Campomanesia Pubescens Research Articles

Gabiroba (Campomanesia pubescens): Physicochemical and physiological characteristics of fruit during the development

Gabiroba (Campomanesia pubescens): Physicochemical and physiological characteristics of fruit during the development

In vitro culture of Campomanesia pubescens under different light qualities: a morphoanatomical and physiological characterization

Campomanesia pubescens (gabiroba) is a fruit tree that is native to the Cerrado and that has commercial potential and medicinal properties. It has recalcitrant seeds that do not tolerate desiccation and storage. Here, C. pubescens plants were grown in vitro under different light qualities. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were used at wavelengths for white (W) and blue in combination with red in the proportions BR (1:1), BR (1:3) and BR (3:1), at 100 ± 5 μmol m-2 s-1 over a 16-hour photoperiod. The leaf anatomy, chlorophyll a fluorescence, chloroplast pigments and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were evaluated. Studies on Cerrado plants grown in vitro focusing on light quality and its effects on plant development and growth are scarce. Records of anatomical and physiological C. pubescens characteristics when grown in vitro under different lighting qualities using LEDs are nonexistent. In this context, the aim of this study was to analyze the anatomical and physiological responses of C. pubescens seedlings from in vitro cultivation under different light qualities, to support future studies on the propagation and conservation of this species. This work is a pioneer for this species. When the plants were cultivated in combinations of blue/red LEDs 1:1 and 3:1, they yielded higher biomass, presenting higher epidermis and chlorenchyma values with greater stomatal density and functionality, better photosynthetic efficiency, higher Y(II) values, qP and higher total chlorophyll concentrations, and thus these lights did not cause oxidative damage compared to the white (control) LEDs. This study contributed to a better understanding of the anatomical and physiological changes in C. pubescens plants grown in vitro under different light qualities. C. pubescens plants exhibited varied anatomical and physiological characteristics depending on the spectrum of light used here. The combinations of BR (1:1) or BR (3:1) LEDs are promising for the propagation of the species, given their positive influence on most of the studied traits.

Polysaccharide Fraction from Campomanesia adamantium and Campomanesia pubescens Attenuates 5-Fluorouracil-Induced Intestinal Mucosal Inflammation in Mice

Gastrointestinal toxicity, including diarrhea and inflammation, is commonly observed with the use of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Several studies have shown that polysaccharides are interesting bioactive macromolecules for the treatment or prevention of gastrointestinal diseases. Therefore, in this study, the effect of a polysaccharide fraction from a mixture of two Guavira species (Campomanesia adamantium and Campomanesia pubescens), referred to here as CPW, on the development of intestinal mucositis was investigated. Intestinal mucositis was induced by a single injection of 5-FU (450 mg/kg), and various doses of CPW (3–100 mg/kg) were tested. CPW attenuated disease development and prevented small bowel dysmotility and colon shortening. CPW prevented the increase in villi width, crypt depth, and mucosal thickness in the duodenum, but not in the colon. Preservation of mucus, reduction of oxidative stress, inflammation, and prevention of the 5-FU-induced enlargement and swelling of the spleen were observed. In conclusion, this study demonstrated for the first time that CPW alleviates the intestinal damage induced by 5-FU and could be used as an adjuvant strategy during chemotherapy.

Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of the crude ethanol extract, essential oil, and fractions from Campomanesia pubescens leaves

Campomanesia pubescens (DC.) O. Berg (Myrtaceae), widely known as “gabiroba”, is a shrub or subshrub used in folk medicine (leaves and barks of the stem) in the form of decoction or infusion in combating urinary tract disorders, diarrhea, and as an astringent. The present work aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of essential oil, crude ethanol extract and hexane fractions, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and aqueous from C. pubescens leaves against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi. The leaves were collected in Hidrolândia - Goiás and the essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger apparatus. The extract and fractions were tested against bacteria and fungi using the microdilution method. The aqueous fractions and ethyl acetate showed strong inhibiting activity (MIC= 8 to 16 μg/mL) against Candida glabrata, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae and moderate activity (MIC= 32 to 64 μg/mL) against Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida tropicalis. There is no report in the literature on the antifungal activity of ethanol extract and fractions of the leaves of C. pubecens. It is concluded through this study that the aqueous fractions and ethyl acetate from C. pubecens leaves presented strong antifungal activity which may justify its popular use in the treatment of urinary tract disorders. Therefore, this species has therapeutic potential that underlies more in-depth studies. This is the first study of the antifungal activity of crude extract and fractions from C. pubecens leaves.

Evaluation of the scientific activity of the leaf of the species Campomanesia pubescens in wound model infected by Staphylococcus aureus

There is an increasing interest in the use of herbal remedies as healing agents, due to their lower cost in relation to other drugs and the vast Brazilian fauna. The objective of this research was to evaluate the cicatrization effect of the guariroba leaf (Campomanesia pubescens) on the healing of infected wounds. We used 45 Wistar rats, distributed in five groups (n = 9) all with surgically induced skin injury, differing in the presence of contamination and treatment, with evaluation periods of 3, 7 and 14 days, being: G1- negative control without contamination, treated with Physiological Solution 0.9%; G2- control with contamination, treated with Physiological Solution 0.9%; G3 negative with contamination, treated with Carbopol in 0.5% gel; G4- positive control with contamination, treated with Colagenase at 0.6 U / g + 0.01 g Chloramphenicol; G5- positive test with contamination treated with Campomanesia pubescens at 3%, whose vehicle was Carbopol at 0.5%. The wound was made with a metal punch 8 mm in diameter, and a cutaneous fragment was removed from the animals' backs and wound infection was applied to S. aureus in groups G2 to G5. Euthanasia was performed for a lethal dose of anesthetic, and the edges of the wounds were removed for histopathological study. The fibrinoleukocytic crust was present in all animals in the groups of 3, 7 and 14 days. The contraction of the wound was also evaluated, and all groups showed low percentage of wound regression in the 3-day treatment and with 14 days presented a high percentage of regression. Of the 5 groups, the only one that presented complete epithelialization was G5. Of the 5 groups, the ones with the best epithelialization were G4 and G5. The group with the highest amount of mature collagen fibers was G4, followed by G5, and the one with the highest proportion of immature fibers was G1. At the end of the experiment, G4 was the group that gained the most weight and G1 the one that had the lowest weight gain. Guariroba leaf extract (Campomanesia pubescens) was able to promote healing in infected skin wounds similar to the group treated with antibiotics.

Light and electron microscopies reveal unknown details of the pollen grain structure and physiology from Brazilian Cerrado species.

Pollen grains have a relatively simple structure and microscopic size, with two or three cells surrounded by the protective sporoderm at maturity. The viability and efficiency of pollen transport from anther to stigma depends on pollen physiological properties, especially the relative water content of the vegetative cell. Pollen transport is a crucial fate for most angiosperms that depends on biotic pollinators and studies focusing on understanding the morpho-physiological properties of pollen grains are still scarce, especially to tropical open physiognomies as the Brazilian Cerrado. Therefore, we investigate some structural and physiological aspects of pollen grains from six native species naturally growing in one Cerrado area: Campomanesia pubescens (Myrtaceae), Caryocar brasiliense (Caryocaraceae), Erythroxylum campestre (Erythroxylaceae), Lippia lupulina (Verbenaceae), Pyrostegia venusta (Bignoniaceae), and Xylopia aromatica (Annonaceae). We selected dehiscent anthers and mature pollen grains to analyze (1) the anther wall and pollen microstructure, (2) the pollen water status at the time of anther dehiscence, and (3) the pollen chemical compounds. In all analyzed species, the anther and pollen developed in a successfully way, and except for Caryocar brasiliense, all species were able to emit pollen tubes in the germination tests. As expected for a dry and open environment, most species dispersed their pollen grains in a partially dehydrated form, as indicated by our harmomegathy experiment. As indicated by our study, the pollen ability in preventing dissection, maintaining its viability in a dry and hot environment during its transport from anther to stigma, may be related to the sporoderm apertures and to the reserve compounds, mainly carbohydrates in the form of hydrolysable starch grains.

Campomanesia adamantium and Campomanesia pubesncens are distinct species? Use of palynology and molecular markers in taxonomy

Abstract The species Campomanesia adamantium and C. pubescens present a great morphological variability, with the existence of morphotypes and the indication of a possible hybridization process occurring between them. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize the Campomanesia adamantium species and morphotypes of species Campomanesia pubescens through palynological reviews and with the use of molecular markers to assist the taxonomic description of the species. The plant material was collected in the experimental field of Federal University of Jataí, in bloom of 2014, and analyzes were performed in the Morphology Laboratory of Plant Taxonomy and in the Laboratory of Genetics and Plant Breeding belonging to the same institution. Analysis of scanning electron microscopy was performed at the Federal University of Lavras. Important information was found that reinforce the possibility of cross between Campomanesia adamantium and Campomanesia pubescens, generating morphotypes intermediaries, indicating a possible hybridisation process. It can be concluded that Campomanesia adamantium is farthest from the morphotype 2 from Campomanesia pubescens, and morphotypes 1 and 3 are intermediate between them, possibly being hybrids.

Vegetative Propagation of Gabirobeira Associate to Indolbutyric Acid in Different Seasons

The propagation of gabirobeira is carried out by seeds. However, the recalcitrance and not tolerance of the seeds to the storage compromise the formation of seedlings. Thus, the propagation by cuttings can be an option, being able to provide significant results in different seasons. The objective of this work was to evaluate the vegetative propagation by stem cuttings of two species of gabirobeira (Campomanesia adamantium and Campomanesia pubescens) associate to indolbutyric acid (IBA) at differents seasons of the year. Cuttings of the two species were obtained in the 4 seasons and concentrations of 0, 2000, 4000, 6000 and 8000 mg L-1 of IBA were used, by immersion in the solution for 15 seconds and sequentially staked on trays containing a sand substrate. Sixty days after experiments were set it was evaluated the percentage of cuttings with shoots, live cuttings, dead cuttings, cuttings with calluses and rooted cuttings. A completely randomized design with 5 treatments, 4 replicates and 8 cuttings per plot was adopted. During the whole experiment, the greenhouse, substrate and cutting leaves temperature was monitored. The use of IBA did not promote adventitious rhizogenesis, but provided a high percentage of survival for the species Campomanesia adamantium and Campomanesia pubescens by stem cuttings during the spring season.

Content of phenolic compounds in fruit processing residues by mass spectrometry

This study identified and quantified five phenolic compounds, and evaluated the antioxidant capacity in vitro of fifteen native and exotic Brazilian fruit seeds that are typically discarded as waste. The contents of phenolic compounds were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, and the antioxidant capacity was determined by oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) antioxidant assays. The results showed the antioxidant activity of Campomanesia pubescens, Hovenia dulcis Thunberg and Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston in the ORAC assay, and Hymenaea stigonocarpa, Hovenia dulcis Thunberg and Campomanesia pubescens in the DPPH• assay. Among the fifteen samples, four were highlighted regarding phenolic compound analyzes: Hovenia dulcis Thunberg (5.723 µg g-1) for gallic acid and myricetin (111.057 µg g-1), Passiflora edulis (1.208 µg g-1) for chlorogenic acid, Annona atemoya (1.0580 µg g-1) for vanillic acid, and Campomanesia pubescens (0.420 µg g-1) for ferulic acid. Therefore, these fruit seeds can be used as alternative sources of natural antioxidants.

Growth evaluation and anatomical root structure of Campomanesia pubescens (Mart. ex DC.) O. Berg (Myrtaceae) under different concentrations of aluminum

Soil acidity is one of the main factors limiting agricultural production due to high aluminum (Al(3+)) saturation in soil. Campomanesia pubescens (Mart. ex DC.) O. Berg, popularly known as “gabiroba”, is a species of Myrtaceae family and typical of Brazilian Cerrado. The aim of this study was to evaluate the root growth and anatomical structure of C. pubescens roots, subjected to different concentrations of Al(3+), grown in a simple and complete solution as culture form. This experiment was performed with seedlings cultivated hydroponically using a simple and complete solution. The simple nutrient solution was carried out using 0.1 mM of Ca (CaCl(2).2H(2)O) and five concentrations of Al in the form of Al(2)(SO(4))3.18H(2)O, while the complete nutrient solution of low ionic strength was conducted using 0.5 mM of N (NH(4)NO(3)), 0.2 mM of Ca (CaCl(2).H(2)O), 0.2 mM of Mg (MgSO(4).7H(2)O), 0.5 mM of K (K(2)SO(4)), 0.1 mM of P (NaH(2)PO(4).2H(2)O), 10 μM of Fe (FeNa) EDTA, 0.4 μM of Mn (MnSO(4).H(2)O), 0.16 μM of Zn (ZnSO(4)), 0.04 μM of Cu (CuSO(4)), 0.5 μM of Mo (MoO(3)), and 0.04 μM of Co (CoSO(4).7H(2)O).The experiment was a factorial design (2×5) with two nutrient solutions (single and complete) and five aluminum concentrations (0, 150, 300, 600 and 1200 μmol L-1). It was observed that both in simple and complete nutrient solution the rate of root elongation and root growth decreased with increasing Al(3+) concentration. At the concentration of 300 μmol L-1, were observed cellular disorganization and rupture of the epidermis. The presence of aluminum inside the vascular cells may indicate some mechanism of transport to other parts of the plant. It was concluded that Campomanesia pubescens showed sensitivity towards high Al(3+) concentrations, indicating that the establishment of these plants can be compromised in acidic soils with toxic concentrations of Al(3+).

Preclinical safety evaluation of the ethanolic extract from guavira fruits (Campomanesia pubescens (D.C.) O. BERG) in experimental models of acute and short-term toxicity in rats

Campomanesia pubescens is a fruit plant widely distributed in South America and used by the population for medicinal and nutritional purposes, with important economic and cultural value. This study evaluated the toxic potential of the ethanolic extract from C. pubescens (EEFCP) fruits through acute and short-term toxicity tests. For the acute toxicity test, female rats received a single oral dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight of EEFCP and were observed for 14 days. In the short-term toxicity test, male and female rats received repeated oral doses of 125, 250, 500 or 1000 mg/kg of EEFCP, being treated and observed for 28 days, and after the treatment period, a satellite and satellite control group remained under observation for another 14 days. No mortality, clinical and organ weight alterations were observed, indicating that LD50 is greater than 2000 mg/kg body weight. In addition, the doses tested did not produce significant changes in the behavioral, physiological, hematological or histopathological parameters of animals. These results demonstrate the low acute and short-term toxicity of EEFCP in rats. The data obtained are of great relevance since they provide important information about a plant species of great economic, nutritional and ethnopharmacological value.

Reproductive biology and production of seeds and seedlings of Campomanesia pubescens (DC.) O. Berg.

Abstract: Pollination is a fundamental process to produce food and maintain biodiversity in natural areas, since the production of seeds is related to its efficiency. Studies can determine the influence of reproductive systems on seed and seedlings quality and, consequently, on the structure of populations, helping the management, plant breeding and preservation of species. Campomanesia pubescens (DC.) O. Berg. (guabiroba) is a Brazilian shrub, pollinated by bees and occasionally by dipterans. This work aimed at evaluating the influence of pollination and reproductive system on seed production and germination and on the seedlings quality of C. pubescens. Phenology and floral biology were studied, and fruits from controlled pollinations were collected, in the Mogi Guaçu Biological Reserve, São Paulo State. The germination of seeds originated from self- and cross-pollination were analyzed, as well as the development of seedlings up to 180 days after germination. Seeds from self-pollination produced seedlings with lower development than the ones from cross-pollination, and they were more susceptible to mortality in laboratory and in greenhouse.

GERMINAÇÃO E DESENVOLVIMENTO INICIAL DE<i> Campomanesia pubescens<i> (DC.) O. BERG (MYRTACEAE) EM DIFERENTES SUBSTRATOS

Campomanesia pubescens (DC.) O. Berg. é uma espécie arbustiva da família Myrtaceae, típica de Cerrado. A pesquisa teve como objetivo estudar o desempenho de quatro diferentes substratos em seu desenvolvimento inicial. Desse modo, foram efetuadas a avaliação de emergência das plântulas, a análise de crescimento e a mensuração da massa da matéria seca das mudas. As sementes foram semeadas em células de poliestireno contendo quatro tipos de substratos: vermiculita, fibra de coco, areia fina e mistura fibra de coco/ vermiculita (2:1). As contagens das plântulas emergidas foram realizadas diariamente. As análises estatísticas foram feitas com o auxílio do software Action, através do teste de Tukey. Testou-se ainda a normalidade e homocedasticidade dos dados. O substrato fibra de coco/vermiculita (2:1) propiciou melhores resultados nas avaliações de emergência. A incorporação de matéria seca foi prejudicada pelos substratos fibra de coco e areia. Na análise de crescimento, fibra de coco/vermiculita (2:1) permitiu desenvolvimento de plântulas maiores e mais vigorosas. Conclui-se que dentre os substratos testados, o mais adequado para a emergência de sementes, bem como para o desenvolvimento inicial de mudas de Campomanesia pubescens é o composto por fibra de coco/vermiculita (2:1).

196 - Profile of Antioxidant Activity of Fruits of the Savana Brazilian

Araca ( Psidium guineense Swartz .), Baru ( Dipteryx alata Vogel ), Guavira ( Campomanesia pubescens (DC.) O. Berg), Mangaba ( Hancornia speciosa Gomez ), Marolo ( Annona crassiflora Mart .) and Pequi ( Caryocar brasiliense Camb .), are typical fruits found in the biome of Savana Brazilian, known and consumed in different ways, mainly by the native population. This study investigated the profile of the antioxidant activity “in vitro” the pulp of the fruits above described. The radical scavenging activity (antioxidant activity) was assessed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), at different concentrations (µg/mL) from the lyophilized pulp extracts subjected to extraction with water for 24 h. Ascorbic acid was used as a standard positive control for comparison of results. The extracts of the investigated fruit pulps showed radical capture percentage (DPPH) represented by (IC 50 ) inhibitory concentration of 50% (Fig. 1). The extracts of the fruit pulps demonstrated extraordinary antioxidant profile in DPPH of manner concentration dependent, especially for fruits Araca (IC 50= 218.2±5.0 µg/mL) and Guavira (223,2±1.72 µg/mL). The growing profile is maintained as concentrations, this way the Pequi, the Marolo, the Mangaba and the Baru (IC 50= 979,9±2.29 µg/mL, IC 50= 1.955±1.32 µg/mL, IC 50= 2.021,7±2.13 µg/mL and IC 50= 3.592±0.93 µg/mL), respectively. The results show that the pulps of the fruits of the Brazilian Savana have antioxidant potential and possibly their bioactive properties can attenuate damage caused by oxidative stress. The use of fruits, obtained through diet or herbal medicine, accessible to the world's population, become a source of natural antioxidants. Figure 1: Profile of antioxidant activity of fruits of the Savana Brazilian. Support by: FUNDECT (Fundacao de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciencia e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul) and CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico).

Effect of postharvest temperature on the shelf life of gabiroba fruit (Campomanesia pubescens)

The objective of this study was to determine the optimal temperature for storing gabiroba fruit (Campomanesia pubescens) without affecting compounds' quality. The fruits were stored at different temperatures (0 ºC, 6 ºC, 12 ºC, and 20 ºC) and the effect on the pH, total titratable acidity, soluble solids, total sugars, vitamin C, and antioxidant components such as tannins and total phenolic compounds was evaluated. It was observed an increase in the pH and total titratable acidity during storage at all the temperatures tested. Gabiroba fruits were stored for 9 and 3 days at 12 ºC and 20 ºC, respectively, and under both temperatures they showed a reduction in tannins and an increase in vitamin C content. As gabirobas armazenadas a 0º and 6 ºC alcançaram maior tempo de armazenamento After 12 days of storage, the fruits stored at 6 ºC contained higher amounts of water soluble solids, sugars, and antioxidants. In general, for long term storage, it is suggested to store gabiroba fruits at 6 ºC. On the other hand, for short term storage, the temperature of 12 ºC would be the better to keep high levels of vitamin C and phenolic compounds.

Production of enzymes from Lichtheimia ramosa using Brazilian savannah fruit wastes as substrate on solid state bioprocesses

Background: Enzyme production by solid state bioprocess (SSB) using residues as substrate for microorganisms is an alternative for costs reduction and to avoid their disposal into environment. The aim of this work was to evaluate the physiology of the fungus Lichtheimia ramosa in terms of microbial growth and production of amylases, β-glucosidases, carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase), and xylanases, via SSB, utilizing wastes of the Brazilian savannah fruits bocaiuva ( Acrocomia aculeata ), guavira ( Campomanesia pubescens ) and pequi ( Caryocar brasiliense ) as substrate at different temperatures (25, 30, and 35°C) during 168 hrs. Results: Samples were taken every 24 hrs, which resulted in 8-points kinetic experiments to determine microbiological and enzymatic contents. The best substrate for β-glucosidase activity was pequi waste after 48 hrs at 30°C (0.061 U/mL). For amylase activity, bocaiuva presented itself as the best substrate after 96 hrs at 30°C (0.925 U/mL). CMCase activity was higher in guavira waste after 96 hrs at 35°C (0.787 U/mL). However, the activity was more expressive for xylanase in substrate composed of bocaiuva residue after 144 hrs at 35°C (1.802 U/mL). Conclusions: It was concluded that best growth condition for L. ramosa is at 35°C for all substrates and that xylanase is the enzyme with more potential in SSB, considering the studied Brazilian savannah fruit wastes.

Physiology of Lichtheimia ramosa obtained by solid-state bioprocess using fruit wastes as substrate

Due to the amount of nutrients available in the agroindustrial wastes, these can be converted into high added-value products by the action of microorganisms in solid-state bioprocesses. The aim of this work was to evaluate the growth physiology and lipase production of the fungus Lichtheimia ramosa using the following Brazilian savannah fruit wastes as substrates: bocaiuva (Acrocomia aculeata), pequi (Caryocar brasiliense), guavira (Campomanesia pubescens), araticum (Annona crassiflora) and seriguela (Spondias purpurea). These residues were triturated, homogenized, adjusted to pH 5.0 and 60% moisture, sterilized and packaged in plastic tray-type bioreactors before inoculation with 10% (w/v) of L. ramosa pre-culture medium. The cultivations were conducted in a bacteriological incubator at 30°C for 40days. Samples were taken every 5days and fungi and bacteria contents, proximate composition and lipase activity were evaluated. The maximum fungal counting was observed between 25 and 35days. L. ramosa reached the stationary phase next to 40days in all substrates. Mesophilic and psicrophilic aerobic bacteria were not detected. Protein enrichment was obtained for all media, being superior in seriguela residues (391.66%), followed by pequi (160.04%), araticum (143.31%), guavira (102.42%), and bocaiuva (67.88%). Lipase production was observed in all cultivated media, except in pequi residues that showed decreasing lipase activity. The higher production was observed in guavira (1.12U/g) followed by araticum (0.58U/g), seriguela (0.41U/g) and bocaiuva (0.21U/g) waste substrates. It was concluded that the studied fruit wastes have been successfully utilized as substrates for protein enrichment and lipase production with L. ramosa.

Ecofisiologia da germinação de sementes de Campomanesia pubescens

A gabiroba de arbusto [Campomanesia pubescens (DC.) O. Berg. (Myrtaceae)], espécie nativa do Cerrado é considerada uma planta com potencial melífero, ornamental e medicinal. Com o objetivo de avaliar a influência de diferentes temperaturas, substratos e condições de luminosidade e da secagem, na qualidade fisiológica de suas sementes foram conduzidos dois experimentos. No primeiro utilizou-se sementes com 13% de teor de água, o qual foi realizado em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial (4x3x2), composto por quatro temperaturas (15-25, 20-30°C alternadas, 25 e 30°C constantes), três substratos (sobre papel, entre areia e entre vermiculita) e duas condições de luminosidade (claro e escuro) e, o segundo com sementes recém extraídas dos frutos e secas superficialmente, contendo 35% de teor de água e após a secagem em estufa com ventilação forçada de ar a temperatura de 30°C por 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 260, 360, 750 e 810 minutos. Para a avaliação da qualidade fisiológica de sementes de gabiroba de arbusto, a semeadura sobre papel, no escuro e a 30°C possibilita uma melhor expressão do vigor. As sementes de gabiroba de arbusto são intolerantes a secagem, podendo ser classificadas como recalcitrantes.

Caracterização física, química e fisiológica de gabiroba (Campomanesia pubescens) durante o desenvolvimento

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a gabiroba (Campomanesia pubescens) ao longo do seu desenvolvimento por meio de análises físicas, químicas e fisiológicas. Os frutos foram coletados a 8 km de Lavras, sul de Minas Gerais, em intervalos de 5 dias, a partir da antese até a sua maturação completa. A floração da gabiroba iniciou-se no mês de agosto e o ápice do evento foi no mês de setembro; sua frutificação inicial ocorreu no mês de setembro, sendo outubro o período ideal para coleta. O período compreendido entre a abertura da flor (antese) e o amadurecimento foi de 63 dias (9 semanas). O fruto atingiu o tamanho máximo aos 63 dias (9ª semana) após a antese, com 4,26 g, 17,39 mm e 16,03 mm, representando a sua massa, os diâmetros transversal e longitudinal, respectivamente. A gabiroba apresentou um incremento nos valores de massa, diâmetros transversal e longitudinal, valores L* e a*, vitamina C, açúcares totais, sólidos solúveis (SS) e pectina solúvel com o decorrer do desenvolvimento do fruto, seguindo um padrão sigmoidal simples. Observou-se redução na taxa respiratória e atividade de poligalacturonase entre 48 e 53 dias, além de redução na firmeza e clorofila total e oscilação do valor b* e pectina total ao longo do desenvolvimento.

Essential oil composition of the leaves of Campomanesia pubescens

Campomanesia pubescens (Myrtaceae) is a native species found in Brazil [1]. The fruits are used to make liqueurs, juices, and sweets. The infusion leaves are used in folk medicine in the treatment of diarrhea and bladder diseases [2]. Pharmacological studies of the leaves of C. xanthocarpa reported antiulcerogenic activity [3] and help in reducing blood cholesterol [4]. Chemical studies of the leaves of this Campomanesia species have revealed the presence of quercetin, myricetin, and rutin by HPLC [5]. Studies of the seeds of C. lineatifolia reported the isolation of three yellow pigments named champanones [6]. Terpenoids, alcohols, carboxylic acids, esters, C13-norisoprenoids, furanic compounds, and β-triketones were identified in volatile extracts from pulp, peels, leaves, and seeds of C. lineatifolia [7]. Essential oils of the leaves of species of the genus Campomanesia such as C. guazumifolia, C. xanthocarpa, and C. rhombea were found to be rich in sesquiterpenes, while in C. aurea oil monoterpenes were predominant [8]. Other studies of C. xanthocarpa [9] and C. phaea [10] also showed high amounts of sesquiterpenes. Studies of the fruit essential oil of C. adamantium revealed that ocimene, 3-carene and limonene were the major constituents [11]. Recent studies of the fruits of Campomanesia adamantium showed 30 components in the essential oil [12]. Other studied showed 40 components in the fruit essential oil of C. adamantium with predominance of α-pinene, limonene, and β-(Z)-ocimene [13]. This present paper describes the compounds identified from the essential oil of the leaves of C. pubescens. The essential oil compositions are presented in Table 1. Sixty-one components were identified in the leaf essential oil, representing 94.8% of the total oil. The monoterpenes constitute the dominant fraction in the oil (60.3%), and it was particularly rich in monoterpene hydrocarbons (87.3% of this fraction). The sesquiterpenes fraction showed 34.5% of the total oil. The classification of the oil compounds based on functional groups is presented at the end of Table 1. The major constituents identified (representing 53.5% of the oil) were limonene (22.4%), α-pinene (13.3%), sabinene (9.5%), bicyclogermacrene (4.4%), and linalool (3.9%). Studies of the leaves in other species of Campomanesia showed that they are rich in sesquiterpenes, except C. aurea that is rich in monoterpenes [8, 10]. In the fruit of C. adamantium the predominant compounds were monoterpenes such as α-pinene and limonene [13], which were the major constituents in the leaf essential oil of C. pubescens. This work represents our contribution to a better knowledge of the Campomanesia genus.