Camping Areas Research Articles

Strategi Pengembangan Potensi Sumber Daya Alam melalui Eduwisata Bumi Perkemahan Panglima Batur Trahean Kabupaten Barito Utara

Trahean Muara Teweh North Barito Town has the potential for normal assets, HR and socio-social assets that help endeavors to incorporate estate, fishery and the travel industry organizations. Buper Panglima Batur has many supporting offices, for example, diversion stages, privileged stages, stately fields, structures, petitioning God rooms, seeing pinnacles, wharfs, prepared to-hydrate offices, and gazebos for unwinding. This exploration means to decide the travel industry potential in light of financial and biological examinations and to figure out the administration endeavors and advancement techniques of the Trahean Camping area region, as well as expanding vacationer visits and neighborhood local area pay. The exploration strategy utilized by the creator is subjective examination. The information assortment methods utilized in this study are through direct perception, interviews, archive recording, and diary articles. In view of the consequences of the examination, this study shows that Trahean village has an exceptionally unprecedented the travel industry potential, be it regular the travel industry or counterfeit the travel industry. Nonetheless, enhancements are as yet required in a few areas to make a protected and agreeable environment for the travel industry exercises in Trahean village.

Evaluation of a mass trapping strategy to prevent mosquito nuisance in campsites of southern France.

Mosquito traps, historically used for surveillance and research, have gained prominence as a tool for mosquito control, amidst concern over the environmental impact and increased resistance to insecticide-based methods. In this study, we tested the effectiveness of a mass trapping barrier design with two types of traps, Mosquito Magnet (MM) traps and BG-Protector (BGP) traps. This experiment was conducted in three coastal camping areas in southern France between summer and autumn 2022, where the presence of floodwater mosquito species with anthropophilic preferences like Aedes caspius represents a year-long nuisance. MM traps were set around the campsite as a barrier to interfere with mosquitoes from entering the campsites, whereas BGP traps were set within the campsites, with the aim of diverting mosquitoes away from humans at peak activity hours. Over 210,000 mosquitoes of 11 species from 4 genera were collected by both trap types across treatment campsites, with no significant differences in mosquito community samplings between BGP and MM traps. Barrier traps effectively targeted Ae. caspius, reducing total mosquito abundance in two of the three study sites by 34% and 55%. This study provides valuable insights into the efficacy and feasibility of using mass trapping barriers as a complementary control strategy for mosquito species in wetlands.

Prospects of using the tourism potential of the liberated territories from the point of view of ecotourism


 
 
 The article analyzes the current situation and dynamics of ecotourism in Azerbaijan, the role of national parks in the development of this sector, and the possibilities of using natural and cultural heritage resources for ecotourism. The growing demand for ecotourism on the international tourism market is based on the joint use of the existing potential of natural and cultural heritage, which implies its implementation on the liberated territories. The article shows the importance of ecotourism products offered by Azerbaijan on the international tourism market, especially using the potential of national parks. The potential of natural heritage prevails in the organization of ecotourism corridors. Offering tourists new ecotourism routes increases their attractive- ness. The dynamic growth in the number of people using these ecotourism corridors has led to the proliferation of picnic and camping areas in natural areas. The authors have considered the possibilities of using the tourism potential of the vacated lands for ecotourism, eco-cultural heritage tourism, examined the peculiarities of the areas where this type of tourism is spreading and classified them. Ec-otourism routes are offered in the region with guidelines for the joint use of natural and cultural heritage. It has been proven that the strategy of transforming occupied territories into green energy zones and planning smart settlements in harmony with nature contribute to the development of ecotourism. At the same time, it was noted that this encourages the development of alternative types of tourism in recreation areas for the joint use of natural, cultural and ethno-cultural heritage in terms of sustainable tourism. The authors have demonstrated the possibilities of opening new ecotourism corridors in the region, the prospects for their marketing, identifying new destinations and reducing the impact of negative factors on the environment in order to support the development of sustainable tourism.
 
 

Pastoral nomadic parents’ beliefs and practices about child safety: an ethnographic study

ABSTRACT Although there are many findings about settled parents’ beliefs and practices regarding child safety, little is known about those of nomadic parents. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the child safety beliefs and practice of pastoral nomadic parents. Participants consisted of eight parents who lived as nomads on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey. The data were gathered through observations and interviews from parents. Additionally, research’s diary and ethnographic photography were used as data collection tools. The findings indicated that nomadic parents considered their camping area and its surroundings as safe for children, while they evaluated the places that were close to settled life and had traffic as insecure areas. Moreover, depending on the physical conditions of the context that they live in, nomadic parents had developed several strategies and had took measures to ensure the safety of their children, especially in care practices such as resting, sheltering and feeding.

La oferta gastronómica en los campings de Girona (España)

En los últimos años, el interés de los turistas por la cocina local de los destinos turísticos ha incrementado notablemente, tal vez no siempre como motivación principal de su viaje, sino como parte de él. Este artículo reflexiona sobre la oferta gastronómica que encuentran los turistas que frecuentan los campings de la provincia de Girona (Cataluña, España). Se analizan las páginas web de los campings y se realiza una encuesta a los empresarios para conocer cuál es la procedencia de la cocina que ofrecen y si esta es elaborada o no. Se concluye que la oferta varía dependiendo de si los establecimientos se localizan en la zona litoral, o bien en el interior. Se detecta una baja promoción de la gastronomía por medio de las páginas web de los campings, en contraposición a los esfuerzos que hacen las destination management (DMO) para dar a conocer internacionalmente las tradiciones culinarias regionales.

Pra Rancangan Camping Ground Dan Glamping Puncak Cubodak Dengan Pendekatan Konsep Wisata Halal

Puncak Cubodak is in Kampar regency, precisely on Jalan Lintas Bangkinang-Payakumbuh, Tanjung Alai, XII Koto Kampar, Kampar regency. Is one of the tourist attractions that have views of green hills, ‘island’ which is surrounded by Danau PLTA Koto Panjang.
 So far, Puncak Cubodak has only been used for tourism photographs, it is unfortunate if the potential of Puncak Cubodak is only enjoyed only by taking pictures. Therefore, the step to develop the Puncak Cubodak is to add accommodation facilities in the form of camping and glamping areas. And also applying the concept of tourism that is also developing in Indonesia, namely the concept of Halal Tourism. Halal Tourism here is more applicable to Muslim-friendly tourism and availability of halal food and prayer place.
 The purpose of this paper is to obtain a design concept with a research method in the form of a Puncak Cubodak environmental analysis, user analysis, and building analysis. The results obtained from the analysis are the design concept with the approach to the concept of halal tourism in the form of images. With this design concept, it is hoped that it can develop Puncak Cubodak tourism and the concept of halal tourism can be more widely recognized by thepublic, especially in Pekanbaru.

Is open defaecation in outdoor recreation and camping areas a public health issue in Australia? A literature review.

Issue addressedIn Australia, natural areas used for outdoor recreation activities or camping often have limited or no sanitation infrastructure. Recreationist and campers may use open defaecation practices where toilets are not provided. Contaminated soils and watercourses are associated with gastrointestinal illnesses. This review aims to determine if open defaecation is a public health issue in outdoor recreation and camping areas in Australia.MethodA literature review was conducted using the following search engines: CINAHL, Informit Database, Scopus, ProQuest Science & Technology, Medline (Ovid) and EBSCOhost. Inclusion criteria for this review were both experimental and observational research designs for studies describing the public health issues associated with open defaecation practice.ResultsOut of 12 147 papers identified, only three studies met the inclusion criteria, showing a lack of research into this area. Included were two studies that addressed human waste management practices in outdoor environments and the breakdown of human waste in alpine regions of Tasmania. The third study measured water contamination at a freshwater beach on K'gari‐Fraser Island, Queensland. Visitors to natural areas are potentially at high risk of illness due to exposure to faecal contamination from other visitors using unsafe open defaecation practices in high‐use camping areas.ConclusionThe limited number of studies addressing open defaecation in the outdoor recreation and camp areas in Australia indicates this review is a starting point to identify critical areas that may be of concern when managing visitors in an outdoor recreation setting. This review recommends investigating barriers and enablers motivating human disposal waste in these settings to help formulate health promotion content; environmental management policies related to sanitation and hygiene should be also underpinned by public health policy; and providing appropriate sanitation options depending on the ecological and visitor numbers to natural areas.So what‐relevance of findingsOutdoor recreation activities offer physical and mental health benefits for communities. The popularity of outdoor recreation activities is on the increase in Australia. With the rise in visitation to natural areas, management of human waste needs to be addressed to reduce the public health risk of illness.

Perencanaan Bumi Perkemahan Alun-Alun Suryakencana Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango, Jawa Barat

Camping ground planning of Alun-alun Suryakencana in Mt. Gede Pangrango National Park, West Java. A good campsite requires a plan. Planning is done zoning area that can be used as a camping area without disturbing the existing ecosystem and equipped facilities so that users can feel comfortable while in the area of the campground. Alun-alun Suryakencana at an altitude of 2750 m asl is part of the Mount Gede Pangrango National Park of West Java. This research was conducted in October 2016-August 2017, this research method refers to Rachman's (1984) complete thinking process in Norma (2013) which applies secondary data analysis at field study stage which consists of inventory, analysis, synthesis, concept, and planning. The final result of this planning is a Campsite Plan that is implemented in Alun-alun Suryakencana.

An Analysis of Critical Success Factors in Managing the Tourist Experience at Kruger National Park

Kruger National Park (KNP) attracts over 1 million tourists per annum and is one of the top five international destinations in South Africa. However, there is a lot of competition in South Africa and, together with the 22 national parks managed by SANParks, there are also local and provincial parks and more than 9,000 game farms with neighboring countries such as Namibia, Zimbabwe, and Botswana competing for ecotourists. This implies the need for higher quality products and services that must be delivered to the tourist to fulfill the expectations of tourists. This can be achieved by determining the critical success factors (CSFs) in managing the tourist experience at KNP, since knowledge of these factors can lead to a satisfied tourist experience that will keep visitors loyal to the park and thus ensure the competitiveness and sustainability of the KNP. The purpose of this research is therefore to determine the CSFs of managing the tourist experience at KNP. To achieve this goal, a questionnaire survey was conducted at KNP from December 27, 2010 to January 4, 2011. Questionnaires were distributed at the chalets and camping areas in the following rest camps: Skukuza (152), Berg & Dal (98), Lower Sabie (85), and Satara (101). A total of 436 questionnaires were obtained from the rest camps. The results showed that nine CSFs can be identified, which KNP management can use to improve on quality service delivery, giving the tourists a memorable experience at KNP. Three of the nine CSFs that have not yet been identified in previous research are wildlife experience, interpretation, and luxuries.

Costanera Sur: Gateway To The Osa – A ScenicConservation And Development Corridor InCosta Rica

The concept of scenic landscape protection represents a relatively new approach to conservation and economic development in developing countries. An interdisciplinary and interinstitutional team of professionals in landscape architecture, architecture and environmental law from the University of Florida, University of Costa Rica and the Universidad de Diseno examined the feasibility of a scenic corridor along the economically depressed but ecologically rich southern Pacific Coast of Costa Rica. The Costanera Sur is a 50 kilometer paved highway that offers stunning ocean and mountain views as well as access to Costa Rica’s remote Osa peninsula, the largest remaining tropical wilderness on the Pacific Coast of Central America. The effort gained a sense of urgency due to increasing development pressure and the imminent rerouting of the Pan-American Highway, the major transportation corridor linking North and South America. In addition, access to the beaches for ordinary Costa Ricans has become an increasing concern as foreign investment in exclusive tourism and real estate infrastructure threatens to close off traditional swimming, surfing, picnic and camping areas. The primary goal of the study was to develop a replicable model for neotropical conservation and development that uses an existing road corridor as the organizing principle for the protection of ecological, cultural, recreational and scenic resources in a developing country where tourism represents the largest source of foreign exchange.

Hantavirus ecology in rodent populations in three protected areas of Argentina

In this study, we identified hantavirus genotypes and their reservoirs and evaluated the spatial and temporal distribution of the virus in rodent population in three protected areas of Argentina over 3 years (2007-2010). A total of 837 rodents were captured with an effort of 22 117 trap-nights. We detected the genotype Lechiguanas in Oligoryzomys nigripes and O. flavescens and Pergamino in Akodon azarae. There was no correlation between seroprevalence and trap success of the host. The proportion of seropositive males was significantly higher than the proportion of seropositive females. The total length of seropositives was higher than that of seronegatives in each host species. Seropositive individuals were observed in warm months and not in cold months, which suggests an infection cycle. This investigation confirms that protected areas of central east Argentina are places with a variety of sylvan rodents species associated with different hantavirus genotypes where reservoirs are numerically dominant. Although there was more than one known reservoir of hantavirus, only one species had antibodies in each area. This can be explained because the transmission of the virus does need not only the presence of a rodent species but also a threshold density. Longevity of even a small proportion of the host population in cold months may provide a trans-seasonal mechanism for virus persistence. The seroprevalence detected was higher than the one found before in rodent populations of Argentina, and this explains the appearance of human cases in two of these three areas.

Resource conditions and paddler standards for primitive campsites along Lake Champlain

Primitive campsites located on a paddlers' trail on Lake Champlain in the northeastern USA were assessed for their resource condition quality using standard campsite assessment protocols common to campsite monitoring studies. Site attributes such as vegetation cover loss, campsite size, campsite condition class and several other measures of resource conditions were assessed. Comparative analyses of resource conditions at camping areas using at-large and confinement strategies were conducted. In addition, paddler standards for two important campsite attributes, vegetation loss and campsite size, were determined via paddlers surveys incorporating the use of normative and visual research methods. Findings suggest that the overall quality of campsite conditions is relatively high from both a biophysical and visitor experience perspective. Several differences in resource conditions were observed between campsites in at-large and confinement camping areas. The current at-large camping strategy in place at some areas appears to have been successful in minimizing resource impacts. Results of this study have implications for the management of primitive campsites in general, with particular importance to similar large lake ecosystems.

OregonScape

OREGONSCAPE WHERE THE SOUTH FORKOF THE Santiam Rivermeets Soda Creek, fourteen miles east of Sweet Home, Oregon, lies Cascadia Mineral Springs, a cold-flowing soda spring that was a popular resort destination forOregonians during the early twentieth century. In 1895, George M. Geisendorfer, suffer ingfromtuberculosis,bought the landwith thespringsfromhomesteader John A. Bletch. Influenced by anAmerican infatuation with thehealthpropertiesofmineral spring water,Geisendorferhoped his illness would be curedbyhis own springs. The followingyear,he opened theCascadia Mineral Springs resort to the public, and it soon became, as the Oregonian newspaper raved on September 7,1913, "one of the most delightfulsummer resortsin Oregon." In itsheyday, from 1910to 1930,theresortfeatureda thirty-room hotelbuiltbyGeisendorferhim self with timberharvestedfrom the land,a bath house with hot and coldwater, a camping area that could hold 1,000 guests, fifteen vacation cabins, stables for eighty horses, a grocery store with the only telephone in the area, and a post office. An average of 1,000 people a week vacationed at the resort. This photograph of theCascadia Mineral Springswas taken inabout 1899.Guests sitaround the springs, which arevisible inthelowerright-hand corner.FormervisitorJohn Gross recalledforthe Orego nian on July24,1949, the "three-a-day" system that Cascadia vacationers followed to get the curative effects of the waters: "You came down to the springs, in groups as a rule, and each with your own tin cup. With brimming cups you would sit about on the benches, drinking and chatting_There was never any hurry. In this way thespringsthemselves became a kind of social centerandmany people got acquainted_ You did thisfirst earlyafter breakfast,thenagain afterthenoon dinner,and finallyaftersupper." Cascadia Mineral Springswas open to thepublic fornearly forty-five years,butGeisendorfer lost significant businessduring the GreatDepression, and theincreasing ease of automobile travel meant that guestsstayedforjustdays insteadofweeks.On February22,1941, he sold thepropertyto thestate, which removed thehotel and outbuildings and established thearea as itisknown today, Cascadia StatePark. ? Megan K. Friedel,formerOHS Research LibraryArchivist ...

Influence of livestock soil eutrophication on floral composition in the Pyrenees mountains

Livestock behaviour in the Pyrenees includes free grazing and a long resting period that provokes the accumulation of dung and urine in some places, so-called camping areas. The aims of this study were (i) to analyze any change in floral composition, and in nutritional and chemical contents of plants in a livestock camping area; and (ii) to relate the floral composition with soil chemical properties. In a linear transect, five sampling zones were established, from the centre of the camping area to the surrounding Nardus stricta-dominant pasture. The above ground plant biomass and the topsoil were sampled in each zone with 6 replicates per zone. Plant species were classified and weighed to calculate above ground biomass, nutritional and chemical contents, and Shannon diversity and evenness indices. Additionally, soils were sampled in two periods, at the beginning and at the end of grazing period. Soil available nutrients (nitrate, ammonium, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium), total nitrogen, organic carbon and pH were measured. Plant chemical contents (protein, lignin and others) were significantly related to the proportions of grasses, legumes and other plants; so, the protein content is positively correlated with legumes plant biomass while lignin content is negatively correlated with grasses. Both plant and soil nutrients increased linearly towards the centre of the camping area. However, the relationship among plant species richness, diversity and evenness relative to its position along the studied transect was bell-shaped. From the outskirts to the centre of the camping area, plants with low nutrient demand were progressively replaced by those with medium and high nutrients demand and by pioneers. Nardus stricta-dominant pasture has low plant diversity and plant nutrient content as well as a poor soil nutrient availability. The presence of the camping area introduced patches with more soil nutrients and new species in the large spatial scale. However at a small spatial scale, the strong soil nutrient concentration into the centre of the camping area reduced floral composition again. To ensure positive effects of camping areas on plant diversity, and to manage more effectively the nutrients returned to the soil, a reduction in the stocking rate should be pursued.

Visitor Evaluations of Management Actions at a Highly Impacted Appalachian Trail Camping Area

Protected area management involves balancing environmental and social objectives. This is particularly difficult at high-use/high-impact recreation sites, because resource protection objectives may require substantial site management or visitor regulation. This study examined visitors' reactions to both of these types of actions at Annapolis Rocks, Maryland, a popular Appalachian Trail camping area. We surveyed visitors before and after implementation of camping policies that included shifting camping to designated newly constructed campsites and prohibiting campfires. Survey results reveal that visitors were more satisfied with all social and environmental indicators after the changes were enacted. An Importance-Performance analysis also determined that management actions improved conditions for factors of greatest concern to campers prior to the changes. Posttreatment visitors were least satisfied with factors related to reduced freedom and to some characteristics of the constructed campsites. Although there was evidence of visitor displacement, the camping changes met management goals by protecting the camping area's natural resources and improving social conditions.

Soil microbial biomass, activity and potential nitrogen mineralization in a pasture: Impact of stock camping activity

Grazing animals recycle a large fraction of ingested C and N within a pasture ecosystem, but the redistribution of C and N via animal excreta is often heterogeneous, being highest in stock camping areas, i.e., near shade and watering sources. This non-uniform distribution of animal excreta may modify soil physical and chemical attributes, and likely affect microbial community eco-physiology and soil N cycling. We determined microbial population size, activity, N mineralization, and nitrification in areas of a pasture with different intensity of animal excretal deposits (i.e., stock camping, open grazing and non-grazing areas). The pasture was cropped with coastal bermudagrass ( Cynodon dactylon L.) and subjected to grazing by cattle for 4 y. Soil microbial biomass, activity and N transformations were significantly higher at 0–5 cm than at 5–15 cm soil depth, and the impacts of heterogeneous distribution of animal excreta were more pronounced in the uppermost soil layer. Microbial biomass, activity and potential net N mineralization were greater in stock camping areas and were significantly correlated ( r 2≈0.50, P<0.05) with the associated changes in total soil C and N. However, gross N mineralization and nitrification potential tended to be lower in stock camping areas than in the open grazing areas. The lower gross N mineralization, combined with greater net N mineralization in stock camping areas, implied that microbial N immobilization was lower in those areas than in the other areas. This negative association between microbial N immobilization and soil C is inconsistent with a bulk of publications showing that microbial N immobilization was positively related to the amount of soil C. We hypothesized that the negative correlation was due to microbial direct utilization of soluble organic N and/or changes in microbial community composition towards active fungi dominance in stock camping areas.

Mitigating N 2O emissions from urine patches in pastures

Few mitigation strategies are known or tested for nitrous oxide (N 2O) emissions from urine patches in pastures. We identify two such strategies and present experimental results for them: (1) avoiding detrimental soil conditions; and (2) changing urine composition through rationing. In the first strategy, soil compaction resulted in a two- to fivefold increase of emissions. Combination of urine patches with dung resulted in a comparable N 2O increase. The effects of dung, seasonal variation and soil compaction could all be linked to changes in water-filled pore space (WFPS). For the second strategy, no consistent effects of urine concentration, urine volume or salt concentration could be determined. However, a shift in nitrogenous composition of urine, consistently with different diets, significantly affected N 2O emissions. Increasing the hippuric acid concentration from 3% to 9% of total urine-N decreased cumulative N 2O emissions from 8.4% of applied urine-N to 4.4%. We speculate that this effect is linked to an inhibitory effect of benzoic acid on the denitrification pathway. The most promising mitigation options appear to be avoiding so-called ‘camping areas’ in pastures and to avoid grazing under wet conditions. The possibility of decreasing N 2O emissions by increasing hippuric acid concentration through diet should be explored.

Echinococcus granulosus in Australia, widespread and doing well!

Echinococcus granulosus is the only member of the Genus Echinococcus to occur in Australia. The major biomass of E. granulosus occurs in wildlife. The wildlife transmission cycle is predominantly perpetuated via a predator/prey interaction between wild dogs (dingoes and dingo/domestic dog hybrids) and macropodid marsupials (wallabies and kangaroos). Other wildlife hosts include foxes, wombats and feral pigs. This wildlife reservoir for E. granulosus “spills over” to help maintain a domestic cycle through E. granulosus-infected wild dogs defecating on pasture, transmitting infection to livestock and some farmers and hunters feeding hydatid-infected offal of macropodids or feral pigs to domestic dogs. The potential transmission risk to humans using public picnic and camping areas in parks and forests, especially in the southeastern Australia, could be substantially reduced through regular distribution of baits containing praziquantel. Encroachment of wild dogs and foxes into urban centers presents a new potential path of transmission from wildlife to humans.

Effects of recreation areas on avian communities in coastal New South Wales’ parks

Summary Information on the impacts of outdoor recreation on wildlife within national parks and reserves can be useful to natural area managers. This study aimed to (i) investigate the density, diversity and species composition of avian communities in recreation areas in bushland settings in comparison to surrounding natural habitats, and (ii) determine the influence of the presence of people on avian assemblages in such recreation areas. Avian density, species richness and community composition were compared between six high‐visitation bushland camping and picnic areas (recreation areas) and surrounding undisturbed habitats to examine the effect of recreation areas on avian assemblages. While total numbers of birds detected was found to be higher in recreation areas, species richness trends indicated that a greater diversity of birds was associated with the surrounding natural habitats, which were found to support a taxonomically different avian assemblage to the recreation areas. Interestingly, species previously shown to distinguish urban avian communities were commonly present and often more abundant in the recreation areas than the surrounding natural habitats. We investigated the effect of the intermittent presence of people (rather than clearing alone) and addressed changes in the diurnal distribution of species, by comparing avian assemblages at 22 picnic areas in the morning, at midday and in the afternoon between days of high and low human visitation. Observations of the availability of anthropogenic food resources and subsequent utilization by avifauna were recorded. Generally, avian assemblages appeared to be independent of the presence of people, although the provision of anthropogenic foods is thought to have the potential to adversely affect individual birds. The findings of this study suggest that even small‐scale habitat clearance to create picnic areas adversely affects the avian assemblage present, with temporal changes in visitation levels of humans in these areas appearing to have had no additional influence unless through indirect impacts from anthropogenic foods.

Seasonal variation in N2O emissions from urine patches: Effects of urine concentration, soil compaction and dung

Urine patches in pastures rank among the highest sources of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) from animal production systems. Previous laboratory studies indicate that N2O emissions for urine-N in pastures may increase with a factor five or eight in combination with soil compaction and dung, respectively. These combinations of urine, compaction and dung occur regularly in pastures, especially in so-called camping areas. The aims of this study were (i) to experimentally quantify the effect of compaction and dung on emission factors of N2O from urine patches under field conditions; (ii) to detect any seasonal changes in emission from urine patches; and (iii) to quantify possible effects of urine concentration and -volume. A series of experiments on the effects of compaction, dung, urine-N concentration and urine volume was set up at a pasture on a sandy soil (typic Endoaquoll) in Wageningen, the Netherlands. Artificial urine was applied 8 times in the period August 2000–November 2001, and N2O emissions were monitored for a minimum of 1 month after each application. The average emission factor for urine-only treatments was 1.55%. Over the whole period, only soil compaction had a clear significant effect, raising the average N2O emissions from urine patches from 1.30% to 2.92% of the applied N. Dung had no consistent effect; although it increased the average emissions from 1.60% to 2.82%, this was clearly significant (P 50%, avoiding camping areas in pastures, and on avoiding grazing under moist soil conditions. Greenhouse gas budgets for grazing conditions should include the effects of soil compaction and dung to represent actual emissions.