Canadian Assessment Of Physical Literacy Research Articles

Validation of The Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy – CAPL-2 Questionnaire for German and Polish School Children

Abstract Physical literacy (PL) is a lifelong process of developing the motivation, confidence, physical competence, knowledge and understanding to value and take responsibility for engaging in physical activity throughout life. It is also an important concept for understanding and promoting physical activity in children and adolescents and is becoming a theoretical basis for analysing physical education in schools. One of the best known, well-operationalised assessments of PL is the Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy – CAPL-2. The aim of the study was to translate and culturally adapt the CAPL-2 questionnaires in two EU languages, German and Polish. Data from Poland and Germany were combined for this study, with a total sample size of N=802, consisting of 58.6% Polish and 41.4% German students. We used the TRAPD (the Translation, Review, Adjudication, Pre-test and Documentation) approach to translate the CAPL-2 questionnaires. The main results of this study show that the proposed Polish and German versions of the CAPL-2 questionnaires are satisfactory for use in research or for teachers to assess PL in physical education. Our results also indicate better predictive characteristics of the CAPL-2 questionnaires for children who are very close to or who meet the moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) recommendations for health as defined by the WHO. We recommend that adaptations be made that are consistent with the original Canadian version, but which are deeply embedded in the language and culture of the country in question, especially in their wording and terminology.

Role of Satisfaction with Life, Sex and Body Mass Index in Physical Literacy of Spanish Children.

Physical activity (PL) is essential to achieve good health, prevent cardiovascular diseases, obesity and overweight, as well as to achieve a better quality of life. Therefore, PL could become the tool to increase the practice of physical activity among young people, thus increasing life satisfaction (LS) given its positive relationship with physical activity. A single-measure cross-sectional correlational study was carried out, involving 135 children aged 8-12 years from Extremadura. They were administered the SWLS questionnaire and the Canadian assessment of physical literacy (CAPL-2). Significantly higher levels of PL (p = 0.010) were found in normal-weight children compared to overweight and obese children, due to the physical competence domain score (p < 0.001). PL was directly related to SWLS (p < 0.001), but inversely related to BMI (p = 0.018). The daily physical activity behaviour domain was explained by SWLS (p < 0.001) and sex (p < 0.001). Physical competence was described by SWLS (p < 0.001) and BMI (p = 0.045). Finally, the motivation and confidence domain were only significantly associated with SWLS (p < 0.001). It was concluded that boys and girls of normal weight achieved higher levels of PL and LS than those with overweight and obesity, establishing a negative relationship of PL with BMI and positive with LS.

Quick, Effective Screening Tasks Identify Children With Medical Conditions or Disabilities Needing Physical Literacy Support.

This study evaluated screening tasks able to identify children with medical conditions or disabilities who may benefit from physical literacy. Children completed ≤20 screening tasks during their clinic visit and then the Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy (2nd edition) at a separate visit. Total Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy scores <30th percentile were categorized as potentially needing physical literacy support. Receiver operator characteristic curves identified assessment cut points with 80% sensitivity and 40% specificity relative to total physical literacy scores. 223 children (97 girls; 10.1 [2.6]y) participated. Physical activity adequacy, predilection, and physical competence achieved ≥80% sensitivity and ≥40% specificity in both data sets. Adequacy ≤ 6.5 had 86% to 100% sensitivity and 48% to 49% specificity. Daily screen time >4.9hours combined with Adequacy ≤6.15 had 88% to 10% sensitivity and 53% to 56% specificity. Activity adequacy, alone or with screen time, most effectively identified children likely to benefit from physical literacy support. Adequacy and screen time questionnaires are suitable for clinical use. Similar results regardless of diagnosis suggest physical competence deficits are not primary determinants of active lifestyles. Research to enhance screening specificity is required.

Evaluation of Physical Literacy in 9- to 11-Year-Old Children: Reliability and Validity of Two Measurement Tools in Three Southeastern European Countries.

The awareness of the importance of physical literacy (PL) is globally increasing; however, knowledge of the applicability of PL measurement tools in southeastern Europe is limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of translated versions of the CAPL-2 and PLAYself questionnaires in 9- to 11-year-old elementary school children from Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro. The participants were 303 children (141 girls; all 9 to 11 years of age) from Croatia (n = 71), Bosnia and Herzegovina (n = 162), and Montenegro (n = 70), enrolled in regular elementary school. The participants were tested throughout a test-retest procedure using two PL evaluation tools, i.e., the Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy (shorter version, CAPL-2) and the Physical Literacy Assessment of Youth (PLAYself) questionnaires. With an intraclass correlation (ICC) of 0.70-0.80 for specific questionnaire subscales and 0.84 for the total score, PLAYself was found to be reliable. With Kappa values of 0.11-0.23 and a percentage of absolute agreement of less than 62%, CAPL-2 appeared to be less reliable. Factors related to sport participation were significantly positively associated with the PLAYself score, indicating its proper validity. In conclusion, we suggest the usage of the PLAYself questionnaire in further studies examining PL in children of a similar age in the region. Future studies in other age groups and languages are also warranted.

The role of the cultural environment in the development of physical literacy and physical activity of Iranian children

BackgroundThe investigation of physical literacy (PL) and physical activity (PA) should be done in an ecological context because the socio-cultural situation can encourage or inhibit children’s activity. The present study aimed to study the role of the cultural environment in the development of PL and PA in Iranian children.MethodsThe statistical population consisted of Iranian children aged 8 to 12, of whom 270 students were recruited by cluster sampling from six provinces. They complete the Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy 2 (CAPL-2) and the International Physical Activity Survey. To examine the cultural environment, the components of geographic location (west, south, central, east, and northwest), place of residence (downtown, suburban, and village), and gender (boys and girls) were used. A multivariate ANOVA analysis was used to analyze the data.ResultsFrom the geographic location, the findings showed that students inhabit in the west and east of Iran have significantly higher scores than their counterparts living in the central, south, and northwest at PA and PL (P < 0.001). From the place of residence, we observed a higher level of PA and PL in children living in the village than in those living in the suburbs and downtown (P < 0.001). In terms of gender, boys have higher PL and PA scores (P < 0.001).ConclusionThe findings demonstrate that socio-cultural factors, geographic location, place of residence, and gender have different impacts on children’s PL and physical activity. Therefore, we suggest using ecologically appropriate decentralized planning in a physical education curriculum.

S5-3 Towards national monitoring of physical literacy in Denmark

Abstract Purpose &amp; Method This presentation will focus on the Danish context and will present how physical literacy (PL) is culturally different in Denmark, illustrated by describing how a translation and context adaptation process of the Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy (CAPL-2) led to the development of ‘MyPL’ – a video-assisted questionnaire that assesses Danish children’s PL self-reported. Primary focus will be on how this questionnaire has been the first step towards national monitoring of the Danish population’s PL. Results During the developmental process of MyPL, researchers from two different Danish universities initiated a collaboration with the Danish Institute of Sport Analysis, resulting in the inclusion of a version of MyPL in their representative survey covering the Danish population’s sport and exercise habits and thus providing a unique opportunity to monitor the population’s PL levels over time. Conclusions The results from this survey will contribute to our understanding of PL in Denmark and further provide valuable insights into how PL levels in the Danish population, most efficiently, is monitored. This presentation will argue for the potentials of a national monitoring of PL and provide valuable insights into the Danish context and the status of PL amongst the Danish population.

ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICAL LITERACY OF SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN: BASIC APPROACHES AND TOOLS

The concept of literacy has changed at different stages of society. With the increase of cultural demands of society, nowadays, this concept is polymorphic, complex in structure, and dynamic in terms of development, given the constant refinements that consider today's challenges and demands. The study aimed to analyze the approaches and tools/techniques developed on their basis, which allow us to assess school-age children's physical literacy holistically. Well-known tools for assessing the physical literacy of schoolchildren were considered and analyzed: PHE Canada – Passport for Life, PLAY (Canadian Sport for Life – Physical Literacy Assessment for Youth Tools), 60 Min Kids Club Fundamental Movement Skills Assessment Tool, Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy (CAPL). It was shown that the Passport for Life involves assessing the literacy of children of both primary and secondary school age in four components – active participation, life skills, physical fitness, and motor skills. The tool PLAY involves assessing motor skills, level of knowledge and skills, physical competence, and confidence of the respondent; during pedagogical testing, it is recommended to use the following exercises: running, jumping, throwing the ball, exercises with the ball, walking on the line. The possibilities of the tool in taking into account the age, level of physical fitness, and state of health of the participant were shown. The structure and modifications of the CAPL methodology, the possibilities of the tool for obtaining a comprehensive assessment of physical literacy, and separate data characterizing the level of physical fitness, motor behavior, behavioral aspects of motor activity, psychosocial and cognitive factors were considered. It was established that each of these tools was designed for school-age people, taking into account the level of physical activity or physical fitness of the child and the level of knowledge and behavior in different environments. Such a comprehensive assessment of the level of physical literacy provides an understanding of the factors that hinder or increase physical activity.

Exploring physical literacy in children aged 8 to 12 years old: a cross-cultural comparison between China and Greece

BackgroundThe concept of physical literacy (PL) has been advocated as a crucial determinant for increasing the quality and quantity of movement and physical activity (PA). Children’s PL has been rarely compared across countries, although it has shown low levels in many countries. This study aimed to explore and compare children’s PL from China and Greece.MethodsA total of 327 Chinese (47.1% boys) and 295 Greek children (48.1% boys) aged 8 to 12 years participated in this study. Children’s PL was objectively assessed by the Chinese and Greek version of the Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy, 2nd edition, which consists of four domains: Daily Behavior, Physical Competence, Motivation and Confidence, and Knowledge.and Understanding. Univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) on total PL and domain scores were conducted in both countries, respectively.ResultsMANOVA revealed significant differences in total PL and distribution scores between two countries (Pillais’ trace = 0.260, F = 53.855, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.260), with Greek children scoring better than Chinese. Nevertheless, most children failed to present an adequate PL level as they were mostly in the “progressing” stage. The chi-square denoted that the distribution of Chinese and Greek participants across the CAPL-2 interpretive categories was statistically different for total PL (χ2 [3] = 18.726, p < 0.001, Cramer’s V = 0.174), with more Greek children being classified as “achieving” and “excelling”.ConclusionsThe variance between Chinese and Greek children may be attributed to cultural differences in the context of PA, such as PE policies and settings. The relatively low level of PL shown in both countries echoes the global trend of the declining PA among children, with an increasing amount of their time spent in a sedentary lifestyle. These findings highlight the need to consider children’s cultural factors and pedagogical strategies in terms of developing their PL. Future research is required to explore the impact of cultural background on PL development among children and appropriate strategies to migrate their influence.

The Canadian assessment of physical literacy: a valid tool in determining the Iranian children capacity for an active and healthy lifestyle

The Canadian assessment of physical literacy: a valid tool in determining the Iranian children capacity for an active and healthy lifestyle

PHYSICAL LITERACY OF FEMALE RECREATIONAL GYMNASTS

Children, especially girls, do not demonstrate physical activity (PA) and physical literacy (PL) levels associated with sufficient health benefits. Gymnastics is thought to be a suitable field for reinforcing children’s PL and related elements, such as PA. This study aimed at assessing the PL level of female recreational gymnasts to detect areas of sufficient and insufficient development in their PL. For that, 101 8-12-year-old girls (Mage=10.1±1.4), who participated in recreational gymnastics programs for at least one year (Myears=3.7±2.0), were assessed by using the Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy (CAPL-2). Average scores (M±SD) for total PL and its related elements were calculated for all participants. Accordingly, each of them was classified into one out of the four CAPL-2’s interpretive categories, indicating whether she was at a non-recommended (“beginning”, “progressing”) or recommended level (“achieving”, excelling”). Regression analysis examined the association of total PL score with participants’ age and years of participation in gymnastics. Although the female gymnasts, similarly to same-age children worldwide, did not present adequate PL level, their fitness was sufficiently developed and they were excessively motivated/confident for PA. Adversely, other PL elements, i.e., their motor competence, PA knowledge, PA participation, were below the recommended levels, indicating deficiencies in their PL development. Age was associated with total PL (b=.440, p=.0001), whereas the years of gymnastics’ participation were not (b=.090, p=.325). Participation in recreational gymnastics is important for enhancing several PL elements of female gymnasts; however, for developing the entire range of PL elements, the implementation of multicomponent gymnastics programs must be prioritized.

Characterizing Middle School Students' Physical Literacy Development: A Self-Determination Theory-Based Pilot Intervention in Physical Education.

Purpose: Positive youth development (PYD) can be achieved through effective and purposeful instructions in physical education (PE) and other relevant experiences both in and beyond schools. Students' PYD is associated with their physical literacy (PL) development, which has become a primary emphasis of PE, especially in the United States, in recent years. This study aimed to (a) characterize middle school students' physical literacy (PL) and (b) capture their PL developing trajectories in light of receiving a self-determination theory (SDT)-based pedagogical workshop, with the long-term vision on PYD.Methods: Participants (N = 226) completed the Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy (CAPL-2) in physical education (PE). A subsample (n = 49) received four workshop sessions over 8 weeks; and completed the CAPL-2 and participated in focus group interviews before and after the workshop.Results: Both boys and girls' CAPL-2 scores were in the “progressing” stage. Significant differences in PL and PL domains were observed by gender, grade, socioeconomic status (SES), body mass index (BMI), and race/ethnicity. The low PL group showed improvements in PL and PL domains. Interview data delineated positive PL developing trajectories for physical activity (PA) type, frequency, and intensity; perceived motives; and participation barriers.Conclusion: PL is a dynamic state that can be improved through purposeful PE. Future work should examine the effect (and implementation) of opportunities in (e.g., PE) and beyond schools (e.g., youth sports programs) to ultimately advance PYD.

Relation between quality of life and physical literacy of young adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder

This study aims to obtain knowledge of how ASD individuals differ from their normally developed equals in terms of physical literacy and quality of life on a stage of early adolescents. Data have been collected from two samples: 18 males with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) aged 11–13 years (main group) and 30 males aged 11–12 years without ASD diagnosis (control group, CG). Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy – second edition (CAPL-2) has been applied for assessing the level of physical literacy. Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL™4.0) has been used to assess the quality of life. Children with ASD have the most significant lag in static strength endurance of muscles (84%), coordination, dynamic, and static balance lag behind the standard (by 67% to 45%). The quality of life following the Emotional Functioning scale is relatively low both in children with ASD (58.42 ± 19.51 points) and healthy respondents (69.50 ± 17.04 points). Respondents with ASD indicate that it is hard to establish good relationships with other children (47.37%), had complaints about bullying (21.05%), and maintain the required pace of the game (68.43%). Physical education programs should focus more on coping with disabled children in the integration environment and better preparation of ASD children for physical activity which requires social interaction like playing sports games.

Physical Literacy Assessment of Elementary School Children in Indonesian Urban Areas

Currently, physical literacy recognizes as a critical part of physical education. The purpose of this study was to measure Physical Literacy Elementary School Children in Indonesian Urban Areas, a total of 60 students (23 girls, 38.3%; 37 boys, 61.7%) grade 5 (aged 11-12 years) as a participant for survey studies. The instrument used to measure PL is the Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy (CAPL). It's used survey research methods. The analysis technique in this study uses descriptive statistical analysis to investigate the results of students' physical literacy based on the data that has been collected—technical data analysis using SPSS software. The result showed that students have good motivation and confidence. However, the level of knowledge and understanding of data is still relatively low, as well as the physical competence.

Translation and validation of the Canadian assessment of physical literacy-2 in a Danish sample

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to translate the Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy, second edition (CAPL-2) into Danish language, adapt it to Danish context and to test the measurement properties on a sample of Danish school children.MethodsThe CAPL-2 measurement tool was translated into Danish language and adapted for the Danish context. This Danish version of the CAPL-2 was then tested on 891 Danish school children from 50 classes in 12 different schools.ResultsConfirmatory factor analysis using the four-factor model, as suggested by the CAPL-2 original developers, showed an acceptable model fit for the Danish version (CFI = .973; TLI = .957; RMSEA = 0.040 (90% CI 0.033–0.054); SRMR = 0.040). Positive significant correlations between the domains were found. The domains as well as the total CAPL-2 score were found to be positively associated with physical education teachers’ assessment of their pupil’s in four central aspects of PL (i.e. enjoyment, confidence, motor skills, and diversity) indicating predictive validity. High internal consistency of the instrument used to measure motivation and confidence domain were found.ConclusionThe translated and context-adapted Danish version of CAPL-2 is a valid and reliable measurement tool ready to use in Danish research studies.

Predilection for physical activity and body mass index z-score can quickly identify children needing support for a physically active lifestyle.

Comprehensive physical literacy assessments can be time-consuming and require a gymnasium space and examiner training. This project sought to identify easy-to-administer tasks, suitable for all physical activity and healthcare settings, which could quickly screen a group of children to identify those most likely to benefit from an in-depth assessment or additional physical literacy support. The 40 potential screening tasks were compared with the Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy among 226 children (57% female) aged 8 to 12 years. Absolute body mass index z-score above 0.67 or predilection for physical activity less than 31.5/36 points had the highest sensitivity (81% and 83%, respectively) and specificity (45% and 52%, respectively). Predilection less than 31.5 combined with absolute body mass index z-scores achieved 81% sensitivity and 64% sensitivity. When the selected tasks were repeated on a different sample of 71 children (50% female), results were similar with the combination of predilection and absolute body mass index achieving 92% sensitivity and 53% specificity. Predilection for physical activity, absolute body mass index z-score, and a combination of the two are quick and easy screening tasks suitable for all physical activity settings that can identify children likely to need additional support for a physically active lifestyle. Novelty: Physical literacy screening can be completed in recreation, education, allied health, coaching and healthcare settings. Predilection for physical activity and body mass index z-score quickly identify children needing physical literacy support.

Characterization of physical literacy in children with chronic medical conditions compared with healthy controls: a cross-sectional study.

To determine the physical literacy, defined as the capability for a physically active lifestyle, of children with medical conditions compared with healthy peers, this multicenter cross-sectional study recruited children with medical conditions from cardiology, neurology (including concussion), rheumatology, mental health, respirology, oncology, hematology, and rehabilitation (including cerebral palsy) clinics. Participants aged 8-12 years (N= 130; mean age: 10.0± 1.44 years; 44% female) were randomly matched to 3 healthy peers from a normative database, based on age, gender, and month of testing. Total physical literacy was assessed by the Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy, a validated assessment of physical literacy measuring physical competence, daily behaviour, knowledge/understanding, and motivation/confidence. Total physical literacy mean scores (/100) did not differ (t(498)= -0.67; p= 0.44) between participants (61.0± 14.2) and matched healthy peers (62.0± 10.7). Children with medical conditions had lower mean physical competence scores (/30; -6.5 [-7.44 to -5.51]; p < 0.001) but higher mean motivation/confidence scores (/30; 2.6 [1.67 to 3.63]; p< 0.001). Mean daily behaviour and knowledge/understanding scores did not differ from matches (/30; 1.8 [0.26 to 3.33]; p= 0.02;/10; -0.04 [-0.38 to 0.30]; p= 0.81; respectively). Children with medical conditions are motivated to be physically active but demonstrate impaired movement skills and fitness, suggesting the need for targeted interventions to improve their physical competence. Novelty: Physical literacy in children with diverse chronic medical conditions is similar to healthy peers. Children with medical conditions have lower physical competence than healthy peers, but higher motivation and confidence. Physical competence (motor skill, fitness) interventions, rather than motivation or education, are needed for these youth.

An R Package for Computing Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy (CAPL) scores and interpretations from raw data.

The Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy (CAPL) is the first comprehensive protocol designed to assess a child’s level of physical literacy. Current approaches to analyzing CAPL-2 raw data are tedious, inefficient, and/or can lead to computation errors. In this paper we introduce the capl R package (open source), designed to compute and visualize CAPL-2 scores and interpretations from raw data. The capl package takes advantage of the R environment to provide users with a fast, efficient, and reliable approach to analyzing their CAPL-2 raw data and a “quiet” user experience, whereby “noisy” error messages are suppressed via validation. We begin by discussing several preparatory steps that are required prior to using the capl package. These steps include preparing, formatting, and importing CAPL-2 raw data. We then use demo data to show that computing the CAPL-2 scores and interpretations is as simple as executing one line of code. This one line of code uses the main function in the capl package (get_capl()) to compute 40 variables within a matter of seconds. Next, we showcase the helper functions that are called within the main function to compute individual variables and scores for each test element within the four domains as well as an overall physical literacy score. Finally, we show how to visualize CAPL-2 results using the ggplot2 R package.

Cross-validation of the Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy second edition (CAPL-2): The case of a Chinese population

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to culturally adapt the Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy, Second Edition (CAPL-2) and examine its validity and reliability among Chinese children aged 8 to 12 years. The original manual of CAPL-2 was translated and culturally adapted from English into Chinese. A total of 327 children (153 boys, mean age = 10.0) completed CAPL-2 (Chinese) assessments. Internal consistency reliability and construct validity for subscales and total model was explored. Results reported a good fit after adjusting for covariation paths, chi-square (χ 2 = 70.16, df = 43, p < 0.05), RMSEA = 0.04, 90% CI (0.024 – 0.062), CFI = 0.94, TLI = 0.90. Motivation and Confidence showed a good internal consistency (α = 0.82), compared to Knowledge and Understanding (α = 0.52). In general, there were few significant correlations between age and the subdomains as developmentally expected, and gender differences were observed with boys performing better than girls in total CAPL2 (Chinese) scores. This study was the first to cross-validate the CAPL-2 into the Chinese population. CAPL-2 (Chinese) offers the possibility of assessing physical literacy for researchers and practitioners and Chinese children’s physical literacy development could be easily tracked in school settings.

The physical literacy and children with autism

ABSTRACT Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who have problems such as inactivity and the lack of communication need interventions that enable them to participate in society just like their peers. The purpose of this study was to investigate ‘I can have physical literacy’ programme (ICPL) on physical literacy (PL) in children with ASD. This study was a quasi-experimental study with the pre-test, post-test design, and control group. The intervention programme was based on ICPL and the Canadian assessment of physical literacy (CAPL). The results showed that physical competence (p=.005), daily behaviour (p=.003), motivation and confidence (p=.005), knowledge (p=.001), and PL (p=.005). The intervention is based on the PL effect on physical competence to engage in physical activity (PA), and also embraces more than the body and development of physical skills which includes other factors.

How physically literate are children today? A baseline assessment of Greek children 8-12 years of age

ABSTRACTDeveloping Physical Literacy (PL) in children is considered a promising concept for establishing active lifestyle habits; yet research evidence is scarce. This study aimed at comprehensively assessing PL in 8-12-year-old Greek children. For that purpose, the Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy (CAPL-2) was administered to 715 children (M age = 10.2, SD = 1.3 years). Analyses of variance were applied on participants’ total, domain and individual measures scores, examining potential gender and age differences; whereas, participants’ classification and proportion across CAPL-2 interpretive categories were computed. Results revealed that there were no practically important differences (η2 < .14) between boys and girls or younger (grades 3 & 4) and older children (grades 5 & 6). Greek children presented insufficient levels of PL (their total score classified them into “progressing” PL level). CAPL-2 domains and individual measures scores showed that participants were highly motivated and felt confident to participate in physical activity (PA); however, they exhibited low PA as well as unsatisfactory physical competence, knowledge, and understanding to value and take responsibility for engagement in PA. Although further research is needed for a comprehensive picture of PL correlates, our findings highlight the need for providing Greek children with ample opportunities to enhance their PL.