previously identified as ‘PstPr’ (probable recombinant) which we identify as a foreign incursion, most closely related to isolates sampled from China circa 2015.ConclusionsThese data describe a recent shift in the population of Canadian Pst field isolates and characterize homeodomain-locus mating type alleles in the global Pst population which can now be utilized in testing several research questions and hypotheses around sexuality and hybridization in rust fungi.

At His Majesty’s Service: Racial Policies, Policing, and Revolutionaries in Pacific Canada

This article highlights the events that led up to the 1914 Komagata Maru incident arguing that racialized Canadian politics of migration fuelled Indian anti-colonialism on the Pacific slope. The sequence of events, from the turn of the century to 1914, is examined within the scope of Canadian race relations as a member of the British Empire. Central to the events is the systematic policing and surveillance of the racialized “Other.” Of particularly interest in this article, and in the implementation of Canada’s Pacific system of surveillance, is the fact that the monitoring, policing, and surveillance of Indian revolutionaries in Canada was the undertaking of a single individual, William Charles Hopkinson, who was himself of Indian descendant, and therefore a racialized Other.

Community Policing—A Shared Responsibility: A Voice-Centered Relational Method Analysis of a Police/Youth-of-Color Dialogue

Racial discrimination in policing and its effect on police/minority youth relations were explored in a federally funded Canadian race relations initiative, using semistructured dialogue and voice-centered relational data analysis. Participants were frontline police officers and male youth of color. For enhancing communication between the groups, findings emphasized ongoing, face-to-face interaction. Substantial related concerns were the need for trust, respect, self-preservation, information sharing, and improved police/minority youth relations. These were understood and highlighted as embedded within a system of ruling relations in the participants’ sociocultural context. Implications of these issues for police relations with racialized youth and their communities are discussed.

Characterization of the ToxB gene from North African and Canadian isolates of Pyrenophora tritici- repentis

Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, causal agent of tan spot of wheat, produces Ptr ToxB, a host-specific protein toxin encoded by the ToxB gene. Three of an estimated 8–10 copies of ToxB from an Algerian race 5 isolate (Ptr ToxB+) of the pathogen were cloned and characterized, as was a ToxB homolog identified in a race 3 isolate from Canada that lacks Ptr ToxB toxin activity. All three loci from the race 5 isolate possessed identical 261-bp open reading frames (ORFs) and were associated with retrotransposon-like sequences; the ToxB ORF from the race 3 isolate was nearly identical, but the upstream flanking region was unique to this locus. The presence of ToxB homologs was also confirmed in Canadian isolates of races 4 and 5 showing reduced or no toxin activity. ToxB was found to be expressed in mycelia and conidia of the Algerian race 5 isolate, but only in conidia of the Canadian races 3, 4 and 5 isolates, indicating differences in transcriptional regulation. Comparison of the sequence information obtained in this study with previous reports suggested that the ToxB gene is highly conserved across a geographically-diverse set of isolates.

Race and Ethnicity: Finding Identities and Equalities, and: Seeing Ourselves: Exploring Race, Ethnicity and Culture (review)

Reviewed by: Race and Ethnicity: Finding Identities and Equalities, and: Seeing Ourselves: Exploring Race, Ethnicity and Culture Jeffrey G. Reitz Leo Driedger , Race and Ethnicity: Finding Identities and Equalities, Second Edition, Don Mills ON: Oxford University Press, 2003, 318pp. Carl E. James , Seeing Ourselves: Exploring Race, Ethnicity and Culture, Third Edition, Toronto: Thompson Educational Publishing, 2003, 340 pp. Both of these books, intended as texts in university courses in race and ethnic relations in Canada, are updates of previously-published versions dating back to 1989. The 1989 version of Leo Driedger's book was entitled The Ethnic Factor: Identity in Diversity and published by McGraw-Hill Ryerson. An updated version appeared from Oxford University Press in 1996 as Multi-Ethnic Canada: Identities and Inequalities. The current book is the "Second Edition" from Oxford. The 1989 version of Carl E. James' book was published by Sheridan College. A revised edition was published by Thompson in 1995, with an update in 1999. Since the 2003 versions of both of these books are very much like the earlier versions (Driedger's text has title changes, James' has more new material), readers may usefully consult previous reviews such as [End Page 229] those appearing in the pages of this journal. Eric Fong reviewed Driedger's Multi-Ethnic Canada in 1999 (v. 24, 4; pp. 553–4) and Subhas Ramcharan reviewed James' Seeing Ourselves in 1997 (v. 22,3; pp. 396–7). Driedger's text adopts a fairly conventional approach, covering the wide range of topics expected in a comprehensive survey course on race and ethnic relations in Canada. There are five parts, including classical and contemporary theory, a description of the ethnic diversity of Canadian society, analysis of identity formation and inequalities, respectively, and concluding with a discussion of human rights issues. This is an excellent format, and the discussion of many specific topics is quite comprehensive. Driedger's own research contributions are extensive, and he can hardly be faulted for making full use of them in his text. The book also is very clearly written. These virtues undoubtedly are major reasons for the success of the text. Fong's review of the 1996 edition cited "many limitations" to the book. These include the neglect of "most recent theoretical and empirical discussions of ethnic relations" in sociology. Given the minor updating for this 2003 edition, the limitation has become rather more worrisome. Fong's list of neglected topics included the human capital analysis of immigrant employment, ethnic entrepreneurship and the enclave economy, segmented assimilation, and processes of inter-ethnic competition. Today one might add other interests such as native-born racial minorities, sub-ethnicity, transnationalism, and a global perspective. As well, most policy discussions are woefully out-of-date, and there is little sense of current policy debates regarding immigration (symptomatically the points-based immigration selection points system is described as it was in 1986, Table 3.1), multiculturalism (such as prompted by Neil Bissoondath's 1994 book) or race relations (employment equity is barely mentioned and only the initial 1986 federal legislation, there is no mention of anti-racism advocacy, and the Canadian Race Relations Foundation is erroneously described as not yet implemented, p. 51). The book would benefit from a serious overhaul, rather than the perfunctory updating it has received. Carl James' text is completely different. Although the book adopts a social-science perspective on race relations, and there are chapters on a range of subjects such as racism and discrimination, equity programs, multiculturalism, and immigrants and refugees, in other respects the book departs sharply from the conventional textbook format. James illuminates issues of race and ethnic relations using commentaries gathered from students in courses over past years, which "present the experiences, ideas, conceptualizations, convictions and reactions of Ontario college and university students who participated in both compulsory and elective courses with me during their educational program" (p. 16). The reader is placed in direct contact with a range of viewpoints about racial minorities in Canada, both from whites and from minorities themselves. In some ways, the text reads like a focus-group report, with extended and [End Page 230] lightly-edited quotations organized thematically and with extended narration for context. The...

Increasing access and building equity into mental health services: an examination of the potential for change.

This article explores the use of mental health care services by ethnoracial people in Canada and distinguishes between the reasons for underutilization of services by ethnoracial groups and the barriers which prevent ethnoracial groups from accessing services. Research focusing on Canadian race relations is reviewed to reveal how they are paralleled in the functioning of mainstream mental health care organizations. Existing policies and attitudes are then considered in relation to how they support or impede interventions to increase accessibility to services. Finally, frameworks for organizational change based on multiculturalism and anti-racism are presented, and the advantages and disadvantages of both are articulated.

Ethnicity and Race: Canadian Minority Writing at a Crossroads

The re-emergence of race as a prominent factor in Canadian social and literary discourse raises the question of where Canadian race and ethnic relations are headed. This paper looks at two possible scenarios, one in which race provides the “irreducible and fundamental constitution of the social order” and one in which a multiplicity of elements, including race and ethnicity, provide such a basis, Canadian minority writing, it is argued, offers some insights into the second “pluralistic” scenario, since minority writers from a variety of backgrounds share a consensus on the relationship between cultural issues and social dominance and share a common interest in exploring intersecting boundaries.

PHYSIOLOGIC RACES OF LOOSE SMUT OF WHEAT (USTILAGO TRITICI) IN BRAZIL

The occurrence in Brazil of physiologic races of loose smut, Ustilago tritici, (Pers.) Rostr., has been demonstrated. Twelve races were identified amongst 50 field collections of loose smut. Five of the races were classified as being similar to Canadian race T 2, and two races as T 8 when the standard set of differential cultivars was used. However, further differentiation of these races was possible on three supplemental differentials. Another four races were virulent on several differential cultivars of common wheat and on Pentad, a differential cultivar of durum wheat, and thus appear to invalidate the claim that formae speciales of Ustilago tritici exist on common wheat and on durum wheat.

GENETICS OF STEM RUST RESISTANCE IN WHEAT CULTIVARS ROMANY, Es.P 518/9, BONNY AND TAMA

The genetics of resistance to stem rust (Puccinia graminis tritici) was investigated in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars Romany, Es.P 518/9, Bonny and Tama that are resistant to many races in both Canada and Kenya. Seedling resistance in the four cultivars to 12 Canadian races is controlled primarily by previously identified genes. The results indicate that the cultivars have the following genes: Romany — Sr5, Sr6, Sr7a, Sr9b and SrW; Es.P 518/9 — Sr5, Sr6, Sr7a, Sr8, Sr9b, SrW and possibly Sr17; Bonny — Sr6 and Sr11; and Tama — Sr6 and Sr8. Gene SrW confers moderate resistance and is also present in the cultivar Webster.

Pathogenicity of British isolates of Phytophthora fragariae and their relationship with American and Canadian races

The pathogenicity of twenty-seven British isolates of Phytophthora fragariae Hickman to strawberry varieties and seedlings is described and nine physiologic races are characterized by the response of Huxley Giant, Perle de Prague, Redgauntlet, Talisman, Siletz and an Auchincruive seedling 52AC18. The relationship between these races and those described by Hickman is examined and a classification of British races suggested. Tests of the pathogenicity of American and Canadian races are described and the results related to the British classification.

Apomixis and Polyembryony in Hierochloe odorata

Norstog, Knut. (Wittenberg U., Springfield, Ohio.) Apomixis and polyembryony in Hierochloe odorata. Amer. Jour. Bot. 50(8): 815–821. Illus. 1963.—Hierochloë odorata from Michigan, having 2n = 56 chromosomes, was found to reproduce by pseudogamous fertilization of diploid aposporous embryo sacs. Diploid embryos, 2n= 56, and 5n = 140 ± endosperm occurred together. Megasporogenesis was incomplete, and aposporous embryo sac initials developed directly into 8-nucleate Polygonum type embryo sacs. Microsporogenesis was irregular with univalent, bivalent and multivalent chromosomes in meiosis-I. Dyads and microspores varied between n = 24 and n = 32, and less than 50% of the pollen grains stained with acetocarmine. Two other races of H. odorata are known to occur in North America. They are an apparently infertile type in Canada with 2n = 28, and a perfectly fertile race from coastal Connecticut also with 2n = 28. It is suggested that the H. odorata with 2n = 56 is a derivative of the sterile Canadian race.

APOMIXIS AND POLYEMBRYONY IN HIEROCHLOË ODORATA

Norstog, Knut. (Wittenberg U., Springfield, Ohio.) Apomixis and polyembryony in Hierochloe odorata. Amer. Jour. Bot. 50(8): 815–821. Illus. 1963.—Hierochloë odorata from Michigan, having 2n = 56 chromosomes, was found to reproduce by pseudogamous fertilization of diploid aposporous embryo sacs. Diploid embryos, 2n= 56, and 5n = 140 ± endosperm occurred together. Megasporogenesis was incomplete, and aposporous embryo sac initials developed directly into 8‐nucleate Polygonum type embryo sacs. Microsporogenesis was irregular with univalent, bivalent and multivalent chromosomes in meiosis‐I. Dyads and microspores varied between n = 24 and n = 32, and less than 50% of the pollen grains stained with acetocarmine. Two other races of H. odorata are known to occur in North America. They are an apparently infertile type in Canada with 2n = 28, and a perfectly fertile race from coastal Connecticut also with 2n = 28. It is suggested that the H. odorata with 2n = 56 is a derivative of the sterile Canadian race.

A comparative study of adults of two Canadian races of Redwings

A comparative study of adults of two Canadian races of Redwings

Thomas Barbour, 1884-1946

SWARTH, H. 1915. A study of a collection of geese of the Bra•a ca•de•sis group from the San Joaquin Valley, California. Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 12: 1-22, 2 plates. TAv•, P. A. 1942. Canadian races of the Great Horned Owls. Auk, 59: 234-245. 1934. Birds of Canada. Nat. Mus. Can., Bull. No. 72,445 pp. 1936. TaxGnomic comments on Red-tailed Hawks. Condor, 38: 66-71. Tuc•,•, B. W. 1945. Purple-headed Starlings in the British Isles. Bull. B. O. C., No. 457: 36-38.

VARIATION IN BONASA UMBELLUS, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE SPECIES IN CANADA EAST OF THE ROCKIES

A study of 624 specimens of Bonasa umbellus shows that variation in the species in eastern North America consists in a loss of red pigment from south to north. Westward in Canada there is a reduction of black resulting in paleness and greyness. This variation resolves itself into eight subspecies, which can be grouped into two "super-subspecies," based on the potential for redness. The ratio of colour phases and "trimming" of most Canadian races has been worked out. The type locality of B. u. umbelloides has been determined as Belvedere, Alta. The race canescens of Todd is found valid and the evidence is presented by the application of a simple quantitative tone or value scale. Its range extends from James Bay to central and western Ontario, consequently the range of B. u. togata is greatly restricted in Ontario. Minor refinements of the ranges of other races are presented.The incidence of the red phase is higher in females, the percentages of occurrence suggesting that this phase is a sex-linked recessive character. A variation designated as "copper-trimmed" is more prevalent in males and may be controlled by a dominant sex-linked factor.

Canadian Races of the Great Horned Owls

Canadian Races of the Great Horned Owls

The Growth of the French Canadian Race in America

The Growth of the French Canadian Race in America