Calpastatin Gene Research Articles

Genetic diversity and polymorphism of genes associated with meat quality and growth traits of A Luoi Yellow cattle in Vietnam

Background and Aim: A Luoi Yellow cattle is an indigenous cattle breed that is raised in the A Luoi District, Vietnam, characterized by its small body size, high adaptability, and meat quality favored by domestic consumers. Marker-assisted selection is an effective approach for improving breeding genetics and sustainably developing livestock production. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity and polymorphism of genes associated with meat quality and productivity in the A Luoi Yellow cattle population with the goal of future breeding selection and sustainable development of the A Luoi Yellow beef brand. Materials and Methods: In this study, we genotyped six functional genes, including Leptin (LEP), Calpastatin (CAST), Calpain 1, pleomorphic adenoma gene 1, Sirtuin 1, and Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2), involved in meat quality and growth traits using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphis. We also investigated mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the Y chromosome-specific gene on the Y chromosome to elucidate the genetic diversity and paternal and maternal origin of the A Luoi Yellow cattle using Sanger sequencing. Results: The results showed that A Luoi yellow cattle have Bos indicus origin from both paternal and maternal lineages. By mtDNA analysis, we identified two new haplotypes of the I1 haplogroup that were not previously detected. The genotyping of the six functional genes indicated that A Luoi Yellow cattle carry favorable alleles that increase meat tenderness and body size, with frequencies of 0.02–0.40. In particular, the presence of desirable homozygous genotypes of the CAST, LEP, and SIRT2 genes will be important for the future selection of animals based on their potential performance in meat quality and productivity. Conclusion: The findings of this study is useful for the future breeding and sustainable development of A Luoi Yellow cattle. Keywords: A Luoi yellow cattle, growth trait, indels, meat tenderness, single nucleotide polymorphisms.

The effect of calpastatin gene on meat quality traits in Turkish sheep breeds

The effect of calpastatin gene on meat quality traits in Turkish sheep breeds

Gene‒Environment Interaction Between CAST Gene and Eye-Rubbing in the Chinese Keratoconus Cohort Study: A Case-Only Study.

Keratoconus (KC), characterized by progressive corneal protrusion and thinning, is a complex disease influenced by the combination of genetic and environmental factors. The purpose of this study was to explore potential gene‒environment interaction between the calpastatin (CAST) gene and eye-rubbing in KC. A case-only study including 930 patients (676 patients with eye-rubbing and 254 patients without eye-rubbing) from the Chinese Keratoconus (CKC) cohort study was performed in the present study. Genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was conducted using the Illumina Infinium Human Asian Screening Array (ASA) Beadchip. The gene‒environment interactions between CAST gene and eye-rubbing were analyzed using PLINK version 1.90. The interactions between CAST genotypes and eye-rubbing were analyzed by logistic regression models. The SNP-SNP-environment interactions were analyzed using generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR). Three SNPs in CAST gene, namely, rs26515, rs27991, and rs9314177, reached the significance threshold for interactions (defined as P < 2.272 × 10-3). Notably, the minor alleles of these three SNPs exhibited negative interactions with eye-rubbing in KC. The results of logistic regression models revealed that the minor allele homozygotes and heterozygotes of rs26515, rs27991, and rs9314177 also exhibited negative interactions with eye-rubbing. Furthermore, GMDR analysis revealed the significant SNP-SNP-environment interactions among rs26515, rs27991, rs9314177, and eye-rubbing in KC. This study identified rs26515, rs27991, and rs9314177 in CAST gene existed gene-environment interactions with eye-rubbing in KC, which is highly important for understanding the underlying biological mechanisms of KC and guiding precision prevention and proper management.

Investigation of calpastatin (CAST) gene polymorphism in Norduz sheep by PCR-RFLP method

Investigation of calpastatin (CAST) gene polymorphism in Norduz sheep by PCR-RFLP method

Genetic markers in sheep breeding

The priority direction in developing domestic sheep breeding is the creation of new and improved breeding forms that combine high meat and wool productivity rates with good adaptive qualities to breeding conditions. In Russia, 404.2 thousand heads of coarse-wool sheep breeds and 21.2 thousand heads of semi-coarse-wool sheep are concentrated on breeding farms. Compared to 2000, the number of breeding animals increased by 5.0 times, while the yield of lambs for slaughter per 100 breeding queens increased by 5.7 times. One way to increase the selection and breeding work with breeds is to search and use genetic markers of productivity and vitality. The work aimed to summarise and analyse information about the genetic polymorphism of genes associated with traits of productivity and disease resistance in different breeds of sheep. The results of studies of polymorphic variants of genes related to the growth energy of young animals, wool quality and meat productivity in sheep are presented. The calpastatin (CAST) gene is described, which is associated with meat productivity and tenderness of meat the KRT (keratins) gene - with wool productivity and wool quality, the growth hormone gene GH and the differential growth factor gene GDF9 - with the regulation of growth and development, reproductive qualities and meat production, sheep productivity. In most studies, the predominant genotype in all breeds is CASTMM. The frequency of genotypes for the KRT and GH genes in breeds of different directions of productivity varies significantly. The relationship of genotypes CAST, GН, and GDF9 with economically valuable traits is described, making it possible to consider their genetic markers.

Study of genetic variation of myostatin (MSTN) and calpastatin (CAST) genes in two native Iraqi sheep by PCR-RFLP technique

Study of genetic variation of myostatin (MSTN) and calpastatin (CAST) genes in two native Iraqi sheep by PCR-RFLP technique

Associations of CAST, GH gene polymorphism in young sheep with a blood type of ? Charolais + ? Kalmyk kurdyuchnaya with measurements of body articles and indices of physique

To increase the production of meat productivity, it is necessary to improve the genetic resources of sheep. The purpose of this work was to establish the allelic spectrum of the calpastatin (CAST) and somatotropin (GH) genes, and their associations with meat productivity in young animals of mixed stock with a bloodline of ? Charolais + ? Kalmyk chicken and to identify the effects of polymorphism of gene markers on the exterior parameters of young animals. The object of the study is the repair young sheep reared in the farm "Arl" of the Yashkul district of the Republic of Kalmykia. The PCR-PDRF method determined the allelic spectrum of genes: calpastatin (CAST), somatotropin (GH), in young hybrids with a blood type of ? Charolais + ? Kalmyk chicken. The superiority of the CASTM allele (0.78) over the frequency of occurrence of the selectively significant CASTN allele (0.22) was noted in the calpastatin gene in crossbreed livestock. According to the growth hormone gene, molecular genetic analysis showed that the frequency of occurrence of the GHA allele in young mixed sheep was 0.88, and the frequency of occurrence of the selectively significant GHB allele was 0.12. A comparative analysis of the live weight of animals with different genotypes showed that sheep and sheep carriers of heterozygous CASTMN and GHAB genotypes have higher live weight indicators than their peers with homozygous CASTMM and GHAA genotypes. Measurements of articles of exterior and indices of physique depending on genotypes are described, since their use allows breeders to determine the type of constitution, individual characteristics, degree and proportionality of the development of the organism, age variability, condition and ability to a particular productivity.

Chemical and fatty acid composition, collagen, calpain and troponin T contents and quality characteristics of five muscle types in native Thai cattle

In this study, chemical composition, fatty acids, collagen solubility, calpains, and troponin T degradation were investigated in various muscles of native Thai cattle (NTC). Five muscles, namely Bicep femoris, Infraspinatus, Longissimus thoracis, Supraspinatus and Semimembranosus were sampled from five Kho Isaan bulls. Moisture content of Longissimus thoracis was lower (p < 0.05) than others. Protein content of Longissimus thoracis, Bicep femoris and Semimembranosus was higher (p < 0.05) than that of Infraspinatus and Supraspinatus. Infraspinatus and Longissimus thoracis had higher fat content (p < 0.05) than Bicep femoris and Semimembranosus. Muscle pH, color, and drip loss did not differ between muscles. Semimembranosus and Supraspinatus showed higher cook loss (p < 0.05) than Infraspinatus and Longissimus thoracis. Infraspinatus had the lowest Warner–Bratzler shear force (p < 0.05). Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus and Bicep femoris had higher (p < 0.05) soluble, insoluble and total collagen content than Semimembranosus and Longissimus thoracis. Infraspinatus had higher collagen solubility than Semimembranosus and Supraspinatus. Collagen content and solubility were not affected by ageing time. The relative band intensities of intact troponin T and its degradation product at 2- and 14-days postmortem were higher in Longissimus thoracis than in other muscles. Infraspinatus and Supraspinatus had significantly higher expression of m-calpain and calpastatin genes than Longissimus thoracis, Bicep femoris, and Semimembranosus. Total fatty acid was higher while the percentage of C22:6n-3 was lower in Infraspinatus and Longissimus thoracis (p < 0.05) than in other muscles. These results show differences in specific nutritional, technological and eating quality characteristics of NTC muscles and thus provide information for optimizing storage and processing conditions for various NTC muscles.

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in calpastatin gene and the association with growth traits in Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries)

The calpastatin gene has been extensively studied as a candidate gene because of its regulatory function within muscle development of animals. However, little is known about the association between variation of the calpastatin gene and growth traits in Tibetan sheep. Using DNA sequencing, four single-nucleotide polymorphisms g.3844A&gt;G, g.88874T&gt;C, g.89126C&gt;T, and g.89157A&gt;C were identified in this study. An association analysis indicates that the g.3844A&gt;G and g.89126C&gt;T polymorphisms affected body weight ( P &lt; 0.05). The g.89157A&gt;C polymorphism was significantly correlated with body weight and chest circumference ( P &lt; 0.05). The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that the expression of calpastatin gene presented an increasing trend with an increase in age. Remarkably lower mRNA expression was detected at the fetal stage compared with adult ewes ( P &lt; 0.05). These findings indicated that the calpastatin gene polymorphisms were involved in growth-related traits in Tibetan sheep, which can be considered as genetic markers for improving the growth traits of Chinese Tibetan sheep.

Polymorphisms of Growth Hormone and Calpastatin Genes and Their Association with Sheep Meat Quality

Polymorphisms of Growth Hormone and Calpastatin Genes and Their Association with Sheep Meat Quality

Analysis of polymorphic variants of MSTN, CAST, PRLR genes associations with economically useful qualities of vyatka breed horses

The relationship of polymorphic variants of MSTN, CAST, PRLR genes with working qualities and body types of Vyatka horses was studied. The purpose of the research is to assess the genetic and breeding potential of the Vyatka breed horses, as well as to study the relationship between the MSTN, CAST, PRLR genotypes and the economically useful qualities of horses. The method of DNA extraction from Vyatka horse hair follicles using ExtraGene DNA Prep. was applied. When scanning the mutations in the loci MSTN (n=43), CAST (n=41) and PRLR (n=41), DNA amplification the method of allele-specific PCR was performed. The frequency of alleles and genotypes was calculated using MS Excel 10. As a result of research, the dependence of Vyatka horses working qualities on the frequency of occurrence of myostatin MSTN alleles (g.66493737 T&gt;C) was noted. The horses with a higher occurrence of the MSTN/C allele have more productive movements than the individuals with the T/T genotype typical for aborigines. Vyatka horses with the T/T genotype are more versatile, and also show better results in sledding, while the horses with the T/C genotype are better under saddle. The horses with the T/T genotype have the highest bony index but the lowest massiveness index. The MSTN T/T (0.581) homozygous genotype for the "wild" allele predominates in Vyatka horses. A relation ship between body types and the calpastatin gene (CAST) has been revealed for the first time in horse breeding. The horses with the G/A genotype turned out to be the most massive and bony, the horses with the A/A genotype were lighter, the highest frequency of occurrence of the CAST G/A genotype (0.463) was noted, the CAST G/G genotype is rare in the breed (0.171). A relationship between the frequency of occurrence of prolactin receptor genes (PRLR) and body types of horses was not found. The frequency of occurrence of PRLR C/C (0.366) and PRLR G/C (0.390) genotypes is approximately identical, the PRLR G/G genotype is less common (0.244). The study of genes associated with economically useful qualities in all breeding stallions will enable to conduct more efficient breeding, using the desired genotypes, which is important for small breeds.

Distribution of the frequency of occurrence of alleles by the calpastatin gene in sheep of different breeds (review)

The genetic diversity of modern populations of domestic animals is very important for improving breeds, for their adaptation to various environmental conditions, as well as for obtaining high-quality livestock products, in particular meat. The calpastatin gene (CAST) is considered as one of the promising markers of growth intensity and meat quality. The article presents an analysis of the literature review on the CAST gene in sheep from the following countries: Asia, New Zealand, Iran, England, France, Poland, Russia. The results of scientific studies aimed at studying the frequency of occurrence of CASTM and CASTN alleles, as well as CASTMM, CASTMN, CASTNN genotypes in the calpastatin gene in different breeds of sheep are summarized. On the territory of the Russian Federation, the number of sheep bred in the North Caucasus, Southern, Volga, Siberian Federal Districts has been studied. In all the studied breeds, the frequency of the M allele significantly exceeded the frequency of the N allele and was in the range of 0,33–0,99, therefore, the frequency of the N allele was in the range from 0,01 to 0,67.

Study of population-genomic structure of Vyatka horses in interline aspect

Abstract. The population-genomic structure of the Vyatka horses was studied in the context of 10 male genealogical lines bred in the breed. Purpose. Evaluation of the genetic and breeding potential of the Vyatka breed, as well as the influence of factory breeds. Methods. Isolation of DNA from the hair follicles of Vyatka horses (n = 38) was performed using “ExtraGene DNA Prep 2000” by allele-specific PCR. Statistical calculations of allele frequencies and the types of studied loci were performed using MS Excel 10 software. Results. The polymorphism of MSTN, GYS1, DMTR3, CAST, and PRLR genes in Vyatka breed lines was studied for the first time. According to the frequency of occurrence CAST G/A (0.472) and PRLR G/C (0.417), as well as the genotype MSTN T/T (0.579) is somewhat dominated by the heterozygous genotypes characteristic of local breeds. They revealed polysaccharide accumulation mutation PSSM1 (0.189), characteristic of draft horses, and the DMRT3 mutation (0.087), which determines the ability for a non-standard gait - amble, noted among Oryol trotters, which indicates the presence of draft and trotting blood in the lines carrying these alleles. MSTN/C and DMRT3/A alleles, which are not typical for aborigines, are noted in Znatok line, whose representatives are distinguished by a lightweight body type and productive movements. The carriers of the mutant defective GYS1 allele (PSSM1) were identified in five lines: Bob, Gabizon, Buran, Dobrik, and Malakhit. Genotyping of all used stallions for genes associated with economically useful traits will allow more efficient selection in the Vyatka breed and prevent the spread of unwanted alleles, which is especially important for small breeds. Scientific novelty. For the first time, an intrapopulation genomic analysis of the domestic horse breed was studied in the interline aspect, and the influence of factory breeds on certain genealogical lines was shown. The polymorphism of the calpastatin (CAST) and prolactin receptor (PRLR) genes has not previously been studied in horse breeding.

Association of Growth Hormone Gene Polymorphisms and Calpastatin Gene with Quality of Sheep Meat

Association of Growth Hormone Gene Polymorphisms and Calpastatin Gene with Quality of Sheep Meat

Iinfluence of calpastatin gene polymorphism (SNP CAST283) on the development of meat qualities of young meat cattle in postnatal ontogenesis

The objective of the study was to investigate the influence of SNP CAST 283 on the development of meat qualities in young cattle of Hereford and Limousin breeds in postnatal ontogenesis. The objectives of the study included: genotyping of young cattle by SNP CAST C283T, determination of genotypic structure, allelic state, level of genetic diversity and equilibrium of the studied herds of Hereford and Limousin cattle, study of live weight dynamics in postnatal ontogenesis, post-slaughter carcass evaluation, chemical composition of beef and structural and mechanical properties of meat obtained from steers of different genotypes. The results of genotyping of bulls of Hereford and Limousin breeds by SNP CAST C283T, testify to high frequency of occurrence in both herds of genotype CASTSS and low desirable genotype CASTTT (7.5% in Herefords and 4.18% in Limousins), a low frequency of the allele CASTT (0.29 and 0.26) was noted. In our studies, no significant relationship of the studied SNP CAST C283T with weight growth, post-slaughter parameters and chemical composition of meat of steers of different genotypes was found. There was a significant association of the studied polymorphism with lower cutting force of the longest muscle of the back in steers with the genotype CASTTT at the end of the first day and on the third day of the experiment, which allows us to recommend this polymorphism as a marker of "tenderness" of beef in selection work with Hereford and Limousin cattle.

THE EFFECT OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN TWO MUTATIONS MSTN/T434C AND CAST/T350C ON CARCASS AND MEAT TRAITS IN ARABI SHEEP IN IRAQ

This study was carried out on a sample of 49 Iraqi Arabi sheep in a slaughterhouse in the Thi Qar Governorate in southern Iraq . Laboratory tests were done in the physiology lab of the Faculty of Agriculture and the Marshes at University of Thi Qar .The study aimed to find out the impact of the interaction between two mutations (MSTN/T434C and CAST/T350C) on the Myostatin and Calpastatin genes, respectively, on some characteristics of sheep carcass and meat after slaughtering sheep and recording the sex and age of the animal. The results of the study showed a significant difference (P≤0.05) of the interaction between the two mutations in the characteristics of live body weight, dressing ratio and carcass diameter by the superiority of the CCTT genotype in the characteristic of live body weight and the superiority of the TTTC genotype in the characteristic of the dressing ratio, while the superiority of the TTCC genotype in the characteristic of the carcass diameter and neither of the two traits showed both the hot weight and length of the carcass significant differences between the four genotypes that appeared between the resulting interactions. Significant differences (P≤0.05) appeared for the effect of the interaction between the two studied mutations on the Myostatin and Calpastatin genes in the meat pH characteristics and the muscle fibers breakage index, where the TCTC interaction outweighed the TTCC interaction while it did not differ significantly with the other three interactions in the pH. As for muscle fiber fracture index, the TTCC genotype was significantly superior to the CCTT genotype, but it was not significantly superior to the TTTC and TCTC interference, respectively. Keywords: Arabi Sheep, Carcass Traits, Mutations Interaction, CAST And MSTN Genes

Bibliometric Analysis of Research on the Main Genes Involved in Meat Tenderness.

Tenderness is one of the main characteristics of meat because it determines its price and acceptability. This is the first bibliometric study on the trend of research on the role of genes in meat tenderness. A total of 175 original and English-language articles published up to 2021 were retrieved from Scopus. The bibliometric analysis was carried out with VOSviewer (version 1.6.18, Eck and Waltman, Leiden, Netherlands) and complemented with the Analyze search results service from Scopus. Erroneous and duplicate data were eliminated, and incomplete information was added to standardize the results. Scientific production was evaluated by means of quantity, quality and structure indicators. As a first glance, 8.816% of authors have published more than 50% of papers mainly related to genes encoding the calpain (CAPN)-calpastatin (CAST) system and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Among other findings, a strong link was found between the contribution of the main countries (led by the United States with) and their institutions (led by the USDA Agricultural Research Service with) to their gross domestic product. Most studies on the topic are published in the Journal of Animal Science, and other journals with high impact according to the number of citations and different metrics. Finally, when evaluating the most cited articles, the occurrence and association of the main keywords, it was confirmed that research is focused on the role of CAPN and CAST genes and of SNPs in beef tenderness. The change in science was emphasized; although marker-assisted selection is still used, genes have an infinitesimal effect on complex traits. Therefore, since about 2010, new research groups adopted genomic selection to evaluate dense panels of SNPs and better explain genetic variation in meat tenderness.

Genetic Variation in the Calpastatin Gene and its Association with Growth Traits in Batur Sheep

The present study aimed to investigate the association of the CAST genotype and growth traits in Batur sheep. Batur lambs were reared under an intensive feeding system. Bodyweight is measured monthly after weaning until six months of age. Blood representing thirty head were collected, genomic DNA was extracted as samples, and then 200 µl of whole blood samples were used. Specific primers were designed to amplify the CAST gene, samples were sequenced, then the researchers used the BioEdit program to identify any mutation. Calculation of genotypes, gene and allele frequencies, heterozygosities, and Chi-square test was performed. The analysis revealed a total of sixteen polymorphic sites in the CAST coding region. There are four alleles observed (A, G, C, and T), trans-versions at c.92T&lt;G and c.285G&gt;T loci, and transitions at c.214G&gt;A, c.280G&gt;A, c.301C&lt;T, and c.371A&gt;G. One individual disrupted the reading frame in the whole CAST sequenced. The genotype frequency analysis showed the highest predominance of the (TT, GG, CC, and AA) genotypes with frequencies (66.7 %, 62.9 %, 59.3 %, 66.7 %, and 55.6 %) as homozygous. In contrast, the heterozygous (TG, GA, GT, CT, and AG) genotypes were present at lower frequencies (29.6 %, 33.3 %, 37 %, 29.6 %, and 37 %), respectively with four difference alleles (T, G, C, and A). Post-weaning bodyweight till 6-month age of Batur sheep for the heterozygous genotypes at loci (c.92T&lt;G, c.214G&gt;A, c.280G&gt;A, and c.301C&lt;T) was slightly more massive than those carrying homozygous wild-type genotypes (c.285G&gt;T and c.371A&gt;G) with no significant differences (p &gt; 0.5). The lambs with the heterozygous genotype had a significantly higher muscle percentage as a whole, compared to the other genotypes. Polymorphic sites were present in Batur sheep for the first time about the association with the CAST gene. However, the CAST gene might not be a useful marker for developing future selection programs in Batur sheep unless further investigation of the CAST gene and its interactions with other genes involving muscle growth and carcass traits are analyzed through association studies at a large scale.&#x0D; Keywords: genetic variation, CAST gene, association, Batur sheep, growth traits

Akkaraman Koyun Irkında Kalpastatin (CAST) ve Büyüme Farklılaşma Faktörü 9 (GDF9) Genlerin Polimorfizmi

Objective: In this study, the gene polymorphisms of Calpastatin (CAST) and Growth Differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) were determined in Akkaraman sheep breed.Material and Methods: Genomic DNA was obtained from blood samples of 50 Akkaraman sheep. All samples for CAST and GDF9 were genotyped by the Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method using the enzymes MspI and Hhal.Results: Three (MM, MN, and NN) and two (GG and GA) genotypes, respectively, were detected at the CAST and GDF9 genes. The frequencies of the genotypes MM, MN and NN were determined to be 44 %, 54 % and 2 %, respectively. The frequencies of the GG and GA genotypes were found to be 84 % and 16 %, respectively. The AA genotype was not found.Conclusion: The study showed for the first time that the Akkaraman breed carries the GDF9 G1 mutation and has sufficient variation in the CAST. Previous studies provided that both genes can be used as biomarkers for increasing lambing yield and growth rates. Therefore, in order for the studied genes to be used as biomarkers in the Akkaraman breed, association studies should first be performed.

Meat quality - Genetic background and methods of its analysis

Growing consumer awareness is forcing food producers to supply raw material and products of increasingly high quality and health-promoting properties. Knowledge of the genetic background of quality characteristics is taking on great importance, enabling selection based on molecular markers. The increasing throughput of molecular techniques, in combination with an expanding bioinformatics infrastructure, is leading to continual improvement in understanding of the molecular mechanisms influencing meat quality. This has resulted in the identification of polymorphic nucleotides [single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)] showing a relationship with meat characteristics such as tenderness [polymorphism in the calpain (CAPN) and calpastatin (CAST) genes], marbling [diacylglycerol o-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1)], colour, pH and water-holding capacity (WHC) [CAST, stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) and others], and fatty acid profile (SCD1). An increasingly wide range of methods is used for analysis, from techniques based on amplification of nucleic acids [polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and amplification refractory mutation system-PCR (ARMS-PCR)] through Sanger sequencing to high-throughput next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques. This paper is a review of the literature on polymorphism of genes determining the quality characteristics of meat and molecular methods used to detect them.