Camphene Research Articles

Characterization of Camphene- and Fenchol-Based Hydrophobic Eutectic Solvents and Their Application in Aldehyde Extraction.

Binary terpenoid-based eutectic systems consisting of the natural substances camphene (CA), fenchol (FE), thymol (TH), menthol (ME), dodecanoic acid (DA), and 1-dodecanol (DO) are synthesized and screened for their Solid-Liquid Equilibrium (SLE) and eutectic compositions. Out of nine eutectic systems, 13 solvent compositions at eutectic points and next to them, in addition to the reference solvent, TH:ME, are synthesized and applied for the solvent extraction of the aromatic aldehydes vanillin (VAN), syringaldehyde (SYR), and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (HYD) from an acidic aqueous model solution. The extraction efficiency is determined from aldehyde concentrations measured by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), taking into consideration mutual solubility measured by Karl Fischer titration (KF) and a Total Organic Carbon-analysis (TOC). Physicochemical properties, such as the density, viscosity, and stability of the solvents, are evaluated and discussed. Additionally, 1H-NMR measurements are performed to verify hydrogen bonding present in some of the solvents. The results show that all synthesized eutectic systems have a strong hydrophobic character with a maximum water saturation of ≤2.21 vol.% and solvent losses of ≤0.12 vol.% per extraction step. The hydrophobic eutectic solvents based on CA exhibit lower viscosities, lower mutual solubility, and lower extraction efficiency for the aromatic aldehydes when compared with FE-based solvents. The highest extraction efficiencies for VAN (>95%) and for SYR (>93%) at an extraction efficiency of 92.61% for HYD are achieved by the reference solvent TH:ME (50:50 mol.%). With an extraction efficiency of 93.08%, HYD is most preferably extracted by the FE-DO-solvent (80:20 mol.%), where the extraction efficiencies for VAN and SYR reach their maximum at 93.37% and 90.75%, respectively. The drawbacks of the high viscosities of 34.741 mPas of the TH:ME solvent and 31.801 mPas of the FE-DO solvent can be overcome by the CA-TH solvent, which has a viscosity of 3.436 mPas, while exhibiting extraction efficiencies of 71.92% for HYD, >95% for VAN, and >93% for SYR, respectively.

Interfacial Water Mediates Oligomerization Pathways of Monoterpene Carbocations.

The air-water interface plays central roles in "on-droplet" synthesis, living systems, and the atmosphere; however, what makes reactions at the interface specific is largely unknown. Here, we examined carbocationic reactions of monoterpene (C10H16 isomer) on an acidic water microjet by using spray ionization mass spectrometry. Gaseous monoterpenes are trapped in the uppermost layers of a water surface via proton transfer and then undergo a chain-propagation reaction. The oligomerization pathway of β-pinene (β-P), which showed prompt chain-propagation, is examined by simultaneous exposure to camphene (CMP). (CMP)H+ is the most stable isomer formed via rearrangement of (β-P)H+ in the gas phase; however, no co-oligomerization was observed. This indicates that the oligomerization of (β-P)H+ proceeded via ring-opening isomerization. Quantum chemical calculations for [carbocation-(H2O)n=1,2] complexes revealed that the ring-opened isomer is stabilized by hydrogen-π bonds. We propose that partial hydration is a key factor that makes the interfacial reaction unique.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF ESSENTIAL OIL EXTRACTED FROM SCHINUS MOLLE OF ALGERIA

The work in hand was aimed mainly to highlight the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficacy of the essential oils and the hydrolate of the aromatic plant Schinus molle. The findings confirmed that both extracts of the studied species involve important biological actions on the tested pathogenic germs. The essential oil resulted from hydro-distillation has undergone GC/MS technique analysis. 28 components were detected representing 99.98% of the total oil. The foremost components are: 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9-hexahydro-2-methoxy-3-methyl-6-6-diispropylnaphthalene 16.03%, β-phelandrene 13.17%, α-phelandrene 12.83%, δ - cadiene 6.48%, camphene 6.04%, β-myrcene 5.20%, α-pinene 5.10%, Elemol 4.74%, α-cadinol 4.09% presenting 73.68% of the total oil. The good miscibility of the essential oil shows the opportunity to use it in cosmetics and pharmaceutical preparations.

Retracted: Physico-chemical analysis and antioxidant capacity of essential oil from the leaves of Algerian Mentha x piperita L

Mentha x piperita L. is a herb plant that belongs to the lamiaceae family. The aim of this work is the valorization of this plant growing in the Setif region by the physico-chemical characterization and the study of the antioxidant activity of its essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation. The yield obtained is 0.9%. The refractive, the acid, the ester indices and the relative density calculated are respectively: 1.461; 1.69; 20.76; 0.89. The chemical analysis by GC/MS revealed several compounds, mainly Camphene, Menthol and Menthone. The antioxidant activity of this oil was evaluated by three methods in comparison with standard antioxidants: the 2,2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical reduction method which showed good antioxidant activity with an IC 50 of 1083.76 ± 1.96 μg/ml, the ferrous iron chelation method which revealed that the essential oil has a good ability to reduce iron (DO=0,641), and the bleaching β-carotene method showed a relative antioxidant activity of the order of 56.54%.

Highly Efficient Rhodium-Phosphite Catalyzed Hydroformylation of Camphene and other Terpenes

Highly Efficient Rhodium-Phosphite Catalyzed Hydroformylation of Camphene and other Terpenes

Physicochemical characterization of medicinal essential oil made obtained from the rhizome of Zingiber officinale (ginger), grown in San Carlos, Costa Rica, in order to standardize future hydroponic cultivations of the plant

Introduction: Ginger is a medicinal plant native to India. Has been reported their potential use in cosmetics, medicines and natural products, however depending on crop conditions the medicinal components of the different parts of the plant not only changes in concentration but in its composition, this modifies its medicinal action. The aim of this study was to characterize by physicochemical methods the chemical composition of essential oil obtained from rhizomes of Zingiber officinale grown in the area of San Carlos, Costa Rica in order to standardize future hydroponic cultivations of the plant and validate their subsequent pharmacological or cosmetic effects. Materials and methods: the rhizomes of the plant were used, the active principles were extracted by ethanolic extraction with Soxleth and distillation by entrainment with vapor, analysis was performed by using a qualitative phytochemical profile for the ethanolic extract, and the composition of the essential oil was studied by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry detector (GC-MS). Results and Conclusions. The presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins and triterpenes in the ethanolic extract was qualitatively determined. In characterizing the essential oil by GC-MS were identified as lead compounds the geranialdehyde (27.42%), neral (20.11%), 1.8-cineole (13.35%), camphene (4.65%) and E-geraniol (3.92%). The composition obtained was compared with the composition reported in the literature, obtaining a clear difference with those reported in other studies, allowing predicting an antimicrobial behavior unlike most traditional essential oils of the rhizomes.

Rapid Determination of Volatile Compounds of Satureja hortensis by Using the HSSPME-GC-MS Method

The volatile fractions were obtained from the fresh aerial parts of Satureja hortensis using head space solid phase micro extractiongas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) method and were immediately analyzed by means of GC and GC/ MS instruments. Eleven compounds were identified in the samples analyzed, representing 100% of the total composition. In terms of general categories,monoterpene hydrocarbons dominated the chemical profile (99.5%) with γ-terpinene (46.0%), p-cymene (11.8%), α-terpinene (11.1%), α-pinene (10.4%) and α-thujene (6.8%) as the main constituent components. The other constituents were found to be myrcene (5.2%), β-pinene (3.9%), o-cymene (2.6%), α-phellandrene (1.1%), camphene (0.6%) and thymol (0.5%). Accordingly, only 0.5% of the profile included oxygenated monoterpenes.

REPELLENT ACTIVITY OF Zingiber officinale Roxb. “Cochin Ginger” AND Zingiber officinale Roxb. var rubrum ESSENTIAL OIL USING SESAME OIL AND COCONUT OIL AS BASE ON Aedes aegypti

Aedes aegypti is a vector for Dengue. The use of synthetic repellent cause several health issue. Zingiber officinale Roxb. “Cochin Ginger” essential oil (A) and Zingiber officinale Roxb. var rubrum essential oil (B) was used as a repellent for Aedes aegypti. Increasing of repellent activity was strived by formulating A and B with sesame oil and coconut oil as a base. The aim of this study was to compare repellent activity between A and B, to know the influence of oily base to repellent activity of A and B, to know the effective concentration of essential oil in oily base as a repellent.Isolation of essential oil was done by water and steam destilation. Quantitative and qualitative assays by GS-MS. Repellent activity was tested by three steps: initiation, effective consentration assay, and effective concentration of repellent activity. Essential oil on certain concentration (100%, 50% in the base, the effective concentration of SLD) and Lemon grass essential oil was applied on the surface of palm hand. The hand was put into 20x20x20 cm 3 cage containing 25 female Aedes aegypti. The number of Aedes aegypti lied on the hand was noted to count protective capacity. First bite was counted as protective time. Analyse was done by One-way ANOVA and Post Hoc Test Tukey HSD (Homogeneous subsets) or Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney Test. The result showed that A and B contain camphene, mirsene, 1,8-sineol, l-linalool, l-borneol, neral, geraniol, sitral, and α-kurkumen (only A) that quantitatively different. Statistic result showed that B has a greater repellent activity than A. Sesame oil base give a better effect on repellent activity of sesame oil compare than coconut oil. The effective concentration of Zingiber officinale Roxb. “Cochin Ginger” essential oil and Zingiber officinale Roxb. var rubrum essential oil in sesame oil and coconut oil was 75, 85, 85 and 90%, respectively.

Chemical composition of the essential oil of Mentha pulegium L. from Taftan Area by means of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS)

The aerial parts of Mentha pulegium L. were collected during the flowering stage from the Taftan aera (Baluchestan, Iran) using hydro distillation. The essential oil was extracted from plants’ aerial parts. The highest ratio of oil yield to dried plant weight was 2.642 (w/w) (when using hexane) and 2.053% w/w for the second oil (without using hexane). The oils were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) technique. In the first oil (when using Hexane), 35 constituents embracing 96.19% of total essential oil were recognized. Oxygen containing monoterpens was the main group of constituents of the oil. Pulegone (65.52%), 1,8 cineole (11.10%), isopulegone (2.53%), beta-pinene (2.45%) were the major components of the first oil extracted from M. pulegium L. In the second oil (without solvent), 42 constituents were recognized consisting of 82.94% of its total essential oil. The main constituents for this specie included; pulegone (48.88%), eucalyptol (3.99%), trans-ocimene (1.58%), camphene (2.29%), spathulenol (6.99%) and unknown compound (0.1%). The findings of the research revealed that the M. pulegium essential oil has a considerable percentage of oxygenated terpenoids with the anti-microbial property. Key words: Menthe pulegium L., essential oil, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), pulegone, 1,8 cineole, isopulegone.

Variability in essential oil composition of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) grown under North Western Himalayan Region of India

Common sage (Salvia officinalis L.; Lamiaceae) is one of the most important herb known for its essential oil richness and extensive use in folk medicine. The essential oil from aerial parts of S. officinalis L. collections grown under temperate climate of Uttarakhand, India, was analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). The essential oil content of S. officinalis was found to vary between 1.11 to 2.76% on dry weight basis. A total of 35 compounds were identified, representing 94.21 to 99.36% of the total oils. The range of major constituents present among six sage collections were: α-thujone (21.43 to 40.10%), β-thujone (2.06 to 7.41%), camphor (11.31 to 37.67%), 1,8-cineole (4.47 to 9.17%), α-humulene (4.58 to 9.51%), camphene (1.89 to 7.04%), viridiflorol (2.14 to 5.56%), α-pinene (1.55 to 6.17%), β-pinene (1.68 to 3.49%) and β-caryophyllene (1.06 to 5.59%). The essential oil composition of sage collections showed presence of larger quantities of the oxygenated terpenes (59.43 to 70.68%) as compared to monoterpene hydrocarbon (13.41 to 17.01%), sesquiterpene hydrocarbon (7.78 to 15.36%) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (2.14 to 7.73%). The presence of comparatively high concentration of oxygenated compounds mainly thujones, 1,8-cineole and camphor in sage oils may be attributing its carminative, antispasmodic, antiseptic, and astringent properties. Hence, these sage collections may be exploited for various biological and therapeutic applications. Key words: Salvia officinalis, essential oil, composition, Lamiaceae, terpenes, thujones.

Chemical composition and antifungal activity of volatile components from woody terminal branches and roots of Tetraclinis articulate (Vahl.) Masters growing in Tunisia

The chemical composition of the volatile fractions obtained from distilled woody terminal branches and roots of Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl.) Masters was identified by Gas Chromatography- Flame ionization detectors (GC-FID) and Gas Chromatography-Coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Twenty compounds represented 83.7% of the essential oil from woody terminal branches and 29.2% from the roots. Nonan-1-ol was the main constituent present in the second fraction of the essential oil from woody terminal branches with the highest percentage of 75.22. Monoterpene hydrocarbons viz: α-terpinene (3.04), δ-carene (1.17) and β-ocimene (1.09) were the main compounds. In the fourth fraction of the essential oil from roots, the major compounds detected were Bornyl acetate (16.63), Camphene (1.59) and γ-cadinene (2.86). This fraction was mainly rich in oxygenate compounds (20.25) and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (6.84). Furthermore, the oils were tested for their antifungal activity against five phytopathogenic fungi. These oils from woody terminal branches and roots of T. articulata (Vahl.) Masters were found to possess antifungal activity. Key words: Antifungal activity, Cupressaceae, essential oil, Nonan-1-ol, Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl.) Masters.

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric studies of stems essential oil of Pinus roxburghaii and their antibacterial and antifungal activities.

Essential oil of Pinus roxburghaii stems was analyzed by GC MS and their antibacterial activity was studied. Seventeen components out of fifty-two were identified in the oil. Major component in essential oil was α- pinene (41.9%) followed by 3-carene (16.3%), caryophyllene (12.3%), p-cymene (1.9%), Terpinenol (1.8%), Limonene (1.7%), Borneol acetate(1.1%), Caryophyllene oxide (1.0%),camphene (0.9%),Tepinyl acetate (0.8%), β-Phallenderene (0.7%), farnesene (0.6%),o-cymene (0.4%), Butanoic acid, 3-methyl-, 2-phenylethyl ester (0.3%),1-terpinen-4-ol (0.2%), Farnesyle acetate (0.2%) and γ-terpinene (0.2%). Antibacterial activity of stem essential oil was observed againstStaphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis while no activity was observed against E. coli and Enterobacter aerogenes. Similarly, antifungal activity of Pinus roxburghaii essential oil was also found to be active against Aspergillus terrus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus candidus, Aspergillus vessicolor, Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma viride. Key words: Pinus roxburgahii, antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, α-pinene, caryophyllene.

Deactivation of H3PW12O40/TiO2 catalyst used in the production of camphene

Deactivation of H3PW12O40/TiO2 catalyst used in the production of camphene

Flüchtige Inhaltsstoffe der Volatile Substances from Formica rufa L. und polyctena Forst / Volatile Substances from Formica rufa L. and F. polyctena Forst

Abstract The terpenes camphene, camphor, isopulegol, isoborneol, bomeol and the terpenoid methyl 3-isopropyl-pentanoate are identified from both species while n-nonanal was only found in F. rufa.

The Constitution of Saxifraga stolonifera Meerb. I.

The authors have studied to elucidate the constituents of the volatile oil Saxifraga stolonifera Meerb.The volatile oil was treated with 2N-sodium carbonate, then with 2N-sodium hydroxide solution, and was separated into the three parts; neutral, sodium carbonatesoluble, and sodium hydroxide soluble part.Each part was investigated by means of column chromatography, gas chromatography, infrared spectrum, mass spectrum, nuclearmagnetic resonance spectrum and chemical method.As a result, forty eight kinds of compound were detected as the constituents of this volatile oil as follows leaf alcohol, α-pinene, camphene, 1, 4-cineole, limonene, linalool, borneol, citronellol, linalyl acetate, geraniol, bornyl acetate, α-terpinyl acetate, geranyl acetate, dodecanal, β-elemen, α-cedrene, calamenene, n-C17H36, n-C18H38, n-C19H40, iso-C20H42, n-C20H42, iso-C21H44, n-C21H44, n-C22H46, iso-C23H48, n-C23H48, n-C24H50, n-C25H52, n-C26H54, n-C27H56, n-C28H58, n-C30H62, n-C31H64, n-C32H66, caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, pentadecanoic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, phenol o-cresol, p-cresol and m-cresol.

Reaction of camphene with aldehydes

Reaction of camphene with aldehydes

The Chlorination of Camphene

The Chlorination of Camphene

Monochloro Products from Camphene. Identification of Camphenol as 6-Hydroxycamphene1,2

Monochloro Products from Camphene. Identification of Camphenol as 6-Hydroxycamphene^1,2

The Reaction of Camphene with N‐Carbonylsulfamyl Chloride

The Reaction of Camphene with N‐Carbonylsulfamyl Chloride

The Nature of Camphene Racemization

<b>The Nature of Camphene Racemization</b>