Camel Hump Research Articles

Lipid analysis of meat from Bactrian camel (Camelus bacterianus), beef, and tails of fat-tailed sheep using UPLC-Q-TOF/MS based lipidomics.

As a source of low-cost and high-quality meat for human beings, the consumption of camel meat was increasing, and beef has similar texture and nutritional characteristics with camel meat. Camel hump and fatty-tails are important parts of fat storage for camels and fat-tailed lambs, respectively, which were to adapt and endure harsh environments. Considering their similar physiological functions, their fat composition might be similar. Lipidomics is a system-level analysis of lipids method, which play an important role in the determination and quantification of individual lipid molecular specie, food adulteration and labeling. A GC/MS was used to analyze fatty acids composition of Xinjiang Bactrian camel meat, hump, beef, and fatty-tails. UPLC-Q-TOF/MS based on lipidomics approach was used to analyze lipid composition, characterize and examine the lipid differences in Xinjiang Bactrian camel meat, hump, beef, and fatty-tails. The major fatty acids of the four samples were C16:0, C18:0, and C18:1cis, and camel meat had a significant low SFA content and high MUFA content. A total of 342 lipid species were detected, 192, 64, and 79 distinguishing lipids were found in the groups camel hump compared to camel meat, camel meat compared to beef, and camel hump compared to fatty-tails, respectively. Lipid metabolisms of ether lipid, glycerophospholipid, glycerolipid, and sphingolipid were the most influential pathways revealed by KEGG analysis. The results contributed to enrich the lipid information of Bactrian camel meat, and indicated that UPLC-Q-TOF/MS based on lipidomics was an alternative method to distinguish meat samples.

Leather Fatliquoring Agent from Camel Hump Fat

Leather Fatliquoring Agent from Camel Hump Fat

Forced vibration characteristics of sandwich panel with GRPC faces and titanium core under thermal environment

In this paper forced vibration characteristics of a graphene reinforced polymer composite face sheet sandwich panel with a homogeneous core exposed to non-uniform temperature variation is studied. Carbon based materials are highly used in aerospace applications. Further these materials are exposed to different environmental conditions which alters it dynamic characteristics. So, in this paper thermal buckling and forced vibration behavior are studied for different grading patterns, temperature dependent properties and non uniform temperature variation. Here, uniform temperature profile, decreasing temperature profile - heating at one edge, decreasing and increasing temperature profile - heating at two edges, increasing and decreasing temperature profile - heating at middle and camel hump temperature - heating at Centre location of the panels are considered. From the results, it is observed that the temperature distribution at 95% of buckling temperature has reduced the natural frequencies significantly and in the forced vibration response, the sandwich panel in this condition shifts its response curve to the left irrespective of the grading pattern. Further, it is noticed that the velocity response curve of FG-X grading pattern has shifted more compare to UD and FG-O grading pattern.

Free vibration response of graphene reinforced polymer composite face sheet sandwich panel under thermal environment

The present work shows the numerical analysis to study the free vibration characteristics of a sandwich panel in which graphene reinforced polymer composite is used as the face sheet and titanium as a homogeneous core exposed to non-uniform temperature variation. As these sandwich panels are exposed to different environmental conditions during their service, the vibration resposne of sandwich panel under thermal environment is studied. The finite element approach is utilized to study the influence of different graphene grading patterns, temperature-dependent properties, and non-uniform temperature variation on the buckling and dynamic behavior of the sandwich panel. The temperature-dependent material property of the non-linear type is considered. The temperature distribution at 95 % of buckling temperature affects the dynamic behavior significantly regardless of the graphene grading patterns. The uniform temperature field and the model heated in the middle of the panel influences vibrational behavior efficiently compared to the camel hump temperature field and heated at an edge of the plate. Further FG-X has higher natural frequencies compared to FG-UD and FG-O grading patterns. Several other obtained responses are discussed in this paper.

Theoretical vehicle bridge interaction model for bridges with non-simply supported boundary conditions

Theoretical vehicle bridge interaction (VBI) models have been widely studied for decades for the simply supported boundary condition but not for the other boundary conditions. This paper presents the mathematical models for several non-simply supported boundary conditions including both ends fixed, fixed simply supported, and one end fixed the other end free (cantilever) boundary condition. The closed-form solutions can be found under the assumption that the vehicle acceleration magnitude is far lower than the gravitational acceleration constant. The analytical solutions are then illustrated on a specific bridge example to compare the responses due to different bridge boundary conditions, and to study different vehicle parameter effects on extracting multiple bridge frequencies (five) from the vehicle responses. A signal drift phenomenon can be observed on the acceleration response of both the bridge and the vehicle, while a camel hump phenomenon can be observed on the Fast Fourier analysis of the vehicle acceleration signal. The parameter study shows that the vehicle frequency is preferred to be high due to the attenuation effect on the bridge frequencies that are higher than the vehicle frequency. The vehicle speed parameter is preferred to be low to reduce both the camel hump phenomenon and the vehicle acceleration magnitude, while both the vehicle mass and damping parameter have little effect on the multiple bridge frequencies extraction from the vehicle. Besides presenting the explicit solutions for calibrating other numerical models, this study also demonstrates the feasibility of the vehicle-based bridge health monitoring approach, as any bridge anomaly due to deterioration may be sensitively reflected on the bridge frequency list extracted from the vehicle response.

Coxiella burnetii in Dromedary Camels (Camelus dromedarius): A Possible Threat for Humans and Livestock in North Africa and the Near and Middle East?

The “One Health” concept recognizes that human health is connected to animal health and to the ecosystems. Coxiella burnetii–induced human Q fever is one of the most widespread neglected zoonosis. The main animal reservoirs responsible for C. burnetii transmission to humans are domesticated ruminants, primarily goats, sheep, and cattle. Although studies are still too sparse to draw definitive conclusions, the most recent C. burnetii serosurvey studies conducted in herds and farms in Africa, North Africa, Arabian Peninsula, and Asia highlighted that seroprevalence was strikingly higher in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) than in other ruminants. The C. burnetii seroprevalence in camel herds can reach more than 60% in Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Sudan, and 70 to 80% in Algeria and Chad, respectively. The highest seroprevalence was in female camels with a previous history of abortion. Moreover, C. burnetii infection was reported in ticks of the Hyalomma dromedarii and Hyalomma impeltatum species collected on camels. Even if dromedary camels represent <3% of the domesticated ruminants in the countries of the Mediterranean basin Southern coast, these animals play a major socioeconomic role for millions of people who live in the arid zones of Africa, Middle East, and Asia. In Chad and Somalia, camels account for about 7 and 21% of domesticated ruminants, respectively. To meet the growing consumers demand of camel meat and milk (>5 million tons/year of both raw and pasteurized milk according to the Food and Agriculture Organization) sustained by a rapid increase of population (growth rate: 2.26–3.76 per year in North Africa), dromedary camel breeding tends to increase from the Maghreb to the Arabic countries. Because of possible long-term persistence of C. burnetii in camel hump adipocytes, this pathogen could represent a threat for herds and breeding farms and ultimately for public health. Because this review highlights a hyperendemia of C. burnetii in dromedary camels, a proper screening of herds and breeding farms for C. burnetii is urgently needed in countries where camel breeding is on the rise. Moreover, the risk of C. burnetii transmission from camel to human should be further evaluated.

Extracting multiple bridge frequencies from test vehicle – a theoretical study

The coupled differential equation group for the vehicle bridge interaction system is reestablished to include both the vehicle and bridge damping effects. The equation group can be uncoupled and closed-form solutions for both the bridge and vehicle can be obtained under the assumption that the vehicle acceleration magnitude is much lower than the gravitational acceleration constant. Then based on a simply supported boundary condition scenario, several critical parameters including bridge damping, vehicle frequency, vehicle speed, vehicle mass, and vehicle damping are studied to investigate their effects on extracting multiple bridge frequencies from the vehicle. The results show that the bridge damping plays a significant role in the vibration behaviour of both the vehicle and the bridge compared to the vehicle damping. The vehicle is preferred to be designed with a high frequency beyond the interested bridge frequencies to be extracted since low vehicle frequency tends to attenuate bridge frequencies that are higher than the vehicle frequency. A camel hump phenomenon can be observed on the extracted bridge frequencies from the vehicle, especially for scenarios that involve high bridge vibration mode and high vehicle speed. Vehicle speed is preferred to be maintained low to meet the theoretical assumption and to reduce the camel hump phenomenon. Although vehicle mass is not necessarily limited in this study, there is a magnitude balance among vehicle mass, vehicle speed, and damping to meet the theoretical assumption. This theoretical work may give some indications for designing a special field test vehicle to monitor bridge in a more comprehensive way.

Electrocardiogram T-Wave Morphology and Amplitude Differences during an Ultramarathon Competition

PURPOSE: The goal of this research is to study the effect of ultramarathon competition on T-wave morphology and amplitude changes. T-wave changes can be an indication of a vast number of conditions with many being of critical nature. This makes understanding what changes ultrarunners are undergoing critical for monitoring and understanding physiological changes associated with ultramarathons. METHODS: In this study, volunteer subjects Male n=25, Female n=20 signed an informed consent, then completed their ultramarathon distance. 12 lead EKGs were measured pre and post-race. EKGs were recorded and analyzed with ECG Synchronous V1.3.1 and statistics were performed in SPSS V21. Paired sample t-tests were used to compare pre and post-race T-wave amplitude values (Pre/Post mean ± SD, p≤0.05). RESULTS: A total of 405 T-waves were analyzed. There was no change in t-wave morphology pre versus post-race for 83.95% (n=340), while 16.05% (n=65) changed morphology (upright, inverted, flat, camel hump and biphasic). Major changes observed were inverted to upright (n=24), upright to inverted (n=9), biphasic to upright (n=9) and camel hump to upright (n=6), other changes only occurred in 1 or 2 leads. Significant changes in T-wave amplitude (mv) pre- to post-race were found in the following leads: (Pre/Post mean ± SD, p≤0.05): lead I (0.168±0.114, 0.254±0.105, t(44)= -4.845; p<0.001); lead II (0.305±0.124, 0.398 ±0.137, t(44)= -4.081; p<0.001); lead aVR (-0.24±0.11, -0.29±0.15, t(44)=0.04); lead aVF (0.231±0.0805, 0.284±0.117, t(44)= -3.666; p<0.001); lead V1 (0.00333±0.136, 0.0973±0.161, t(44)= -5.144; p<0.001); lead V2 (0.358±0.233, 0.528±0.346, t(44)= -5.462; p<0.001); lead V3 (0.440±0.215, 0.590±0.290, t(44)= -5.951; p<0.001), lead V4 (0.480±0.190, 0.589±0.254, t(44)= -3.899; p<0.001), lead V5 (0.168±0.114, 0.254±0.105, t(44)= -4.035; p<0.001), and lead V6 (0.329±0.103, 0.398±0.148, t(44)= -3.348; p<0.001); leads III and aVL showed no change in amplitude. CONCLUSION: From this study, the results show evidence that long-distance running can alter T-wave morphology and amplitude pre- to post-race. Possible causes of these changes include hyperkalemia, cardiac strain, long QT syndrome, Tachycardia Induced cardiomyopathy all in response to the ultramarathon.

Description of the “camel hump condylo-mandibulo-dysplasia”, a false hemifacial microsomia

Background: The congenital unilateral malformation of the mandibular condyle is commonly considered as an hemifacial microsomia (HFM). Jean Delaire described a particular form of mandibular deformity and called it the “camel hump condylo-mandibulo-dysplasia” (CHCMD).

Photoprotection Comprising Oil Derived from Dromedary Camel Hump Fat

Photoprotection Comprising Oil Derived from Dromedary Camel Hump Fat

Kinetics of polychlorinated biphenyls in Bactrian camels

The study aimed to determine the accumulation and depuration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Bactrian camels. Four lactating, two-humped camels (Camelus bactrianus) received 0.8 mg PCBs (1.3 μg/kg body weight) daily for 56 days. Then, the depuration of the animals was monitored for the next 4 months. Milk, blood and hump fat of the camels were sampled every 2 weeks and analyzed. Body weight increased significantly, from approximately 550 to 613 kg, by the end of the study. The fat mass in the humps initially decreased (-2.3 kg, P&lt;0.05) then increased at the end of the depuration period (+2.0 kg, P&lt;0.05). At the end of the exposure period, the concentrations of the indicator PCBs were 1.6 mg/g hump fat, 0.85 mg/g milk fat and 0.56 mg/L blood serum, i.e., ten times over the background level. The concentrations in the hump fat decreased significantly during the depuration period, for congeners 28, 52, 101 and 118, but did not vary appreciably for the heavily chlorinated congeners 138, 153 and 180. The apparently stable concentrations of the heavier congeners may be an artifact of the reduced fat mass in the humps during the first part of the depuration period, combined with fat mobilization, which may mask the reduction of stored PCBs. PCB concentrations in the milk and blood were not significantly reduced during the depuration periods, as they represent the outflow of PCBs from the pool stored in the humps and have a weak affinity for lipophilic compounds, respectively. Therefore, it should be recommended to avoid the consumption of raw fat from camel hump in polluted areas because this organ would easily bioaccumulate organic pollutants during an exposure and store it over an extended period. PCB contaminants in milk would reflect the intensity of the outflow from the stored pool, and it would take a longer time in camels than in other ruminants to obtain safe food after the exposure of the animals to persistent organic pollutants.&#x0D;

Camel meat production and quality: A Review

Approximately 250, 000 thousand camels are slaughtered annually in different countries. About 50% of the camels slaughtered are young males aged around 4 years. The camel meat is described as tough, coarse, watery and sweetish in taste compared to meats from other animals. However, evidence suggests that quality characteristics of camel meat are not much different from beef if animals are slaughtered at comparable ages. In some of the African and Asian countries, camel meat has been used for its medicinal properties. Based on recent FAOSTAT (2015) database, in 2013 global camel meat production reached 539, 100 Tonnes. Region wise Africa was leading with 416, 292 Tonnes produced, followed by Asia (122, 608 Tonnes) and Europe (200 Tonnes). Camel meat is much better than beef in that it has lesser fat than all the other red meats such as beef and mutton. Camel lean meat contains about 78% water, 19% protein, 3% fat and 1.2% ash with a small amount of intramuscular fat. Camel meat has a comparable essential amino acid contents to beef, lamb and goat meat. The camel hump is important and commonly used for cooking in camel producing countries. On fresh weight basis, the camel hump contributes about 64.2–84.8% fat with very high content of saturated fatty acids of about 63.0%. The semitendinosus muscle in the dromedary and bactrian camels had more magnesium than infraspinatous, triceps brachii, longissimus thoraces and biceps femoris muscles. The semitendinosus and semimembranosus muscles had more iron than other muscles in dromedary. The male camels should be slaughtered between 1 to 3 years of age. This might be due to that less than 3 year of age, camels were not yet fully-grown (60–70% of full live weight), therefore, their meat is tender. A high ultimate pH in camel muscles is a consequence of low muscle glycogen as a result of pre-slaughter stress, including, poor nutrition, rough handling and long transportation. Muscle structure, glycogen concentration, collagen content, solubility and the activities of proteases and their inhibitors are the most important physiological parameters affecting meat tenderness. Water retention in meat is primarily caused by immobilisation of water within the myofibrillar system. The volume of the camel meat was reduced by 44.3% and weight by 48.2% after boiling in water for 40 min. The age of the camel has a significant effect on their meat colour (Kadim et al, 2006). Meat colour from 6–8 and 10–12 year old camels was darker (lower L*), redder (higher a*) and yellower (high b*) than 1–3 year old camels because of higher concentrations of myoglobin. Camel meat is rich in many essential amino acids, minerals, vitamins, bioactives compounds such as carnosine, anserine, glutathione and essential fatty acids such as omega 3 fatty acids. Meat in general is considered a functional food for cures of many ailments and for improved performance in many cultures around the world. Camel meat has been processed into burgers, patties, sausages and shawarma to add value. The nutritional value of camel meat is similar to other red meats.

Giraffe, Giraffe, Camel!

Giraffe, Giraffe, Camel!

Pesan Dakwah dalam Film 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa (Studi Semiotika terhadap Film Karya Guntur Soeharjanto)

Movie is one of the most effective tools for da’wah in present time and also in future. Regardless of its drawbacks and advantages, it is the mass media that plays important role in influencing and shaping public opinion. It molds public opinion through its contents.Among the most phenomenal movies is ’99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa’. This movie contains strong messages of da’wah, yet it also has the contrary. This study aims to investigate da’wah messages in this movie, both verbal and non-verbal. Two parts of this movie are analyzed. This study is a qualitative study. It employs Roland Barthes semiotics theory to analyze the denotation, connotation and myth in the movie.Data are collected through documentation and library research. Results show that this movie presents values and messages of da’wah Islam. The messages delivered include aqidah, shariah, and akhlaq. It also conveys messages answering contemporary issues in da’wah such as negative stigma of non-Muslim about hijab and polygamy. On the other hand, the movie also has a non-verbal message that appears contradictory to da’wah messages, camel hump hijabstyle.

Camel Hump T waves and the Tee Pee sign electrocardiographic evidence of severe electrolyte abnormalities

The electrocardiogram (ECG) is an invaluable tool in the assessment of the acutely unwell patient. Several conditions, including electrolyte imbalance, can result in classical ECG appearances. We present a case in which simultaneous severe deficiencies in magnesium, calcium and potassium were present and discuss the ECG features present, namely “camel hump T waves” and the “Tee-Pee sign”. Moderate deficiency in phosphate was also present. The causes of these electrolyte deficiencies in this patient are also reviewed. Following an extensive literature search this appears to be the first report in which both “camel hump T waves” and the “Tee-Pee sign” are simultaneously present on the same ECG and also the most dramatic example of“camel hump T waves” that we have encountered.

Evaluation of Xgene(R), a Eurycoma longifolia Extract Enriched Penis CareCream, as a Novel Vehicle in Creating Penis Consciousness and Confidence in Keeping and Maintaining Erection for Penetrative Sex

Ancient Middle-Eastern medicine described the practise of massaging camel hump fat to revive dysfunctional penis. This practice was long forgotten. A cream containing a Malaysian herb, Eurycoma longifolia, known to increase cellular cGMP and cAMP, was put to a study to evaluate its efficacy strengthening and maintaining penis tumescence. 60 men were recruited.50 men were given active cream and the remaining; bland cream. The study was for two months. Each man was taught to massage the glans penis with the cream, to be done for 5 minutes, twice a day. The men filled up the SHIM and the Erection Hardness Score (EHS). All these were repeated at two weeks, one month, 6 weeks and end of study. All men completed the study, claimed the cream made their penis skin fine.4 men on bland cream and all the 50 men on active cream claimed that they get bigger and firmer erections, scoring higher SHIM Score and Erection Hardness Score. The active cream provided better grade erection and good control of ejaculation. The ancient concept of a penis caring cream to maintain healthy penis function and wellness can be a good way in ensuring healthy penis function.

A novel classification system for autogenous arteriovenous fistula aneurysms in renal access patients.

Arteriovenous fistulae (AVFs) constructed for hemodialysis access are prone to aneurysmal degeneration. This can lead to life-threatening sequelae such as aneurysmal rupture. The literature includes various guidelines on the management of certain aspects of access-related aneurysm formation; however, no classification system exists to guide reporting or prognostication. We aimed to create a universally acceptable classification for these aneurysms and establish guidance about their management. We clinically examined, duplex scanned, and photographed all of the autologous arteriovenous fistulae in our local renal failure population in January 2010 in order to categorize morphology. We then followed up the cohort for 2 years prospectively to assess outcomes, primarily of rupture or surgical intervention for bleeding. A total of 344 patients were included (292 currently needling their fistula and 52 with low creatinine clearance awaiting dialysis). In all, 43.5% of dialyzed patients had aneurysmal fistulae. We propose a classification system as follows: type 1a: dilated along the length of the vein; type 1b: postanastomotic aneurysm; type 2a: classic "camel hump"; type 2b: combination of type 2a and 1b; type 3: complex; and type 4: pseudoaneurysm. Six fistulae needed emergency surgery for bleeding in the 2-year follow-up period and 5 of these were type 2 aneurysms. The remaining one was in the nonaneurysmal group, although it had become aneurysmal by the time it bled. Type 1 aneurysms are much commoner in patients who have not yet needled their fistula and have a relatively innocuous course although type 1a aneurysms should be monitored for high flow and physiological consequences thereof. Type 2 aneurysms are associated with needling of AVFs. They are at significant risk of rupture and need to be monitored carefully or treated prophylactically.

Effect of dietary supplementation of camel hump fat on performance, carcass characteristics, antibody responses and blood metabolites in fattening lambs

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of camel hump fat (CHF) in substitution with a conventional ruminally protected fat source (palm fatty acids powder) on performance, carcass traits, blood biochemical parameters and immunological responses in fattening lambs. Twenty five Afshari male lambs were randomly assigned to the five diets in a completely randomized design. Diets were a control group (no fat supplementation) and groups received the supplemental fat levels of 2.5 or 5% of diet from either calcium salt of fatty acids (CSFA) or CHF. All diets were formulated to be isoenergetic and isonitrogenous. Three representative lambs from each group were slaughtered on d 90 of trial to measure carcass traits. Average daily gain was greater (P<0.05) for lambs fed CHF and 2.5% CSFA diets than the control and 5% CSFA diets. The highest feed intake was occurred orderly in groups received 2.5% CSFA, 2.5% and 5% CHF, and the least feed intakes were seen in control and 5% CSFA lambs. Feed conversion ratio was lower in lambs fed CHF- or 2.5% CSFA-diets. Among the carcass characteristics, only hot and cold carcass efficiencies were influenced (P<0.05) by supplemental fat sources. Absolute (P=0.09) and relative (P=0.06) pancreas weights tended to be affected by dietary fat supplementation so that, pancreas weight in control lambs was significantly lower than those in other treatments. Dietary supplementation by CHF and CSFA had no significant effect on blood glucose and triglycerides; however, plasma high-density lipoproteins and cholesterol concentrations were affected (P<0.05) by dietary treatments and supplemental CHF and CSFA increased plasma levels of both variables. Utilization of CHF at the levels of 2.5 and 5% increased (P<0.01) IgG titers against ovalbumin over the time (P<0.05). Serum γ-globulin content was increased (P<0.05) as the result of supplemental fat sources with the highest values assigned to the lambs fed on CHF-diets. The present findings suggest that camel hump fat can be used as a proper alternative for ruminally protected fat sources in fattening lambs with beneficial impacts on performance and immunological responses.

Proteomics of old world camelid (Camelus dromedarius): Better understanding the interplay between homeostasis and desert environment

Life is the interplay between structural–functional integrity of biological systems and the influence of the external environment. To understand this interplay, it is useful to examine an animal model that competes with harsh environment. The dromedary camel is the best model that thrives under severe environment with considerable durability. The current proteomic study on dromedary organs explains a number of cellular mysteries providing functional correlates to arid living. Proteome profiling of camel organs suggests a marked increased expression of various cytoskeleton proteins that promote intracellular trafficking and communication. The comparative overexpression of α-actinin of dromedary heart when compared with rat heart suggests an adaptive peculiarity to sustain hemoconcentration–hemodilution episodes associated with alternative drought-rehydration periods. Moreover, increased expression of the small heat shock protein, α B-crystallin facilitates protein folding and cellular regenerative capacity in dromedary heart. The observed unbalanced expression of different energy related dependent mitochondrial enzymes suggests the possibility of mitochondrial uncoupling in the heart in this species. The evidence of increased expression of H+-ATPase subunit in camel brain guarantees a rapidly usable energy supply. Interestingly, the guanidinoacetate methyltransferase in camel liver has a renovation effect on high energy phosphate with possible concomitant intercession of ion homeostasis. Surprisingly, both hump fat tissue and kidney proteomes share the altered physical distribution of proteins that favor cellular acidosis. Furthermore, the study suggests a vibrant nature for adipose tissue of camel hump by the up-regulation of vimentin in adipocytes, augmenting lipoprotein translocation, blood glucose trapping, and challenging external physical extra-stress. The results obtained provide new evidence of homeostasis in the arid habitat suitable for this mammal.

Optimization of cocoa butter analog synthesis variables using neural networks and genetic algorithm.

Cocoa butter analog was prepared from camel hump fat and tristearin by enzymatic interesterification in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) using immobilized Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (Lipozyme TL IM) as a biocatalyst. Optimal process conditions were determined using neural networks and genetic algorithm optimization. Response surfaces methodology was used to design the experiments to collect data for the neural network modelling. A general regression neural network model was developed to predict the response of triacylglycerol (TAG) distribution of cocoa butter analog from the process pressure, temperature, tristearin/camel hump fat ratio, water content, and incubation time. A genetic algorithm was used to search for a combination of the process variables for production of most similar cocoa butter analog to the corresponding cocoa butter. The combinations of the process variables during genetic algorithm optimization were evaluated using the neural network model. The pressure of 10MPa; temperature of 40°C; SSS/CHF ratio of 0.6:1; water content of 13% (w/w); and incubation time of 4.5h were found to be the optimum conditions to achieve the most similar cocoa butter analog to the corresponding cocoa butter.