Canadian Movement Research Articles

Compliance with the 24-hour movement behavior guidelines and the impact of sleep methods among toddler, preschool, and school-aged children enrolled in the Guelph Family Health Study

Canadian movement guidelines focused on physical activity (PA), sleep, and screen time support childhood development and reduce the risk of chronic disease. Accelerometers are often used to capture these behaviors; however, they are limited in their ability to record daytime sleep due to potential misclassification. ObjectivesThe objectives of this study were to 1) determine the prevalence of children enrolled in the Guelph Family Health Study who met the guidelines and to 2) compare the impact of different sleep measurement methods. Design/methodsToddlers (1.5–<3 years; n = 128; valid data for all movement behaviors, n = 70), preschoolers (3–<5 years; n = 143; valid data for all movement behaviors, n = 104), and school-aged (5–<6 years; n = 49; valid data for all movement behaviors, n = 31) children were included. Screen time and sleep habits were obtained through parental report and published normative data. PA and sleep were recorded using accelerometers (wGT3X-BT ActiGraph; right hip). ResultsIt was found that 66 % of toddler, 44 % of preschool, and 63 % of school-aged children met the screen time guidelines. Further, 63 % of toddler, 98 % of preschooler, and 80 % of school-aged children met PA guidelines. Sleep guideline compliance ranged from 3 % to 83 % in toddler, 27 % to 92 % in preschooler, and 32 % to 90 % in school-aged children. These proportions were found to be significantly different (Cochran's Q and McNemar's tests). ConclusionsNearly all children met PA guidelines. In contrast, less than half to two-thirds met screen time guidelines. Compliance with sleep guidelines varied substantially with measurement method, highlighting the need for standardization.

Associations of Motor Competence, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Physical Activity: The Mediating Role of Cardiorespiratory Fitness

ABSTRACT Purpose: Supporting children’s physical activity (PA) behavior is imperative in order to safeguard their health. In an attempt to gain a deeper understanding about children’s PA behavior, the aim of this study was to investigate the associations among motor competence (MC), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and ambulatory PA during middle and late childhood. Method: A cross-sectional design was adopted and a total of 576 8–12-year-old children (Mage = 10.2 years, SD = 1.3) were examined. MC was assessed by the Canadian Agility and Movement Skill Assessment; daily PA (steps/day) was obtained by pedometers; CRF was measured by the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run. The associations among the key study variables were investigated by correlation and mediation analyses. Using a bootstrap method, two mediation models were tested: (a) MC predicting PA through CRF, (b) PA predicting MC through CRF. Results: MC, CRF, and PA present significant and positive associations both in boys and girls (p < .05). CRF fully mediates the relationship between MC and PA in both directions [Model 1: b = .138, 95% CI (.0952, .1869), Model 2: b = .108, 95% CI (.0752, .1445)]. The pathway leading from PA to MC (R2 = .375, p < .0001) has stronger predictive utility than the reverse pathway (R2 = .124, p < .0001). Conclusion: MC and CRF are important predictors of children’s PA participation; therefore, systematic and targeted interventions focused on the enhancement of these two factors should be used as a mechanism to reinforce children’s PA behavior.

Child Abuse in the Canadian and American Olympic Movement: Reforming Institutional Oversight of Amateur Sports

For many years, sexual abuse of young athletes quietly festered throughout amateur sport organizations in Canada and the United States. However, the veil has recently been lifted by the highly publicized testimonies of athletes sexually abused as minors by disgraced former USA Gymnastics (“USAG”) physician and Michigan State University professor Larry Nassar. The troubling details of these stories spurred investigations seeking to identify the causes behind the institutional failures to intervene in Nassar’s perpetration of abuse. The evidence gathered by these investigations alongside independent academic research reveal that unfettered predatory behaviour is a pervasive issue across the institutions responsible for overseeing the American Olympic movement and amateur sports. In addition, similar patterns of unchecked abuse have since been identified as plaguing Canadian Olympic and amateur sport organizations. This paper examines the institutional failures to address child sexual abuse occurring under the oversight of Olympic and amateur sport organizations in Canada and the United States. In both countries, efforts are currently underway to reform governance of these institutions to better protect minors participating in amateur sports. Accordingly, this paper also analyzes the policies implemented thus far and makes substantive recommendations on ideal federal level initiatives.

Child Abuse in the Canadian and American Olympic Movement: Reforming Institutional Oversight of Amateur Sports

For many years, sexual abuse of young athletes quietly festered throughout amateur sport organizations in Canada and the United States. However, the veil has recently been lifted by the highly publicized testimonies of athletes sexually abused as minors by disgraced former USA Gymnastics (“USAG”) physician and Michigan State University professor Larry Nassar. The troubling details of these stories spurred investigations seeking to identify the causes behind the institutional failures to intervene in Nassar’s perpetration of abuse. The evidence gathered by these investigations alongside independent academic research reveal that unfettered predatory behaviour is a pervasive issue across the institutions responsible for overseeing the American Olympic movement and amateur sports. In addition, similar patterns of unchecked abuse have since been identified as plaguing Canadian Olympic and amateur sport organizations. This paper examines the institutional failures to address child sexual abuse occurring under the oversight of Olympic and amateur sport organizations in Canada and the United States. In both countries, efforts are currently underway to reform governance of these institutions to better protect minors participating in amateur sports. Accordingly, this paper also analyzes the policies implemented thus far and makes substantive recommendations on ideal federal level initiatives.

Survey-based identification of design requirements and constraints for a wearable tremor suppression device.

IntroductionParkinsonian tremor has severely impacted the lives of 65% of individuals with Parkinson’s disease, and nearly 25% do not respond to traditional treatments. Although wearable tremor suppression devices (WTSDs) have become a promising alternative approach, this technology is still in the early stages of development, and no studies have reported the stakeholders’ opinions on this technology and their desired design requirements.MethodsAn online survey was distributed to affected Canadians and Canadian movement disorder specialists (MDS) to acquire information on demographics, the current state of treatments, opinions on the WTSDs, and the desired design requirements of future WTSDs.ResultsA total of 101 affected individuals and 24 MDS completed the survey. It was found that both groups are generally open to using WTSDs to manage tremor. The most important design requirement to end users is the adaptability to lifestyle, followed by weight and size, accurate motion, comfort, safety, quick response, and cost. Lastly, most of the participants (65%) think that the device should cost under $500.ConclusionsThe findings from this study can be used as guidelines for the development of future WTSDs, such that the future generations could be evaluated and accepted by the end users.

Measurement Properties of Canadian Agility and Movement Skill Assessment for Children Aged 9-12 Years Using Rasch Analysis.

The Canadian Agility and Movement Skill Assessment (CAMSA) was recently widely used to assess fundamental motor skills in children. Although the CAMSA is reported to be reliable and valid, its measurement properties are not clear. This study aimed to examine the measurement properties of the CAMSA in a sample of Chinese children using Rasch analysis. The study sample was from 1,094 children aged 9–12 years in Zunyi City, Guizhou Province. Descriptive data were analyzed using SPSS 24.0 software, and the dichotomous data were analyzed by Winsteps version 4.5.4 and Facets 3.67.1 software performing Rasch analysis. The present study investigated CAMSA measurement characteristics by Rasch analysis, including the reliability of the rating instrument, unidimensionality, item-fit statistics, and differential item functioning (DIF). Inter-rater reliability and retest reliability showed that the CAMSA had a good internal consistency. Rasch analysis indicated that the CAMSA was unidimensional, locally independent, and had a good item-fit-statistic. Additionally, the CAMSA displayed a good fit for the item separation index (12.50 > 2.0), as well as for item reliability (0.99 > 0.90). However, the item difficulty of the CAMSA did not fit well with personal ability, and a significant DIF was found across genders. In the Chinese children sample test, the CAMSA demonstrated appropriate goodness-of-fit validity and rater reliability. Thus, future research will explore item difficulty and person ability fit, as well as DIF across genders.

Using Google Data to Understand Canadian Movement Reductions During the COVID-19 Pandemic

This paper analyzes the extent to which mobility in Canada declined during the COVID-19 pandemic, using publicly released mobility data from Google first rep

Genetic testing for Parkinson disease: current practice, knowledge, and attitudes among US and Canadian movement disorders specialists

PurposeGenetic testing for Parkinson disease (PD) has not been widely used in clinical practice. In preparation for upcoming precision medicine–designed clinical trials for GBA and LRRK2, we evaluated movement disorders specialists’ current practice, knowledge, attitudes, and barriers to genetic testing in PD. MethodsAn anonymous questionnaire was sent to movement disorders specialists at 146 Parkinson Study Group (PSG) sites in the United States (n = 131) and Canada (n = 15) to assess their knowledge and attitudes about genetic testing for PD. ResultsOne hundred seventy-eight (47.6%) PSG clinicians completed the questionnaire. Forty-one percent of respondents had not referred any PD patients for genetic testing in the last year and >80% reported referring fewer than 11 patients over the same period. Most common reasons for not referring for genetic testing included lack of insurance coverage/cost to the patient and lack of perceived utility. On a scale of 0–100, the mean level of comfort in respondents’ own ability to genetically counsel PD patients on GBA and LRRK2 was 52 (SD = 28). Sixty percent of clinicians correctly answered all questions about the inheritance and penetrance of GBA and LRRK2 variants. ConclusionsThere is an urgent need to increase knowledge and reduce practical barriers to genetic counseling and testing in PD.

Exporting suffrage: British influences on the Canadian suffrage movement

ABSTRACTWhile the Canadian suffrage movement followed its own distinct pathway to full voting rights for women, it was deeply influenced by British ideas which were transplanted, translated and reinterpreted to fit Canadian social conditions. The Canadian media assumed WSPU speaking tours were most significant, and these did generate publicity for the Canadian movement. However, British influences were far more diverse. The transfer of ideas associated with British labourism, the flow of British immigrants to Canada, and the influence of British and Commonwealth organizations in the interwar years were also important influences on the Canadian movement.

Increasing Gross Motor Skill Through Fundamental Skill Development Program

The aim of this study was to examine Canadian movement program called fundamental skill development programs implemented in Indonesia to increase children’s gross motor skills. By using a quasi-experiment, the matching-only pretest-posttest control group design, the sample was divided into two groups (N = 25 to the experimental group, N = 25 to the control group). The Gross motor skills were measured using the Test of Gross Motor Development - Second Edition TGMD - 2 Ulrich (2000). The experimental group was given training for eight weeks, 1 session per week and each session lasting 60 minutes. Statistical analysis was performed using paired sample t-test and independent sample t-test. The results showed that there is an increase in gross motor skills in the experimental group with P < 0.05. Then the results of independent sample t-test by comparing the Gain score between experimental group and the control group is significant difference with P < 0.05. It can be concluded that the fundamental skill development programs significant effect on gross motor skills in the first-grade student.

Replacing the Canadianization Generation: An Examination of Faculty Composition from 1977 through 2017.

Amid growing numbers of doctoral graduates entering an increasingly competitive global academic job market, concerns about equity in the hiring process and the value of the Canadian Ph.D. are mounting. Grounded within the historical context of the Canadianization Movement, we examine the doctoral credentials of 4,934 U15 social science faculty between 1977 and 2017 to understand the ebb and flow of incoming and outgoing faculty across the country's academic field. Our trend analyses reveal an overall increase in the proportion of Canadian-trained faculty hires with the noted exceptions of Canada's top three universities who display a strong presence of high-status American-trained faculty throughout. Results from the contemporary period, between 1997 and 2017, reveal a time of retirement during which outgoing Canadian-trained faculty are replaced with increasing proportions of American-trained academics.

Anthropometric Measures are Associated with Canadian Agility and Movement Skill Assessment Scores

Anthropometric Measures are Associated with Canadian Agility and Movement Skill Assessment Scores

Building Sanctuary: The Movement to Support Vietnam War Resisters in Canada, 1965–73, Jessica Squires

Building Sanctuary: The Movement to Support Vietnam War Resisters in Canada, 1965-73, Jessica Squires. Vancouver, University of British Columbia Press, 2013. xxi, 348 pp. $34.95 Cdn (paper). Drawing on newspapers, archival documents, oral histories, and an array of secondary sources, Jessica Squires shows that while Canada allowed American draft dodgers, deserters, and others to find refuge from the war (or from complicity with the nation that waged it), its status as a ready sanctuary is largely a myth, as such a conclusion omits how that refuge was actually achieved. Squires reconstructs the complex social movements that grew in response to the influx of young Americans fleeing both the draft and a country engaged in an unpopular war in Southeast Asia. The author traces the burgeoning Canadian anti-draft movement's interaction with law enforcement and government officials and investigates the complex interactions between activists and war resisters, finding that support for these new immigrants to Canada was far from monolithic. In doing so, the author delves into the much neglected links between the anti-draft movement and the nation's immigration policy. As Squires reveals, the Canadian government made considerable efforts to block this group of prospective immigrants. She also challenges the idea that leaders, including Liberal Prime Minister, Pierre Trudeau, and his government were unequivocal in their support of war resisters. Indeed, the federal government's approach was at best ambivalent; few politicians publically supported draft resisters, wary of a perceived alignment with so called radicals, coupled with concerns about straining relations with the United States government. Squires shows how the RCMP, complicit with local Canadian police forces and the Federal Bureau of Investigation, routinely monitored and targeted resisters, efforts that at times resulted in deportations. But the approach on how to address those coming north was anything but uniform or even coherent. Prior to the spring of 1969, draft evaders found it much easier to enter the country than other Americans who were deserters from the military. As Squires points out, Ottawa's 1968 move to have border agents discriminate on the basis of military status created enormous difficulties for those hoping to gain entry, and challenges for those looking to provide aid. In 1967, the government of Canada adopted a system in which prospective immigrants amassed points based on employment opportunities, language proficiency, and educational attainment. To gain landed immigrant status, hopefuls needed to have fifty points or higher. But the new directives allowed border agents to deduct these points based on military status. Deserters already faced increased scrutiny with their military status, and lacked what many draft dodgers had by way of college education and professional skills. Squires shows how an intense lobbying effort by this grassroots Canadian movement was crucial in ending much of the discrimination based on military status in 1969, which had in effect closed the border to many dodgers and deserters. The author is at her best when examining the politics around northward-bound war resisters, especially the complex exchanges between bureaucrats and politicians, and connecting these accounts to those inside the social movement, including the media and the police. The internal government discussions concerning immigration policy in light of the war and within the context of the anti-war movement is also important to a better understanding of Canada's immigration history and the development and implementation of public policy. …

‘The emblem of one united body … one great sporting Maple Leaf’: The Olympic Games and Canada's quest for self-identity

For Canadians, the enduring late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century debate between adherents of sustained British imperialism and those champions of Canadian sovereignty closed in December 1964 by dint of a Canadian Parliamentary act establishing a new national symbol, one that henceforth removed the British ensign from national flag and federal governmental identifications and replaced it with a simple red maple leaf embossed on a white background between two panels of red. This is the primary identification symbol, the logo, indeed the brand, by which Canada is now recognized throughout the world. The birth of the red maple leaf logo's legitimization in both national and international context points to a role played by the Canadian Olympic Committee, the embryo saga of which was superimposed on the initiatives of the nation's first Olympic team, the aggregation of male athletes that competed in the London Games of 1908. This work argues that the introduction of the red maple leaf as a national symbol of Canada, with respect to the logo's initial international debut at the Games of the Fourth Olympiad celebrated in London in 1908, provided the first in a series of succeeding international Olympic occurrences that lent sustenance to a greater Canadian movement towards neoliberal promoted national self-identity and a commensurate beginning of the erosion of what most Canadians would refer to as ‘Britishness’.

Outcomes of Patients with Parkinson Disease and Pathological Gambling

To determine the outcomes of patients with Parkinson disease (PD) with pathological gambling (PG) from one Canadian Movement Disorders Clinic. Assessments were performed in-person during routine clinic visits of all patients currently followed by one neurologist (OS). Pathological gambling was defined according to DSM-IV-TR criteria. Chart review was performed to obtain details on medication use, dosages, and patient demographics. Follow-up of patients with PG collected information on gambling behavior, PG management interventions, medications, treatment, and psychosocial outcomes. 146 patients were surveyed with an overall prevalence of PG of 4.1% (6/146). The rate of pathological gambling for those patients on dopamine agonist therapy (DA) was 8.1% (6/74). Only patients who were recreational gamblers prior to starting DA developed PG. All PG patients discontinued, decreased, or switched to another DA, and experienced a partial or full remission of PG. 3 (50%) patients described financial losses of $100,000 or more, and 75% (3/4) patients described significant marital stresses. At follow-up (August 2008), 4 of the 6 patients with PG continued to gamble in a controlled fashion despite medication changes. No significant difference in levodopa equivalent daily dose (LEDD) pre- and post-PG were observed; however, the relative amount of DA was decreased (p= 0.0593), while levodopa was relatively increased (p= 0.5277). Despite control of PG, patients still experience financial and marital strains. DA (in combination with levodopa) was associated with a significantly higher prevalence of PG in PD, particularly in patients who were recreational gamblers previously. Despite control of PG, patients continued to experience significant financial and marital stresses that should be regularly enquired upon in follow-up care and managed appropriately.

Mechanisms Underlying Dopamine-Mediated Reward Bias in Compulsive Behaviors

Pathological behaviors such as problem gambling or shopping are characterized by compulsive choice despite alternative options and negative costs. Reinforcement learning algorithms allow a computation of prediction error, a comparison of actual and expected outcomes, which updates our predictions and influences our subsequent choices. Using a reinforcement learning model, we show data consistent with the idea that dopamine agonists in susceptible individuals with Parkinson's disease increase the rate of learning from gain outcomes. Dopamine agonists also increase striatal prediction error activity, thus signifying a "better than expected" outcome. Thus, our findings are consistent with a model whereby a distorted estimation of the gain cue underpins a choice bias toward gains.

The Japanese Canadian Movement: Migration and Activism before & after World War II

This essay reviews the history of Japanese Canadians' political, economic, and cultural activism, primarily in the West Coast, before and after World War II, and elucidates how migration generated and shaped those activities and activism. Transnational migrants often have interests, priorities, and motives that differ from the interests of the nation-state. Furthermore, the migration itself creates space for alternative economic, political, and cultural activities that defy national borders and that critique the ideology of the nation-state. Migrants' interstitial lives should not be seen only in the light of alienation and exclusion from a nation-state, for through such lives migrants in different historical periods have administered creative and innovative political and/or economic agency. In order to see an in-between space as an active space, we first need to free ourselves from our nationalistic premises embedded in the field's main discourse.

Canadianization Revisited: A Comment on Cormier's "The Canadianization Movement in Context"

Canadianization Revisited: A Comment on Cormier's "The Canadianization Movement in Context"

Muscular Christianity and value-centred sport: The Legacy of Tom Brown in Canada

Tom Brown's Schooldays was always well known in Canada, almost from the first edition. The ideas about sport as education for citizenship and social responsibility it dramatized, often referred to as ‘muscular Christianity’, were widely diffused within Canadian society. This paper argues that muscular Christian values influenced a broad spectrum of Canadian movements for progressive social change, and contributed to the development of many important institutions of youth recreation and socialization, including amateur sport. Whereas muscular Christianity is often associated with right-wing political ideas and fundamentalist Christian churches today, in Canada it was linked through the social gospel to the left. The influence of muscular Christianity is still exerted in Canadian amateur sport, particularly through the turn to ‘values-centred sport’ that followed Ben Johnson's disqualification for steroids from the Seoul Olympics.

Review of Cormier, The Canadianization Movement: Emergence, Survival, and Success

Review Article| May 01 2006 Review of Cormier, The Canadianization Movement: Emergence, Survival, and Success BRYAN D. PALMER BRYAN D. PALMER Trent University Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Pacific Historical Review (2006) 75 (2): 369–371. https://doi.org/10.1525/phr.2006.75.2.369 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation BRYAN D. PALMER; Review of Cormier, The Canadianization Movement: Emergence, Survival, and Success. Pacific Historical Review 1 May 2006; 75 (2): 369–371. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/phr.2006.75.2.369 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentPacific Historical Review Search This content is only available via PDF. 2006 by The Pacific Coast Branch, American Historical Association Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.