Canadian Academic Research Articles

Racism in Peer-Group Interactions: South Asian Students' Experiences in Canadian Academe

For this qualitative inquiry, 40 South Asian students in a predominantly White Canadian university participated in interviews to investigate how racism is prevalent among peers in the university environment. Differential treatment is evident in the everyday interactions between minority and mainstream students, negatively affecting the overall academic performance of minority students. Interviewed male and female minority students were undergraduates and graduates across disciplines, between 18-24 years of age. Recommendations include more visibility of minority students and cross-cultural activities to challenge the persistence of racism in the university setting.

Assessment of inter-observer reliability of two five-level triage and acuity scales: a randomized controlled trial

The Emergency Severity Index (ESI) is an initial measure of patient assessment in the emergency department (ED). It rates patients based on acuity and predicted resource intensity from Level 1 (most ill) to Level 5 (least resource intensive). Already implemented and evaluated in several US hospitals, ESI has yet to be evaluated in a Canadian setting or compared with the five-level Canadian Emergency Department Triage and Acuity Scale (CTAS). To compare the inter-observer reliability of 2 five-level triage and acuity scales. Ten triage nurses, who had all been trained in the use of CTAS, from 4 urban, academic Canadian EDs were randomly assigned either to training in ESI version 3 (ESI v.3) or to refresher training in CTAS. They independently assigned triage scores to 200 emergency cases, unaware of the rating by the other nurses. Number of years of nursing practice was the only significant demographic difference found between the 2 groups (p = 0.014). A quadratically weighted kappa to measure the inter-observer reliability of the CTAS group was 0.91 (0.90, 0.99) and not significantly different from that of the ESI group 0.89 (0.88, 0.99). An inter-test generalizability (G) study performed on the variance components derived from an analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed G(5) = 0.90 (0.82, 0.99). After 3 hours of training, experienced triage nurses were able to perform triage assessments using ESI v.3 with the same inter-observer reliability as those with experience and refresher training in using the CTAS.

The institution of tenure: freedom or discipline?

Tenure, the permanency of employment offered to university professors, is discussed in the context of an institutionalized practice. This article examines the bases of legitimacy of this institution, specifically as a mechanism to protect academic freedom and trade‐off for higher pay. An analysis of the cases of two Canadian academics suggests that both of these bases of legitimacy are an institutional myth. By rendering the untenured faculty member highly visible and subject to measurement and classification, they are susceptible to intervention and management. As such, the preservation of tenure is rationalized in a rule‐like way that espouses its benefits and obfuscates its dark side. The resulting experiences indicate some negative consequences of tenure that do not receive widespread attention.

Patient Safety Culture and Leadership within Canada's Academic Health Science Centres: Towards the Development of a Collaborative Position Paper

Currently, the Academy of Canadian Executive Nurses (ACEN) is working with the Association of Canadian Academic Healthcare Organizations (ACAHO) to develop a joint position paper on patient safety cultures and leadership within Academic Health Science Centres (AHSCs). Pressures to improve patient safety within our healthcare system are gaining momentum daily. Because AHSCs in Canada are the key organizations that are positioned regionally and nationally, where service delivery is the platform for the education of future healthcare providers, and where the development of new knowledge and innovation through research occurs, leadership for patient safety logically must emanate from them. As a primer, ACEN provides an overview of current patient safety initiatives in AHSCs to date. In addition, the following six key areas for action are identified to ensure that AHSCs continue to be leaders in delivering quality, safe healthcare in Canada. These include: (1) strategic orientation to safety culture and quality improvement, (2) open and transparent disclosure policies, (3) health human resources integral to ensuring patient safety practices, (4) effective linkages between AHSCs and academic institutions, (5) national patient safety accountability initiatives and (6) collaborative team practice.

The determinants of research output in academic biomedical laboratories

The biotechnology industry supply chain begins with a scientific discovery that often originates in academic research laboratories. This study identified determinants of scientific knowledge output (publications and citations) in a sample of academic Canadian biomedical laboratories. The amount of research funding was found to be a positive determinant of the number of publications, but the relationship is non-linear indicating diminishing returns to funding. However, funding had no direct effect on citations, though it did have an indirect effect because publication rates and citation rates are positively correlated. Although the source of funding (public or private) did not have an impact on the number of publications, publicly-funded research is associated with higher citation counts than industry-funded research. Collaboration with external biomedical researchers significantly increased both the quantity and quality of publications. Principal investigators' educational qualifications are also a significant determinant of research outputs. Physician biomedical researchers published fewer journal papers than those with only PhDs, however their publications (especially for those with both MD and PhD degrees) had significantly higher citation rates. Implications for industry–university collaborative research are presented.

Myths and Realities in American–Canadian Studies: Challenges to Comparing Native Peoples' Experiences

From the start it is clear that several myths surround the comparative study of historical issues in America and Canada. First, the assumption is that such work will be welcomed with enthusiasm. Certainly in the U.S. many historians speak glowingly about the need for and the benefits from comparative history. Participants at major national conferences, however, often find rather different responses. Sparse attendance at the few comparative sessions is common. Even more striking is the glazed look received when trying to discuss ideas and projects. Listeners often glance furtively around the book display hoping to find a friend they can use as an excuse to break away from what is obviously a boring conversation. (1) My experience with Canadian academics is somewhat more limited. At first glance they seem to have somewhat more interest in doing parallel studies of related issues in the two nations. To an outsider it appears that a higher percentage of Canadian historians do some cross-border work than do so in the U.S. However, there is little welcome for such work done by scholars south of the border. Rather it seems to be treated in two ways, both negative. Much of it receives little attention, often being overlooked in citations and bibliographies when it probably deserves a place. Second, comparative studies often are reviewed more harshly than in the U.S. American academic reviewers tend to look at comparative work as having made a basic scholarly contribution, and tend to focus on the broad, general themes being considered. Canadian reviewers tend to criticize the same project for what it lacks and for minor factual errors or omissions. This certainly inhibits or even discourages some from serious consideration of comparative work. (2) If such a transnational interest is actually wishful thinking by a small number of scholars, how does this apply to studies of Indian/First Nations people? In the past decade a few studies of tribal groups and their experiences with the two nation states have appeared. But, like comparative history in general, they seem not to have made a significant impact in either country. Here too, myths confuse the issues. One depicts society in the U.S. as highly individualistic while that in Canada is seen as more group oriented. The latter is described as an ethnic mosaic while the U.S. is a melting pot. How American society can be more individualistic than Canada when distinct ethnic identities are vanishing in the U.S. is not explained, nor is any attention given to the Enfranchisement Act of 1869 that set the Dominion government on the path of individualism for First Nations people when in the U.S. policies still dealt with tribes as units. A myth related directly to Native Studies is that the U.S. used wars to reduce its Indian population, but Canadian officials let starvation and disease do the job. (3) It seems to me that even a brief look at our two histories demonstrates that such claims are false. First, Canada's relatively peaceful frontier dealings with its tribal groups lasted only until it sent Mounted Policemen west. Just over a decade after the Mounties marched onto the Plains, the 1885 fighting broke out. At the same time, bungling caused wide-spread starvation and disease tolls in the U.S. as well. Although the obvious need to get past such widely-held myths, and the chance to enter rather uncharted waters helped attract me to comparative study, other factors helped too. Family stories of pioneer settlement caught my interest, and led to my obtaining a Ph.D. in American frontier history at the University of Wisconsin. At Madison my training focused on the actions of the settlers in creating new communities and the experiences of the Native Americans as they dealt with their unwelcome neighbors. The History Department at Wisconsin had a sought-after British Commonwealth Chair, and prominent scholars such as A.L. Rouse from Britain, and Max Crawford from Australia, lectured frequently. …

The Ottawa Process Revisited

I believe that the campaign to ban landmines only produced significant victory in international disarmament, but also epitomized broader changes that have shaken the foundations of international relations. Driven by global change, new forms of multilateralism are emerging, with new concepts, new tools, new actors, and even new institutions. -Lloyd Axworthy, 1998(1)THE GLOBAL MOVEMENT to ban anti-personnel (AP) landmines has been described by Canadian academics Maxwell Cameron and Brian Tomlin, and Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (DFAIT) senior policy advisor Robert Lawson as a story of triumph against all odds.(2) It was, writes Cameron, one of the most significant Canadian foreign policy achievements in decades.(3) Then Canadian foreign minister Lloyd Axworthy was even more forthcoming: campaign to ban anti-personnel mines was defining moment for post-Cold War international relations... It shows that, when existing international bodies are up to task, new issue-based alliances can make unprecedented progress.(4) The Ottawa Process,(5) it has been argued, revealed that traditional diplomatic fora and mechanisms can and should be subverted when they represent an obstacle to the achievement of policy goals that are widely demanded by world opinion. Multilateralism is fine as long as states are prepared to move as fast as the slowest in the pack, but of the are preferable when the public wants results.(6)In the wake of the recent American War on Iraq, this message is eerie. In his account of the landmines initiative, Axworthy encouraged Canadians to analyze the success of the... campaign, reflect on the lessons learned, and look ahead to new international opportunities in the new century.(7) But, in his enthusiasm, Axworthy and his supporters seem to have ignored the blatant contradictions between Canada's high-minded humanitarian rhetoric and the take-it-or-leave-it bargaining strategy that was at the core of the so-called new multilateralism.Moreover, the celebration of the freedom of the lesser powers, made possible by the end of the bipolar structure of the Cold War, has over-looked the dangers that have come along with the unitary hyperpower system left in its place. America too has been empowered and spurred on by the tragedy of 9/11; its president has presented rather different interpretation of the words coalitions of the like-minded when faced with an international body not up to the task of furthering its interests.Canadians, along with the rest of the international community, should have seen this coming. In their summary of focus group research undertaken at the end of the Ottawa Process, Cameron, Tomlin and Lawson concluded: If the lesson learned by participants is truly that coalition of small and medium powers in concert with NGOs can take issues outside of regular diplomatic channels and fast-track an outcome over the objections of major powers, then the major powers surely learned the same lesson.(8) That said, whether or George W. Bush had any knowledge of the methods used by the International Coalition to Ban Landmines (ICBL), it should be at all surprising that the United States organized and justified its war against Iraq's Saddam Hussein through strategies and rhetoric disturbingly similar to those employed so effectively against its own wishes in 1997.THE OTTAWA PROCESSThe dangers inherent in AP landmines were first recognized seriously by the international community in Protocol II of the 10 October 1980 United Nations Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or Have Indiscriminate Effects (CCW). The Protocol proposed to restrict or eliminate landmines and similar war instruments that put civilians at risk.(9) However well intentioned it might have been, the CCW had virtually no impact on the use, sale or production of AP mines. …

Productivity in “Top‐Ten” Academic Accounting Journals by Researchers at Canadian Universities*

ABSTRACTWe examine the research productivity of academic accountants at Canadian universities for the 11‐year period 1990‐2000. Our analysis is based on the “top‐ten” ranked refereed journals in accounting, auditing, and taxation, as documented by Brown and Huefner (1994). We first provide an overview of the importance of publishing in highly ranked accounting journals for individual academics, departments, and business faculties. We then provide details of the proportion of articles published in each of these journals by academics from Canadian universities; the type of research published in each journal (auditing, financial accounting, managerial accounting, and taxation); and details of editorial board service. Our results indicate that even at the most productive Canadian university (in terms of “top‐ten” publications), faculty members publish (on average) approximately one article every seven years. Six Canadian universities have faculty members with, on average, more than one article in “top‐ten” journals every 10 years. We also provide results of analyses that rank each Canadian university, after controlling for the relative quality of each journal, using impact factors published by the Social Science Citation Index. In addition, statistics are provided with regard to the 15 most productive researchers, in terms of “top‐ten” publications, in the 11‐year period. Finally, in conjunction with the 25th anniversary of the Canadian Academic Accounting Association, we examine the productivity of academic accountants at Canadian universities over the past 25 years by combining our results with those reported by Richardson and Williams (1990).

Consensus guidelines on analgesia and sedation in dying intensive care unit patients.

BackgroundIntensivists must provide enough analgesia and sedation to ensure dying patients receive good palliative care. However, if it is perceived that too much is given, they risk prosecution for committing euthanasia. The goal of this study is to develop consensus guidelines on analgesia and sedation in dying intensive care unit patients that help distinguish palliative care from euthanasia.MethodsUsing the Delphi technique, panelists rated levels of agreement with statements describing how analgesics and sedatives should be given to dying ICU patients and how palliative care should be distinguished from euthanasia. Participants were drawn from 3 panels: 1) Canadian Academic Adult Intensive Care Fellowship program directors and Intensive Care division chiefs (N = 9); 2) Deputy chief provincial coroners (N = 5); 3) Validation panel of Intensivists attending the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group meeting (N = 12).ResultsAfter three Delphi rounds, consensus was achieved on 16 statements encompassing the role of palliative care in the intensive care unit, the management of pain and suffering, current areas of controversy, and ways of improving palliative care in the ICU.ConclusionConsensus guidelines were developed to guide the administration of analgesics and sedatives to dying ICU patients and to help distinguish palliative care from euthanasia.

Paying Doctors: Impact of a Change in Remuneration Method at a Canadian Academic Health Centre

Abstract: Almost a century ago, North American medical reformers argued that clinician scholars could be relied on to do their best academic work only if they were freed from reliance on entrepreneurial activity. Since that time, Canadian medical schools have become increasingly reliant on medical fees to subsidize their academic mission. At present, clinical earnings no longer appear able to support medical education. This article describes the early results from an innovation in physician payment at an Ontario academic health centre. Under the new system all faculty abandoned fee-for-service billing and were funded from a global budget. This remuneration change had little impact on clinical service, education, or research. However, the system has introduced unprecedented stability and accountability to the funding of medical education.

White women as burden: On playing the role of feminist “experts” in china

This article explores the problems of international, collaborative feminist research by telling the story of two Canadian academics who embarked on a journey to do feminist research with a group of Chinese academics. The literature warns of the difficulties of collaboration and the dangers of power imbalances that are positional, procedural and representational. In this instance, the Canadians, despite their positional advantages, experienced little power in the planning of the research, feeling themselves as a burden rather than a boon at many points during the process. They analyze the reasons for this, and conclude that the content of their conversation mattered less than the form in which it was delivered. Despite a number of difficulties, the project was of value for the collaborators. For the Chinese, it was a chance for women faculty in less privileged universities to work together, with new resources, on a topic that needed validation. For the Canadians, it resulted in an increased appreciation for the specificity of North American feminism, varieties of Chinese feminism and the contextual nature of research methodologies. The article concludes with a discussion of the value and limits of universities' new emphasis on internationalism and its meaning for feminists with an emphasis on the value of such projects, if appropriately conceived and managed.

That Moment in History

Canadian Studies is often described as a conversation, engaged in by all who explore experience and character.1 Ideally, it transcends the partial perspectives of disciplines, and, informed by activist aspirations, bridges the divide between academia and the Canadian community. The record of this conversation and its future agenda were examined closely in the recent millennium issues (Volume 35) of the Journal of Canadian Studies. As Robert Campbell and others explained, the themes animating Canadian Studies - the distinctiveness of the Canadian experience, the uncertain place of Canada in an era of globalization, the relevance of equality, justice, democracy and other noble themes to the Canada project - remain as relevant as ever. In everyday life, of course, we usually talk about more mundane matters - our own splinters of the collective experience. But the last few months have also shown how the shared witnessing of a great and horrendous event can pull Canadians into a joint effort to make sense of unprecedented images and a changed reality. Since September, academics have participated in this, contributing context and meaning on topics ranging from Afghan politics to Islam to national security. Those who study Canada have contributed their share of commentary. Just in the last few days Canadian academics have pronounced on the implications for civil liberties of anti-terrorism legislation, the rediscovered relevance of government as the purveyor of public goods, and the possible impact on architecture of new feelings of urban vulnerability. American efforts to reshape the geopolitical order into a united front against terrorism will only sharpen the challenges for Canada of defining its distinctive role in world affairs, and a distinctive experience worth reporting to the world. But there may be limits to the contribution academics can make to understanding these challenges. In daily conversation, 11 has become the shorthand for the attacks on New York and Washington, and their aftermath. After all, we often prefer to understand history in terms of specific dates. But this preference runs counter to the familiar tendency in academic discourse to focus on larger trends - the deeper currents of change, not the rough waves of daily events. Let me provide an example from my own field, environmental history: while popular writers tend to explain the origins of environmental concerns in terms of specific events (the publication of Silent Spring in 1962; the first voyage of Greenpeace; Earth Day on 22 April 1970), historians usually trace these concerns to less dramatic but more sweeping changes in society and politics, such as increased education, greater opportunities for leisure, and an expanded role for government as the guarantor of public goods such as clean air and water. Similarly, September seems likely to become a touchstone of public memory (where were you on the day. …

Academic Freedom in Canada: A History

Although currently under attack from several directions, academic freedom is as important as it has ever been in enabling academics to teach, to carry out research, and to offer disinterested criticism and advice. Michiel Horn's new book accentuates the changing nature of academic freedom in English Canada and provides essential background to today's discussions. Based on extensive archival research in more than twenty universities across Canada and in six public archives, the book locates the idea of academic freedom in its institutional and social contexts and traces its conflict-ridden evolution from 1860 to the present. Providing detailed coverage and analysis, Academic Freedom in Canada exposes previously unpublished information on why selected academics were dismissed or forced to resign, and on how pressure was used, often successfully, to silence others. As well as focusing on individuals such as Frank Underhill (University of Toronto), George Hunter (University of Alberta), and Harry Crowe (United College, Winnipeg), the book covers issues including the resistance in universities to Darwinist thought; the influences of modern Biblical criticism, capitalism, and war on academic freedom; the experience of women and ethnic minorities; and the question of whether or not academics should be allowed to run for public office. One chapter addresses the contentious issue of tenure. Michiel Horn also identifies and analyses the challenges that have faced academic freedom in more recent years, most notably those of the economy and of 'political correctness'. He shows how the seeds of today's changing demands on universities can be found in the vicissitudes of the past, and contends that Canadian academics owe it to their fellow citizens to use their freedom for the common good.

Information Literacy Instruction in Canadian Academic Libraries: Longitudinal Trends and International Comparisons

A national survey of information literacy instruction in Canadian academic libraries revealed that trends in teaching objectives, methods, and content have changed little in the past five years. Instructional librarians continue to face numerous challenges, particularly with regard to limited resources and faculty and student attitudes. Although more than half of the libraries believe they are meeting their instructional objectives, only a minority actually record their objectives formally and evaluation of instructional success remains mostly informal. Findings from the survey are compared with an earlier Canadian study and with similar work done in the United States and New Zealand.

Funding of 2000 Slots Sets Off Musical Chairs

Four months before it goes into effect, a $605 million program to help Canadian universities attract and retain the best scientific talent has ignited a furor within Canadian academe. Research-intensive universities have begun aggressively shopping for prospective candidates, using the new chairs as bait. Smaller universities say that has left them fending off talent raids.

The Korean War Biological Weapon Allegations: Additional Information and Disclosures

ASIAN PERSPECTIVE, Vol. 24, No. 3, 2000, pp. 159-172 Commentary THE KOREAN WAR BIOLOGICAL WEAPON ALLEGATIONS: ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND DISCLOSURES Milton Leitenberg A Fraudulent Case The most serious of all the post-World War II charges of bio­ logical weapons use was made by China, North Korea, and the USSR against the United States during the Korean War. Together with nuclear and chemical weapons, biological weapons are cate­ gorized as one of the three kinds of "weapons of mass destruc­ tion." The charges were summarized in a chapter in the volume The Problem of Chemical and Biological Warfare, published by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) in 1971.1 Although little remembered now, these charges produced enor­ mous political repercussions at the time, with extensive debate at the United Nations and international protests against the alleged U.S. use of biological weapons. In January 1998, the text, either complete or partial, of twelve internal documents from the archives of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) were obtained. The documents provided detailed and authoritative evidence that the Korean War biological weapons (BW) allegations were con­ trived and fraudulent. One document dates from February 21, 1952; all the other documents cover the period from April 13 to June 2, 1953, the four months following the death of Stalin. It is 160 Milton Leitenberg clear that the documents obtained are only a fragment of the rele­ vant Soviet archive, but they describe, at least in part, the way in which the allegations were contrived by North Korean and Chi­ nese officials and Soviet advisers. The documents include direct communications between the Central Committee of the CPSU to both the Chinese and North Korean leaders, Mao Zedong and Kim II Sung, and replies by the latter. One document, dating from May 1953, opens with the following lines: For Mao Zedong: The Soviet Government and the Central Com­ mittee of the CPSU were misled. The spread in the press of infor­ mation about the use by the Americans of bacteriological weapons in Korea was based on false information. The accusations again the Americans were fictitious. Despite the clear and explicit formulation of that message, the currently existing knowledge of the nature of relations, con­ sultation, and decision making at the time between the govern­ ments of North Korea, China, and the USSR, provide very sub­ stantial reason to suspect that the more likely instigator of the charges was Moscow. However, it is impossible to resolve that basic question at the present time given the limited amount of material available. These documents, as well as this writer's detailed analysis of the attempts by various authors from the time of the occurrence of the events in 1951-1952 through the 1990s to resolve the ques­ tion of whether the charges were true or false, were published in 1998.2 The publications were made available to the most knowl­ edgeable living Russian specialists on the Soviet-era archival records dealing with the Korean War. To date, there have been no demurrals, nor have any denials been made by Russian or Chi­ nese officials. Almost simultaneously, the old and now discredited charges were reiterated, first in 1998 in a book published in the West, and then in the spring of 1999 by the North Korean ambassador to the United Nations, but very notably not by China or, of course, by Russia. The book, written by two Canadian academics, Stephen Endicott and Edward Hagerman, was essentially comprised of two portions. One part, a description of the U.S. biological weapons program during World War II and in the immediate post-war years, was based on declassified U.S. documents avail­ The Korean War Biological Weapon Allegations 161 able to researchers in the U.S. National Archives. The second por­ tion was a reiteration of all the old Chinese propaganda. The authors then attempted to link the two essentially by invocation and without the provision of any direct evidence whatsoever demonstrating a connection between the two parts.3 An insight also became available regarding at least a partial contribution to the genesis of the book. A third researcher who had been interested...

The test-takers' choice: an investigation of the effect of topic on language-test performance

A fundamental issue in validating topic-based tests of language proficiency is the effect of the topic on the test takers’ performance. Topic-based test developers must ensure that test takers are neither advantaged nor disadvantaged in terms of their test results when presented with a given test topic. We have termed this threat a ‘topic effect’ and argue that this topic effect may constitute a source of construct-irrelevant variance (Messick, 1989). We contend that investigating the possibility of a topic effect is a critical step in establishing the validity of all topic-based tests. This research investigates the potential presence of a topic effect for the Canadian Academic English Language (CAEL) Assessment using the mechanism of choice. The principal research question is to determine if test-takers given a choice of topic perform significantly differently than test-takers not given a choice. ESL university applicants ( n = 254) were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: no choice of topic or choice among five topics. Overall Proficiency Level, Reading, Lecture and Essay scores were compared for the two conditions. Ordinal level data were analysed using the Mann Whitney U, Chi-Square and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests. While the scores for the choice groups were usually higher than the scores for the no-choice groups, the differences were not statistically significant. Despite the lack of significance, we felt that the scores warranted closer examination. For the topic where the difference between the choice and no-choice groups was largest, a textual analysis of the essays was undertaken to look for instances of the use of information not provided in the test. Again, no difference was found between the choice and no-choice groups. The results provide support for the validity of inferences drawn from this test. Because choice is an essential element of the research design, a second focus of the study is to explore the advantages and disadvantages of the use of choice in language testing settings from the perspective of both the tester and the test-taker. The potential value of choice as a testing feature is discussed and a call for further research is made.

Cash bonuses won't stop brain drain, say Canadian academics

Montreal Quebec is considering offering cash bonuses to researchers and academics, to try to stop the brain drain to US institutions.

Inventory and Analysis of Canadian Research and Scholarship in Exporting and International Marketing

AbstractA comprehensive inventory of Canadian research on exporting and international marketing during 1980–1995 was developed based on a content analysis of 44 sources and a survey of Canadian academics. The main aim was to assess this literature and facilitate the identification of Canadian resources for research and education. A total of 1,207 diverse publications, including 283 articles in 109 journals, was identified and analyzed by year, type, theme, language, and major contributors. Key challenges include the overall decline in publications since 1990; the concentration of output among a small number of researchers; and the relative lack of studies on the marketing mix, export research in disciplines other than marketing and management, and teaching resources such as cases. Future research directions are discussed.RésuméUn inventaire général des recherches canadiennes sur l'exportation et le marketing international au cours des années 1980–1995 a été élaboré, sur les bases d'une analyse du contenu de 44 sources et d'une enquête de professeurs canadiens. ll avait pour principal objectif d'évaluer cette documentation et de faciliter l'identification des ressources canadiennes nécessaires à la recherche et à la formation. Le nombre impressionnant de 1 207 publications diverses, dont 283 articles tirés d'une centaine de revues savantes, a été identifié; ces publications ont été analysées par année, genre, thème, langue et chercheurs principaux. L'établissement de cet inventaire a rencontré d'importantes difficultés, comme le déclin global des publications depuis 1990 et la concentration de la production sur un nombre restreint des chercheurs ainsi que le manque relatif d'études sur le marketing mix, de recherches sur Vexportation dans des disciplines autres que le marketing et la gestion et de ressources pour la formation. L'article traite également de l'orientation des recherches dans l'avenir.

William Fulton Gillespie, 1891-1949: transitional figure in western Canadian academic surgery.

The professional life of William Fulton Gillespie, third professor of surgery at the University of Alberta (1939-49) and tenth president of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (1947-49), exemplifies a critical transitional period in Canadian postgraduate surgical training and in western Canadian academic surgery. This article explores the background, the training, the professional career, and the personal character of a surgical scholar and student of the humanities and arts, a man who was thrust into the professorship of surgery in a maturing western Canadian medical school following the financial restraints of the Great Depression and during the challenges faced as a result of the World War II.