Restricted Caloric Intake Research Articles

A biological age based on common clinical markers predicts health trajectory and mortality risk in dogs.

Predicting aging trajectories through biomarkers of biological aging can guide interventions that optimize healthy lifespan in humans and companion animals. Differences in physiology, genetics, nutrition, and lifestyle limit the generalization of such biomarkers and may therefore require species-specific algorithms. Here, we compared correlations of standard clinical blood parameters with survival probability in humans with those of the two most common mammalian companion animals, cats and dogs, and highlighted universal and species-specific relationships. Based on this comparative analysis, we generated and validated an algorithm that predicts biological age in canines using a longitudinal dataset with health records, blood count, and clinical chemistry from 829 dogs spanning over 12years. Positive deviations of biological from chronological age (AgeDev) measured by this composite score significantly correlated with a decreased survival probability (hazard ratio = 1.75 per 1year of AgeDev, p = 3.7e - 06). Importantly, in nearly half of the dogs whose biological age was accelerated by more than 1year, none or only a single individual marker scored outside its respective reference range, suggesting practical applications for the detection of unfavorable health trajectories. Analyzing samples from a unique 14-year life-long diet restriction study, we show that restricted caloric intake lowers biological age, an effect that can be quantified at midlife years before a difference in survival is observed. Thus, a biological age clock based on clinical blood tests predicts the health trajectories of dogs for use in research and veterinary practice.

Recent Research on the Human Biology of Pastoralists.

Despite encroachment by agricultural systems and globalization, pastoral nomads maintain a robust presence in terms of numbers and subsistence activity. At the same time, increasing concern about climate change has promoted awareness that increased climatic fluctuation may push pastoral population past their capacity for resilience. The response of pastoralists to climate change has important implications for our evolutionary past and our increasingly problematic future. Yet, pastoralists have received less explicit attention than foragers as populations under consistent selective constraints including limited caloric intake, high levels of habitual activity, and high disease burdens. Additional factors include exposure to cold and high temperatures, as well as high altitude. Over the last 20 or so years, the use of new techniques for measuring energetics, including actigraphs and doubly labeled water have built on existing noninvasive sample collection for hormones, immune markers and genes to provide a more detailed picture of the human biology of pastoral populations. Here I consider recent work on pastoralists from Siberia and northern Europe, Africa, Asia, and South America. I survey what is known about maternal milk composition and infant health, childhood growth, lactase persistence, and adult energy expenditure and lactase persistence to build a picture of the pastoralist biological response to environmental conditions, including heat, cold, and high altitude. Where available I include information about population history because of its importance for selection. I end by outlining the impact of milk consumption and climate over the human life cycle and make suggestions for further research.

Altered learning from positive feedback in adolescents with anorexia nervosa.

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is characterized by severe restriction of calorie intake, which persists despite serious medical and psychological sequelae of starvation. Several prior studies have identified impaired feedback learning among individuals with AN, but whether it reflects a disturbance in learning from positive feedback (i.e., reward), negative feedback (i.e., punishment), or both, and the extent to which this impairment is related to severity and duration of illness, has not been clarified. Participants were female adolescents with AN (n = 76) and healthy teen volunteers (HC; n = 38) between the ages of 12-18 years who completed a probabilistic reinforcement learning task. A Bayesian reinforcement learning model was used to calculate separate learning rates for positive and negative feedback. Exploratory analyses examined associations between feedback learning and duration of illness, eating disorder severity, and self/parent reports of reward and punishment sensitivity. Adolescents with AN had a significantly lower rate of learning from positive feedback relative to HC. Patients and HC did not differ in learning from negative feedback or on overall task performance measures. Feedback learning parameters were not significantly associated with duration of illness, eating disorder severity, or questionnaire-based reports of reward and punishment sensitivity. Adolescents with AN showed a circumscribed deficit in learning from reward that was not associated with duration of illness or reported sensitivity to reward or punishment. Subsequent longitudinal research should explore whether differences in learning from positive feedback relate to course of illness in youth with AN.

The effectiveness of diet and exercise in the management of obesity

Background and objectives: Obesity is a growing global health problem and is becoming a significant challenge in the clinical and public health fields. One of the main concerns is the impact on an individual's quality of life. This review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of various interventions, including physical activity and diet, in the management of obesity. Methodology: The selected studies involved a population of adults who were obese (aged 18 years and over) and had made lifestyle modifications through pattern changes, eating, physical activity, or both. A total of 324 articles were screened, of which 25 were duplicates. After a screening process for suitability, 261 articles were excluded. A further 27 articles were excluded due to inappropriate study design or incomplete data. A total of 11 full-text articles were then reviewed and included in our analysis. The results showed that participants who followed a milk-based diet recorded a significant decrease in body weight of -1.16 kg (confidence interval -1.66, -0.66 kg; p < 0.001) as well as a decrease in body fat mass of -1.49 kg (confidence interval -2.06, -0.92 kg; p < 0.001). Participants who adopted an alternate day fasting (ADF) eating pattern achieved an average weight loss of -0.9% ± 0.6% in the low weight loss group and -9.9% ± 1.1% in the low weight loss group. Meanwhile, participants who restricted calorie intake (Caloric Restriction/CR) recorded a weight loss of -1.3% ± 0.7% in the low weight loss group and -9.2% ± 1.2% in the weight loss group tall body. Combining approximately 175 minutes of intense physical activity per week with a controlled diet results in significant weight loss of up to 5%. In conclusion, this systematic review confirms that the most effective approach in the management of obesity in adults is a combination of strength and cardiovascular training of at least 175 minutes per week and a low-calorie diet tailored to the individual's metabolic needs and health condition. Keywords: Obesity management; diet and exercise efficacy; obesity treatment; physical activity and weight loss

Gut microbiota and fecal volatilome profile inspection in metabolically healthy and unhealthy obesity phenotypes.

People with metabolically healthy (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO) differ for the presence or absence of cardio-metabolic complications, respectively. Based on these differences, we are interested in deepening whether these obesity phenotypes could be linked to changes in microbiota and metabolome profiles. In this respect, the overt role of microbiota taxa composition and relative metabolic profiles is not completely understood. At this aim, biochemical and nutritional parameters, fecal microbiota, metabolome and SCFA compositions were inspected in patients with MHO and MUO under a restrictive diet regimen with a daily intake ranging from 800 to 1200kcal. Blood, fecal samples and food questionnaires were collected from healthy controls (HC), and an obese cohort composed of both MHO and MUO patients. Most impacting biochemical/anthropometric variables from an a priori sample stratification were detected by applying a robust statistics approach useful in lowering the background noise. Bacterial taxa and volatile metabolites were assessed by qPCR and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, respectively. A targeted GC-MS analyses on SCFAs was also performed. Instructed to follow a controlled and restricted daily calorie intake, MHO and MUO patients showed differences in metabolic, gut microbial and volatilome signatures. Our data revealed higher quantities of specific pro-inflammatory taxa (i.e., Desulfovibrio and Prevotella genera) and lower quantities of Clostridium coccoides group in MUO subset. Higher abundances in alkane, ketone, aldehyde, and indole VOC classes together with a lower amount of butanoic acid marked the faecal MUO metabolome. Compared to MHO, MUO subset symptom picture is featured by specific differences in gut pro-inflammatory taxa and metabolites that could have a role in the progression to metabolically unhealthy status and developing of obesity-related cardiometabolic diseases. The approach is suitable to better explain the crosstalk existing among dysmetabolism-related inflammation, nutrient intake, lifestyle, and gut dysbiosis.

Quality of Life for Adults with Prader-Willi Syndrome in Residential Group Homes.

Background: Strict regimens of restricted caloric intake and daily physical exercise are life-saving in Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) but are extremely challenging in home environments. PWS-specialized hostels (SH) succeed in preventing morbid obesity and in coping with behavioral disorders; however, effects of restricted living environments on quality of life (QOL) have not been described. Evidence on QOL is critical for clinicians involved in placement decisions. Methods: We examined the impact of living in SH versus at home or in non-specialized hostels (H and NSH) on QOL, behavior, and health parameters. All 58 adults (26 males) followed-up in the National Multidisciplinary Clinic for PWS were included: 33 resided in SH, 18 lived at home, and 7 lived in NSH. Questionnaires were administered to primary caregivers to measure QOL, and data were obtained from the medical records. Results: The H and NSH group were compared with those for adults in SH. Despite strict diet and exercise regimens, QOL was similar for both groups. Eight-year follow-up showed that food-seeking behavior decreased in SH but increased in H and NSH. BMI, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were lower in SH. Conclusion: Our results suggest that living in SH is associated with benefits for physical health and behavior without negatively affecting QOL.

Blood-brain barrier disruption and edema formation due to prolonged starvation in wild-type mice.

Different types of diseases have been treated by restricted caloric intake or fasting. Although during this long time, fasting protective measures, for example, supplements, are given to the patients to protect vital organs such as the liver and kidney, little attention is given to the brain. The current research aims to investigate hypoglycemia due to prolonged fasting disrupts blood-brain barrier (BBB) in mice. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH) techniques were used to examine the expression of different genes. Evans blue extravasation and wet-dry technique were performed to evaluate the integrity of BBB and the formation of brain edema, respectively. We confirmed that hypoglycemia affected mice fasting brain by examining the increased expression of glucose transporter protein 1 and hyperphosphorylation of tau protein. We subsequently found downregulated expression of some genes, which are involved in maintaining BBB such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in astrocytes and claudin-5 (a vital component of BBB) and VEGF receptor (VEGFR1) in endothelial cells by ISH. We also found that prolonged fasting caused the brain endothelial cells to express lipocalin-2, an inflammatory marker of brain endothelial cells. We performed Evans blue extravasation to show more dye was retained in the brain of fasted mice than in control mice as a result of BBB disruption. Finally, wet-dry method showed that the brain of prolonged fasted mice contained significantly higher amount of water confirming the formation of brain edema. Therefore, special attention should be given to the brain during treatment with prolonged fasting for various diseases. Our results demonstrated that hypoglycemia due to prolonged fasting disrupts BBB and produces brain edema in wild-type mice, highlighting the importance of brain health during treatment with prolonged fasting.

Food and alcohol disturbance, alcohol use, and negative consequences among college students engaging in binge drinking: A longitudinal examination of between- and within-person effects.

Researchers have documented robust associations between food and alcohol disturbance (FAD-intoxication; restricting caloric intake before or during alcohol consumption to experience a quicker and/or more intense alcohol intoxication) and alcohol use and related negative consequences. However, most of this research has utilized cross-sectional designs. Consequently, two crucial gaps have not yet been filled: (a) the separation of the relatively stable, between-person and the fluctuating, within-person components in the relations between FAD-intoxication and alcohol-related constructs; and (b) the examination of the directionality of these within-person relations. Participants were college students (n = 686) who reported past-month binge drinking. Most participants identified as White (71.3%), female (78.4%), non-Hispanic (87.8%), with a mean age of 20.64 (SD = 3.25). Participants completed three online surveys assessing FAD-intoxication (College Eating and Drinking Behaviors Scale), alcohol use (Daily Drinking Questionnaire), and related negative consequences (Brief Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire). Analyses revealed that FAD-intoxication was positively associated with alcohol use and related negative consequences at the between-person level. Additionally, at the within-person level, FAD-intoxication at Time 2 significantly predicted alcohol use at Time 3. Notably, the cross-lagged effect from FAD-intoxication at Time 1 to alcohol use at Time 2 was not significant. FAD-intoxication did not significantly predict negative consequences. Neither use nor consequences significantly predicted FAD-intoxication. Our results suggest that FAD-intoxication is relevant to the study of alcohol use and related negative consequences and should be considered in interventions targeting alcohol use and related negative consequences among students who endorse binge drinking. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Effects of the periodic fasting-mimicking diet on health, lifespan, and multiple diseases: a narrative review and clinical implications.

Dietary restriction and fasting have been recognized for their beneficial effects on health and lifespan and their potential application in managing chronic metabolic diseases. However, long-term adherence to strict dietary restrictions and prolonged fasting poses challenges for most individuals and may lead to unhealthy rebound eating habits, negatively affecting overall health. As a result, a periodic fasting-mimicking diet (PFMD), involving cycles of fasting for 2 or more days while ensuring basic nutritional needs are met within a restricted caloric intake, has gained widespread acceptance. Current research indicates that a PFMD can promote stem cell regeneration, suppress inflammation, extend the health span of rodents, and improve metabolic health, among other effects. In various disease populations such as patients with diabetes, cancer, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease, a PFMD has shown efficacy in alleviating disease symptoms and improving relevant markers. After conducting an extensive analysis of available research on the PFMD, it is evident that its advantages and potential applications are comparable to other fasting methods. Consequently, it is proposed in this review that a PFMD has the potential to fully replace water-only or very-low-energy fasting regimens and holds promise for application across multiple diseases.

The impact of continuous calorie restriction and fasting on cognition in adults without eating disorders.

Research into the effects of calorie restriction continues to intrigue those interested in whether it may allow humans to live longer and healthier lives. Animal studies of continuous calorie restriction (CCR) and fasting have demonstrated substantial advantages to health and longevity. However, concerns remain about the impact of restricting calorie intake on human health and cognition. Given the emerging evidence of cognitive impairments in eating disorders, studies investigating restricted calorie intake in healthy humans (in an ethical way) may also have implications for understanding restrictive eating disorders. In this review, the published literature on the impact of CCR and fasting on cognitive function in healthy human participants is synthesized. Of the 33 studies of CCR and fasting in humans identified, 23 demonstrated significant changes in cognition. Despite variation across the cognitive domains, results suggest CCR benefits inhibition, processing speed, and working memory, but may lead to impairments in cognitive flexibility. The results of fasting studies suggest fasting is associated with impairments in cognitive flexibility and psychomotor abilities. Overall, the results of these studies suggest the degree (ie, the severity) of calorie restriction is what most likely predicts cognitive improvements as opposed to impairments. For individuals engaging in sustained restriction, this may have serious, irreversible consequences. However, there are mixed findings regarding the impact of CCR and fasting on this aspect of human functioning, suggesting further research is required to understand the costs and benefits of different types of calorie restriction.

Utilizing NMR fecal metabolomics as a novel technique for detecting the physiological effects of food shortages in waterfowl.

Metabolomics is the study of small, endogenous metabolites that participate in metabolic reactions, including responses to stressors. Anthropogenic and environmental changes that alter habitat and food supply can act as stressors in wild waterfowl. These alterations invoke a series of physiological processes to provide energy to restore homeostasis and increase survival. In this study, we utilized fecal metabolomics to measure metabolites and identify pathways related to a 6-day feed restriction in captive mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos, n = 9). Fecal samples were collected before (baseline) and during feed restriction (treatment). H1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was performed to identify metabolites. We found that fecal metabolite profiles could be used to distinguish between the feed-restricted and baseline samples. We identified metabolites related to pathways for energy production and metabolism endpoints, and metabolites indicative of gut microbiota changes. We also demonstrated that mallard ducks could utilize endogenous reserves in times of limited caloric intake. Fecal metabolomics shows promise as a non-invasive novel tool in identifying and characterizing physiological responses associated with stressors in a captive wild bird species.

THU272 Early Time Restricted Feeding As a Weight Neutral Approach To Improved Glycemic Variation

Abstract Disclosure: S. Nasserifar: None. J. Bruno: None. S. Vanegas: None. C. Popp: None. J.M. Walker: None. J.O. Aleman Diaz: None. Abstract: Early time-restricted feeding (eTRF) is a type of intermittent fasting that involves restricting caloric intake to the first 6-8 hours of the day. Various studies suggest that eTRF improves cardiometabolic health and glycemic variation. However, it is unclear whether these effects are a consequence of weight loss that frequently accompanies this dietary intervention or due to the metabolic effects of the feeding strategy itself. To address this, we conducted a randomized 7-day isocaloric crossover supervised feeding study comparing eTRF (80% of calories consumed before 1 pm) to a usual feeding pattern (UFP, 50% of calories consumed after 4 pm) among 10 participants with prediabetes and obesity in a metabolic ward. Participants were randomized 1:1 to eTRF or UFP for days 1-7, and then subsequently crossed over to the alternate arm on days 8-14. In order to determine the weight-independent effects of this intervention, food was provided to meet participants’ calculated caloric needs for weight maintenance. To assess glycemia, continuous glucose monitoring was utilized throughout the study period and OGTTs were performed at baseline, crossover point (day 7), and at the end of the study (day 14). Subjects’ weights were stable across the study duration. Compared to the control (UFP), eTRF resulted in decreased mean amplitude of glycemic excursion (MAGE) of 2.5 mmol/L ± 0.2 vs 2.9 mmol/L ± 0.3 (p<0.05) and decreased time above range of 3.1 % ± 1.3 vs 6.7 % ± 1.7 (p= 0.02). Time in range was similar between the two groups (eTRF 75.4 % ± 4.7 vs UFP 74.9 % ± 4.8 (p=0.88)). There was no significant difference in AUC of OGTT between the study groups (eTRF 16391 ± 1595 vs UFP 1586 ± 1586). In conclusion, our study findings suggest that eTRF can improve glycemic variation and decrease time above range in a weight independent manner. Ongoing studies will elucidate the signaling and metabolomic implications of the observed glycemic improvement. Presentation: Thursday, June 15, 2023

114-LB: Early Time-Restricted Feeding Reduces Time in Elevated Glucose Range in Adults With Prediabetes

Objective: Early time-restricted feeding (eTRF) is an intermittent fasting strategy restricting caloric intake to the first 6-8 hours of the day. While previous studies have shown that eTRF improves glycemia, it is unclear if the effect is due to associated weight loss or metabolic benefits of the feeding strategy itself. In this study, we evaluated the weight-independent effects of eTRF on glycemia using multiple CGM-based time in range (TIR) metrics. Methods: We conducted a randomized 7-day isocaloric crossover supervised feeding study comparing eTRF (80% of calories consumed between 8am-1pm) to a usual feeding pattern (UFP, 50% of calories consumed after 4pm) among participants with prediabetes and BMI > 28 kg/m2 in a metabolic ward. Participants were randomized 1:1 to eTRF or UFP for days 1-7, then crossed over to the other arm on days 8-14. Food intake was tailored to meet weight stable caloric needs. Participants also wore blinded Abbott Freestyle Libre CGMs throughout the study period. We evaluated time spent below 70 mg/dL (TBR<70), in 70-140 mg/dL (TIR70-140), and in 140-180 mg/dL (TIR140-180) glucose range per arm. Further, we compared TIR140-180 between arms stratified by time of day: Daytime and Overnight (6am-12am and 12am-6am CGM readings, respectively) using linear mixed effect regression adjusting for type and order of intervention. Results: We analyzed data from 10 participants (age 58 (10) years, 50% female, 80% Black, BMI: 37.3 (5.4) kg/m2, HbA1c: 5.8 (0.1)%). Weight change over the study period was not significant (p=0.08). Compared to UFP, eTRF was associated with a decrease in TIR140-180 overall (3.3%, p=0.01) and during Daytime (4.3%, p=0.02) but not Overnight (0.4%, p=0.73). We observed no significant differences in TBR<70 (p=0.28) and TIR70-140 (p=0.88) between arms. Conclusion: eTRF may improve glucose control in adults with prediabetes and high BMI by reducing daytime excursions into the elevated 140-180 mg/dL range. Disclosure S. Barua: None. J. Bruno: None. S. Nasserifar: None. S. M. Vanegas: None. C. Popp: None. J. M. Walker: None. J. O. Aleman: Advisory Panel; Intellihealth, Consultant; Novo Nordisk, Employee; Veterans Administration, Research Support; NIH - National Institutes of Health, Veterans Administration. Funding Shapiro-Silverberg Foundation; The Rockefeller University; Doris Duke Charitable Foundation; American Heart Association (17-SFRN33490004); National Institutes of Health (K08DK117064); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (5T32HL098129-12)

Intermittent fasting – a novel approach to treating overweight and obesity? – meta-analysis and literature review

Introduction Intermittent fasting (IF) is a form of dietary intervention that includes periods of regular calorie intake alternated with periods of fasting. IF has gained a lot of attention as a potential approach to treating metabolic syndrome-related diseases. Therefore, health care professionals need to be able to provide their patients with evidence-based information on IF. The aim of this article is to review data on effectiveness of IF in weight loss, especially in comparison with calorie restriction.
 MethodsPubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched for studies published from 1.01.2017 to 31.12.2022 that included phrases “intermittent fasting” or “alternate day fasting”, “intermittent fasting obesity”, “alternate day fasting obesity”. Intervention studies on obese or overweight patients were included. We excluded studies of short duration and studies that focused on intercurrent medical conditions. In total, 14 articles that suited those criteria were identified.
 ResultsIntermittent fasting induces pronounced metabolic changes in the body due to strict and time-limited restriction of calorie intake and in animal models was proved to prolong lifespan and modulate tumorigenesis and aging. It is a proposed new approach to treating obesity, which is a a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.
 ConclusionsIn our study, IF was found as effective, but not superior to calorie restriction in reducing body mass, improving body composition and reducing other cardiometabolic risk factors. Our findings are consistent with other recent systematic reviews. Further research is needed to directly compare various IF regimens and determine patients’ characteristics that may be associated with more successful implementation of intermittent fasting regimens.

Role of flavonoids in controlling obesity: molecular targets and mechanisms.

Obesity presents a major health challenge that increases the risk of several non-communicable illnesses, such as but not limited to diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, musculoskeletal and neurological disorders, sleep disorders, and cancers. Accounting for nearly 8% of global deaths (4.7 million) in 2017, obesity leads to diminishing quality of life and a higher premature mortality rate among affected individuals. Although essentially dubbed as a modifiable and preventable health concern, prevention, and treatment strategies against obesity, such as calorie intake restriction and increasing calorie burning, have gained little long-term success. In this manuscript, we detail the pathophysiology of obesity as a multifactorial, oxidative stress-dependent inflammatory disease. Current anti-obesity treatment strategies, and the effect of flavonoid-based therapeutic interventions on digestion and absorption, macronutrient metabolism, inflammation and oxidative stress and gut microbiota has been evaluated. The use of several naturally occurring flavonoids to prevent and treat obesity with a long-term efficacy, is also described.

The hunger games as the key to happily ever after?

The world's human population is reaching record longevities. Consequently, our societies are experiencing the impacts of prolonged longevity, such as increased retirement age. A major hypothesised influence on ageing patterns is resource limitation, formalised under calorie restriction (CR) theory. This theory predicts extended organismal longevity due to reduced calorie intake without malnutrition. However, several challenges face current CR research and, although several attempts have been made to overcome these challenges, there is still a lack of holistic understanding of how CR shapes organismal vitality. Here, we conduct a literature review of 224 CR peer-reviewed publications to summarise the state-of-the-art in the field. Using this summary, we highlight challenges of CR research in our understanding of its impacts on longevity. We demonstrate that experimental research is biased towards short-lived species (98.2% of studies examine species with <5 years of mean life expectancy) and lacks realism in key areas, such as stochastic environments or interactions with other environmental drivers (e.g., temperature). We argue that only by considering a range of short- and long-lived species and taking more realistic approaches, can CR impacts on longevity be examined and validated in natural settings. We conclude by proposing experimental designs and study species that will allow the discipline to gain much-needed understanding of how restricting caloric intake affects long-lived species in realistic settings. Through incorporating more experimental realism, we anticipate crucial insights that will ultimately shape the myriad of socio-bio-economic impacts of senescence in humans and other species across the Tree of Life.

Sexual minority status and food and alcohol disturbance among college students: The moderating role of body esteem

Food and alcohol disturbance (FAD; restricting caloric intake before, during, or after drinking to either offset calories or to increase intoxication) is common among college students and poses a threat to students' health. In conjunction, sexual minority (SM; i.e., not exclusively heterosexual) college students may be at increased risk of engaging in alcohol misuse and disordered eating compared to their heterosexual peers due to exposure to minority stress. However, little research has examined whether engagement in FAD differs by SM status. Body esteem (BE) is an important resilience factor among SMs that may influence SM students' risk of participating in FAD. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to understand the association between SM status and FAD with additional interest in BE as a moderating factor. Participants were 459 college students who engaged in past 30-day binge drinking. Most participants identified as White (66.7 %), female (78.4 %), heterosexual (69.3 %), with a mean age of 19.60 (SD = 1.54) years. Participants completed two surveys (3 weeks apart) over the course of an academic semester. Analyses revealed a significant interaction between SM status and BE, such that SMs with lower BE (T1) reported more engagement in FAD-intoxication (T2), whereas SMs with higher BE (T1) reported less engagement in FAD-calories (T2) and FAD-intoxication (T2) than their heterosexual peers. Stressors associated with body esteem may contribute to increased FAD engagement among SM students. Consequently, BE may be an especially important target for interventions aimed at reducing FAD among SM college students.

Effects of Time-Restricted Eating on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

The efficacy and safety of time-restricted eating (TRE) on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remain uncertain. To compare the effects of TRE vs daily calorie restriction (DCR) on intrahepatic triglyceride (IHTG) content and metabolic risk factors among patients with obesity and NAFLD. This 12-month randomized clinical trial including participants with obesity and NAFLD was conducted at the Nanfang Hospital in Guangzhou, China, between April 9, 2019, and August 28, 2021. Participants with obesity and NAFLD were randomly assigned to TRE (eating only between 8:00 am and 4:00 pm) or DCR (habitual meal timing). All participants were instructed to maintain a diet of 1500 to 1800 kcal/d for men and 1200 to 1500 kcal/d for women for 12 months. The primary outcome was change in IHTG content measured by magnetic resonance imaging; secondary outcomes were changes in body weight, waist circumference, body fat, and metabolic risk factors. Intention-to-treat analysis was used. A total of 88 eligible patients with obesity and NAFLD (mean [SD] age, 32.0 [9.5] years; 49 men [56%]; and mean [SD] body mass index, 32.2 [3.3]) were randomly assigned to the TRE (n = 45) or DCR (n = 43) group. The IHTG content was reduced by 8.3% (95% CI, -10.0% to -6.6%) in the TRE group and 8.1% (95% CI, -9.8% to -6.4%) in the DCR group at the 6-month assessment. The IHTG content was reduced by 6.9% (95% CI, -8.8% to -5.1%) in the TRE group and 7.9% (95% CI, -9.7% to -6.2%) in the DCR group at the 12-month assessment. Changes in IHTG content were comparable between the 2 groups at 6 months (percentage point difference: -0.2; 95% CI, -2.7 to 2.2; P = .86) and 12 months (percentage point difference: 1.0; 95% CI, -1.6 to 3.5; P = .45). In addition, liver stiffness, body weight, and metabolic risk factors were significantly and comparably reduced in both groups. Among adults with obesity and NAFLD, TRE did not produce additional benefits for reducing IHTG content, body fat, and metabolic risk factors compared with DCR. These findings support the importance of caloric intake restriction when adhering to a regimen of TRE for the management of NAFLD. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers: NCT03786523 and NCT04988230.

Luseogliflozin and caloric intake restriction increase superoxide dismutase 2 expression, promote antioxidative effects, and attenuate aortic endothelial dysfunction in diet-induced obese mice.

The mechanisms underlying the effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors on aortic endothelial dysfunction in diet-induced obesity are not clearly understood. This study investigated whether SGLT2 inhibition by luseogliflozin improved free fatty acid (FFA)-induced endothelial dysfunction in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. Mice were fed a control diet or high-fat diet for 8 weeks, and then each diet with or without luseogliflozin was provided for an additional 8 weeks under free or paired feeding. Afterward, the thoracic aortas were removed and utilized for the experiments. Luseogliflozin treatment decreased body weight, fasting blood glucose, insulin, and total cholesterol in HFD-fed mice only under paired feeding but not under free feeding. Endothelial-dependent vasodilation under FFA exposure conditions was significantly lower in HFD-fed mice than in control diet-fed mice, and luseogliflozin treatment ameliorated FFA-induced endothelial dysfunction. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production induced by FFA was significantly increased in HFD-induced obese mice. Luseogliflozin treatment increased the expression of superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), an antioxidative molecule, and reduced FFA-induced ROS production in the thoracic aorta. Superoxide dismutase reversed FFA-induced endothelial dysfunction in HFD-fed mice. It was shown that caloric restriction is important for the effect of luseogliflozin on metabolic parameters and endothelial dysfunction. Furthermore, SGLT2 inhibition by luseogliflozin possibly ameliorates FFA-induced endothelial dysfunction by increasing SOD2 expression and decreasing reactive oxygen species production in the thoracic aorta.

Eating behavior in atypical anorexia nervosa.

Atypical anorexia nervosa (AN) has been increasingly identified in the community and in clinical settings. Initial studies indicate that psychological symptoms are similar or more severe among patients with atypical AN, as compared with AN. This study examined whether eating behavior differed among patients with AN (n= 98), patients with atypical AN (n= 18), and healthy controls (HC, n= 75). Adults and adolescents chose what to eat from a standardized, laboratory-based multi-item meal. Total intake, macronutrient composition, diet variety, and energy density were compared between groups. Both AN and atypical AN severely restricted caloric intake as compared with HC (431 ± 396 kcal and 340 ± 338 kcal vs. 879 ± 350 kcal, F2,188= 35.4, p< .001). Individuals with AN and atypical AN did not differ in the mean intake of total calories or percentage of calories from fat (15.2± 25.2% vs. 11.5± 16.9%). This study demonstrates that individuals with atypical AN are at least as restrictive in their food intake as individuals with AN, and the restriction of dietary fat is particularly notable. Examination of eating behavior in a larger sample would be useful to replicate these findings. The current study highlights the need to understand maladaptive eating behavior in atypical AN in order to develop appropriate treatment recommendations. Atypical anorexia nervosa is emerging as a prevalent eating disorder in community and clinical populations. The findings that patients with atypical anorexia nervosa limit calorie and fat intake in a pattern similar to that of patients with anorexia nervosa highlights the need for research to identify appropriate treatment strategies for normalization of eating patterns.