Cambridge Survey Research Articles

5-GHz MERLIN and VLBA observations of compact 9C sources

In this paper, we present subarcsecond resolution observations of 36 compact sources from the 15 h region of the 15-GHz 9th Cambridge survey. These sources all have previously measured simultaneous continuum radio spectra spanning 1.4-43 GHz and we classify each source by fitting a quadratic function to its spectrum. Using the Multi-Element Radio-Linked Interferometer Network and the Very Long Baseline Array, both at 5 GHz, we resolve all six steep-spectrum objects and four of the 13 flat-spectrum objects. However, none of the 16 objects with convex spectra peaking above 2.5 GHz is resolved even at <3-mas resolution. These results, in combination with the findings of a 15-GHz variability study, suggest that emission from the high-frequency peaking objects is affected by relativistic beaming, and that these objects are not necessarily as young as the synchrotron self-absorption interpretation of their peak frequencies would imply.

The radio source population at high frequency: follow-up of the 15-GHz 9C survey

We have carried out extensive radio and optical follow-up of 176 sources from the 15 GHz 9th Cambridge survey. Optical identifications have been found for 155 of the radio sources; optical images are given with radio maps overlaid. The continuum radio spectrum of each source spanning the frequency range 1.4 - 43 GHz is also given. Two flux-limited samples are defined, one containing 124 sources complete to 25 mJy and one of 70 sources complete to 60 mJy. Between one fifth and one quarter of sources from these flux-limited samples display convex radio spectra, rising between 1.4 and 4.8 GHz. These rising-spectrum sources make up a much larger fraction of the radio source population at this high selection frequency than in lower frequency surveys. We find that by using non-simultaneous survey flux density measurements at 1.4 and 15 GHz to remove steep spectrum objects, the efficiency of selecting objects with spectra rising between 1.4 and 4.8 GHz (as seen in simultaneous measurements) can be raised to 49 percent without compromising the completeness of the rising spectrum sample.

General

Virtual History: Alternatives and Counterfactuals. Edited by Niall Ferguson On ‘What is History?’ From Carr and Elton to Rorty and White. By Keith Jenkins History as Re‐enactment: R. G. Collingwood's Idea of History. By William H. Dray Philosophy, History and Civilization: Interdisciplinary Essays on R. G. Collingwood. Edited by David Boucher, James Connelly and Tariq Modood Beyond the Great Story: History as Text and Discourse. By Robert Berkhofer, Jr Nature and Society in Historical Context. Edited by Mikulásˇ Teich, Roy Porter and Bo Gustafsson Individual Choice and the Structures of History: Alexis de Tocqueville as Historian Reappraised. By Harvey Mitchell E. P. Thompson: Objections and Oppositions. By Bryan D. Palmer Colonization: A Global History. By Marc Ferro Dialogues across Civilizations: Sketches in World History from the Chinese and European Experiences. By Roxann Prazniak Megalopolis: The Giant City in History. Edited by Theo Barker and Anthony Sutcliffe Keeping Together in Time: Dance and Drill in Human History. By William H. McNeill Using Computers in History: A Practical Guide. By M. J. Lewis and Roger Lloyd‐Jones Nationalism and Archaeology in Europe. Edited by Marguerita Díaz‐Andreu and Timothy Champion Western Political Thought: A Bibliographical Guide to Post‐War Research. Compiled by Robert Eccleshall and Michael Kenny Pioneer Children on the Journey West. By Emmy E. Werner Children and the Politics of Culture. Edited by Sharon Stephens The Pocket Oxford Dictionary of Biography. Edited by Angus Stevenson The Cambridge Survey of World Migration. Edited by Robin Cohen European Migrants: Global and Local Perspectives. Edited by Dirk Hoerder and Leslie Page Moch Citizenship, Nationality and Migration in Europe. Edited by David Cesarani and Mary Fulbrook Hunger in History: Food Shortage, Poverty, and Deprivation. General editor Lucile F. Newman Altered Conditions: Disease, Medicine and Storytelling. By Julia Epstein Cancer Wars: How Politics Shapes What We Know and What We Don't Know about Cancer. By Robert Proctor On the Origins of War and the Preservation of Peace. By Donald Kagan The Oxford Illustrated History of Modern War. Edited by Charles Townshend Pirates: An Illustrated History of Privateers, Buccaneers and Pirates from the Sixteenth Century to the Present. Edited by David Cordingly Enterprise and Labour: From the Eighteenth Century to the Present. Edited by Peter Mathias and John A. Davis The Companion to British History. By Charles Arnold‐Baker British Women's History: A Bibliographical Guide. Compiled by June Hannam, Ann Hughes and Pauline Stafford The House of Commons: Seven Hundred Years of British Tradition. Edited by Robert Smith and John S. Moore The History of English Law: Centenary Essays on ‘Pollock and Maitland’. Edited by John Hudson British Economic and Social History: A Bibliographical Guide, Third Edition. Compiled by R. C. Richardson and W. H. Chaloner The Kings and Queens: An Irreverent Cartoon History of the British Monarchy. By Kenneth Baker Maps of the Mediterranean Regions Published in British Parliamentary Papers 1801–1921. By Susan Gole The Oxford Dictionary of Local and Family History. By David Hey Topographical Writers in South‐West England. Edited by Mark Brayshay The Irish World Wide: History, Heritage, Identity, Volume V: Religion and Identity. Edited by Patrick O'Sullivan A Military History of Ireland. Edited by T. Bartlett and K. Jeffrey Explorations in Law and History. Edited by W. N. Osborough

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: First World, Third World. By Sir William Ryrie. Developing Nations and the Politics of Global Integration. By Stephan Haggard The Politics of Population: Cairo 1994. By Stanley Johnson The Cambridge Survey of World Migration. Edited by Robin Cohen Multilateral Development Banks: An Assessment of their Financial Structures, Policies and Practices. By Percy S. Mistry Transforming Agrarian Economies: Opportunities Seized, Opportunities Missed. By Thomas P. Tomich, Peter Kilby, and Bruce F. Johnston A Guide to Social Analysis for Projects in Developing Countries. By the UK Overseas Development Administration Trade, Aid and Global Interdependence. By George Cho Social Development: The Developmental Perspective in Social Welfare. By James Midgley Trading with the Environment: Ecology, Economics, Institutions and Policy. By Thomas Andersson, Carl Folke, and Stefan Nyström Doctrines of Development. By M. P. Cowen and R. W. Shenton Informal Sector in India. Edited by P. M. Mathew Trade Policies and Developing Nations. By Anne O. Krueger Agriculture on the Road to Industrialization. Edited by John W. Mellor Improving Food Security: A Guide for Rural Development Managers. By Michael Hubbard Human Resources Development: Experiences, Interventions, Strategies. By T. V. Rao ASEAN and Korea: Emerging Issues in Trade and Investment Relations. Edited by Daljit Singh and Reza Y. Siregar

Verb Serialization, Word Order Typology, and Zamboangueno: A Comparative Approach

Zamboangueno only rarely receives any notice at all from creolist theoricians. Muysken and Bickerton both touched on it in their contributions to the Cambridge Survey of Linguistics. Contra Bickerton, this paper argues for a different view of Zamboangueno objects. Contra Muysken, the paper argues that the language does have serial verbs. Data are brought to bear from both Bidau Creole Portuguese and from Kristang of Malacca to use for comparative purposes in advancing the description.

Linguistic theory in second language acquisition Edited by Suzanne Flynn and Wayne O'Neil (review)

202LANGUAGE, VOLUME 68, NUMBER 1 (1992) to another discussion in Aitchison's chapter on psycholinguistics. The chapter on sociolinguistics by James Milroy & Leslie Milroy does not cross-reference the chapter by Martin Durrell on dialectology, and vice versa. These are minor flaws, though, in a very useful and welcome contribution to the basic reference literature. REFERENCES Bright, William (ed.) 1992. Oxford international encyclopedia of linguistics. 4 vols. New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press. Crystal, David. 1987. The Cambridge encyclopedia of language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hanks, William F. 1989. Texts and textuality. Annual Review of Anthropology 18.95— 127. Newmeyer, Frederick J. (ed.) 1988. Linguistics: The Cambridge survey. Vol. I, Linguistic theory: Foundations; vol. II, Linguistic theory: Extensions and implications ; vol. IH, Language: Psychological and biological aspects; vol. IV, Language: The sociocultural context. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ogden, C. K., and I. A. Richards. 1956. The meaning of meaning. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Department of Anthropology[Received 24 January 1991 ; University of Arizonarevision received 12 March 1991.] Tucson, AZ 85721 Linguistic theory in second language acquisition. Edited by Suzanne Flynn and Wayne O'Neil. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1988. Pp. xii, 443. Cloth $79.00. Reviewed by Sara Thomas Rosen, University of Kansas Linguistic theory in second language acquisition (LTSLA) contains papers presented at the Conference on Linguistic Theory and Second Language Acquisition held at MIT in the Fall of 1985. The purpose of the conference, and of the book, was to relate the principles and parameters view of the representation of language to the representation and acquisition of a second language. The value of the book lies in placing the field of second language acquisition within theoretical linguistics. On a strong theory of the innateness of the principles of grammar (as espoused in, e.g., Chomsky 1986), much knowledge of language is not, and indeed cannot be, learned: because the core universal principles of grammar are part of our biological endowment, they need not be learned and cannot be broken or violated. Further, what is learned includes the settings ofa limited number ofparameters. Thus, a major portion oflearning a first language consists of determining the correct values of innately defined parameters. The main questions addressed in LTSLA concern the availability of this innate universal core to an adult second language learner. Is universal grammar (UG) available in any form to the second language learner, or must the learner resort to nonlinguistic cognitive mechanisms in order to learn a second language? The reader quickly finds that the answers to these questions are quite subtle and complex, and the evidence does not resoundingly favor one view or the other. REVIEWS203 In the introductory chapters to the book, Flynn & O'Neil, Ken Hale, and Frederick J. Newmeyer & Steven H. Weinberger outline the main questions the field of second language acquisition has faced and place them within a UG framework. The two prominent theories for addressing these questions are (i) contrastive analysis, which posits the transfer offeatures or parametric settings from the speaker's first language (Ll) to the second language (L2), and (ii) creative construction, which holds that the L2 learner reverts to UG and creates from scratch the features or parameter settings of the second language. Most chapters in LTSLA examine these two hypotheses (e.g. the papers by Flynn, Harald Clahsen, Irene Mazurkewich, Lydia White, Michael Sharwood Smith, Juana M. Liceras, J. W. Gair, Liliane Haegeman, Sascha W. Felix, Ellen Broselow, and Barbara Lust). The general approach is to choose a parameter P of UG for which the setting differs in speakers' Ll and L2, and to examine the L2 acquisition of constructions affected by P. With respect to the two prevailing theories of L2 acquisition, the various authors consider whether the L2 acquirer copies the setting of P from Ll to L2 (contrastive learning, or transfer), or whether the acquirer reverts to the unmarked setting of P, and proceeds from there (creative construction). In studying the availability of UG to the L2 learner, Flynn examines the acquisition of the values of the head parameter and of anaphora, Mazurkewich and White each argue for a markedness hierarchy in L2 acquisition similar to that in Ll acquisition. Clahsen presents evidence from word order in German...

The 6C survey of radio sources – IV. The zone $67^\circ\lt\delta\lt82^\circ,0^\text h\lt\alpha\lt24^\text h$

The sixth Cambridge survey of radio sources covers most of the sky north of |$\delta + 30^\circ$| with an angular resolution of 4.2 × 4.2 cosec δ arcmin2 and reaches a limiting flux density of 160 mJy at 151 MHz in the present zone with completeness achieved at 400 mJy on the best maps and at about 800 mJy on the worst. This paper presents 172 pages of maps of a region |$67^\circ \lt \delta\lt 82^\circ, 0^\text h\lt\alpha \lt 24^\text h$| together with a list of 5421 sources in the 1440 deg2 covered. The text outlines only essential details of operation and analysis specific to this zone, since the principles of the method used to gather data and produce maps from a non-tracking telescope operating at declinations other than the north celestial pole are fully described in Paper II of this series. The present zone spans the gap between the North Polar Zone of Paper I and the |$\delta + 58^\circ$| Zone of Paper III, overlapping the former over the range |$80^\circ \lt \delta\lt 82^\circ$| and the latter over the range |$67^\circ \lt \delta\lt 68^\circ, 05^\text h 25^\text m\lt\alpha \lt 18^\text h 17^\text m$|⁠.

The 6C survey of radio sources - II. The zone Formula

The 6th Cambridge survey of radio sources covers most of the sky north of δ+30° with an angular resolution of 4.2×4.2 cosec δ arcmin2 and reaches a limiting flux density of 190 mJy at 151 MHz in the present zone. In this paper the methods used to produce the survey maps from a non-tracking telescope operating at declinations other than the north celestial pole are described: this forms the basis for all future papers in the series. Maps of a high galactic latitude region |$30^\circ \lt \delta \lt 51^\circ, 08^\text h30^\text m\lt\alpha\lt17^\text h30^\text m$| are presented, together with a list of 8278 sources in the 2030 deg2 covered. A source count over the range 200 mJy<S(151)<100 Jy is derived.

The 6C survey of radio sources - I. Declination zone Formula

The 6th Cambridge Survey of radio sources covers most of the sky north of |$\delta+30^\circ $| with an angular resolution of |$4.2\times4.2 \,\text{cosec}\, \delta\,\text{arcmin}^{2}$| and a limiting flux density of 120 mJy at 151 MHz. This paper, the first of a series, describes the telescope and the methods used to produce the survey maps and source list, and presents maps of a circular area of radius 10° centered on the North Celestial Pole and a list of 1761 sources north of |$\delta+80^\circ $|⁠.

The Radio Continuum Morphology of Spiral Galaxies

Once Jansky realized that the extraterrestial microwave radiation which he had discovered was not coming from the Sun but from a direction near to that of the Galactic center (Jansky 1933) and after he established that the emission was associated with the Milky Way (Jansky 1935), he naturally concluded that either stars in the disk or interstellar matter in the Galaxy was responsible for the emission ofthis radiation. Reber ( 1940) confirmed this and was the first to try to detect similar emission from the nearest external spiral galaxy M31 in Andromeda. He gives a positive result at 160 MHz of about 3800 Jy, 1 corresponding to a main-beam bright­ ness temperature of � lOooK assuming that the true beam width of his telescope was about 12°. In a later paper (Reber 1944) he gives an inconclusive detection of about 960 Jy corresponding to � 25°K. We know now that the latter value of flux density is an order of magnitude too high to be a detection; the brightness temperature indicates that what Reber observed was probably part of the complicated structure in the galactic background [see for example the all-sky map of Landecker & Wielebinski ( 1970)]. However, with the Galaxy dominating the radio sky it is under­ standable that the nearest spiral galaxies were expected to be detectable. Ryle, Smith & Elsmore (1950) were therefore not surprised that four ofthe weakest sources in their first Cambridge Survey appeared to be associated with the brightest spiral galaxies. Their quoted flux densities are now known also to be in error; in their case it is most likely that their observations were adversely affected by confusion with neighboring sources. Detection of spiral galaxies turned out to be possible only with telescopes that were not confused at their detection limit and that had a resolving power comparable with the size of the galaxies. It was with such an instrument that Hanbury Brown & Hazard ( 1951) made the first incontrovertible observation of the

Spectral Indices of 60 Discrete Sources.

Flux densities of 60 discrete sources were measured with a 60-ft reflector and maser radiometer at 1422.4 Mc at Harvard Observatory. The sources have galactic latitudes numerically greater than 10 deg, and were selected from the 85.5-Mc survey by Mills, Slee, and Hill and from the 159-Mc Third Cambridge Survey of Edge et al. The observations consisted of at least two scans in right ascension and two scans in declination across each source; thus the position at 1422.4 Mc could be compared to that reported at lower frequency. In only three cases was the difference in positions greater than 7 minutes of arc. Calibration was obtained from observations of Cas A and the adoption of Findlay's flux density. Spectral indices obtained for these sources have a narrower range than has been previously reported and seem independent of flux density. An explanation is given for the apparent correlation between flux density and spectral index found by other observers. The sources that are identified with galaxies in the Shapley-Ames catalogue have indices confined to the central part of the spectral index distribution, while those identified with more distant anonymous galaxies have a wider distribution of indices. This result is in conflict with recent findings of Heeschen. The sources listed as definitely extended by Mills, Slee, and Hill also have indices near the center of the distribution. If sources have a constant index with respect to frequency and if either the present observations or those at 960 Mc by Harris and Roberts are substantially correct, then the Third Cambridge flux densities are consistently low or the Mills-Slee-Hill flux densities are consistantly high. This applies even to sources whose angular sizes, measured by Moffet at 960 Mc suggest that an error due to angular size was not made in the observations at 159 Mc. The research program at Harvard is sponsored by the National Science Foundation.

The accurate positions of 17 intense radio sources

Observations of 17 intense sources were made at a 1.9-meter wavelength with the Cambridge four-aerial interferometer [1] to provide information that may assist in their identification with optical objects, and as a check on the positions of a few of the sources of the recently completed third Cambridge survey [2].

39. The Spatial distribution of radio stars

The Cambridge survey of radio stars [1], which has been described by Shakeshaft, revealed some 1900 sources of small angular diameter, which appeared to be distributed nearly isotropically. An examination of the number–magnitude distribution shows, however, that they cannot be accounted for in terms of a uniform spatial distribution of sources [2].