This article explores how short works by Johannes Brahms and Max Reger introduce problems at their openings that are later addressed in an act of compensation at the ends of the pieces. To this end, I introduce the metaphor of stones and arches in bridges, as related by Marco Polo in Italo Calvino's Invisible Cities. I describe issues of musical syntax as the stones from which passages are built and arches as the semantic effect of a given passage. In this interpretation, Brahms and Reger "fix" the stones (syntax) or the arches (semantics) of a given passage through acts of compensation. I demonstrate these effects using examples from Brahms's late piano works (Opp. 116–119) and short pieces by Reger (Opp. 26 and 143). These works are described as conveying the "rhetoric of a city," the ways in which the stones and arches of musical passages fit together to create a larger formal effect, of which compensation is a paradigmatic scheme. The essay ends with speculation on how compensation may be considered in music more generally.
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