Caloric Sweeteners Research Articles

Azúcares totales y azúcares añadidos reportados en las etiquetas nutricionales de bebidas comercializadas en El Salvador

In the present investigation, elements were soughtto be able to argue about the importance of declaring total sugars and added sugars in the nutritional labels of beverages marketed in El Salvador, since currently neither of these two parameters is mandatory to declare. It began by studying the data reported on the labels of 112 mass consumption beverages in El Salvador, finding that 54 % exclusively use caloric sweeteners, while 36 % use a mixture of caloric sweeteners with non-caloric sweeteners. It was also found that 62.5 % of the beverages declare only total sugars and 34 % declare both total sugars and added sugars. When calculating the energy provided per serving due to sugar between the total energy, it was found that both beverages that contain only caloric sweeteners, as well as those that contain a mixture of caloric and non-caloric sweeteners, exceed 10 % of the value, so that, if front labeling were mandatory in El Salvador, these products should have a warning of “excess of sugar”. Finally, a sample of 23 beverages was taken to perform the analysis of total dissolved solids (refractometric assay), which correspond to the total dissolved sugar, finding that in all the samples the total sugar content reported on the label corresponds to the result obtained in the laboratory. ILIA: Investigaciones Latinoamericanas en Ingeniería y Arquitectura, No. 01, 2024: 208-212.

South Africa’s food system: An industry perspective on past, present and future applications of science and technology

The South African food system is facing severe challenges as increasing hunger, rising food costs, lack of dietary diversity, child stunting, foodborne illnesses, food waste and an obesity epidemic coupled with malnutrition are observed. In this study, we aimed to establish the application of science and technology advances in the food and beverage industry in South Africa in response to food consumption pattern changes since 1994 and how they could be used to address food security challenges. We found that food consumption shifts have been towards sugar-sweetened beverages, processed and packaged food, animal-source foods and added caloric sweeteners, and away from vegetables. These dietary shifts are concerning as they relate to public health. Most commitments to improve the nutritional status of South Africans have been limited to corporate social investment strategies and should be extended into core business strategies. Furthermore, although the South African food and beverage industry has kept pace with developments in food manufacturing practices, there has been little experimentation with non-commercial novel technologies. The expert survey revealed that indigenous African crops and food waste recovery are the two most promising emerging food sources that could be available to South Africans in the shortest time frame. South Africa has many enabling drivers to become a global leader in food technology advances. However, many barriers need to be overcome for industry, academia and government to collaborate to advance novel food science and technologies to reach commercialisation.

In vitro micropropagation and mass multiplication of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni

Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, an ancient perennial herb produces steviol glycosides including stevioside and rebaudioside-A that are valuable as low calorie sweeteners, about 300-400 times sweeter than saccharose. Conventional propagation methods are not produce adequate planting material. Micro propagation is an imperative technology that could be extensively exploited to meet the growing demands of elite planting material for commercially cultivated. The prime objective of this study was to established standard protocol for in vitro regeneration and mass multiplication in Stevia. In present investigation, different concentrations of Auxin and Cytokinin were tried for optimization of shoot initiation, shoot multiplication, root initiation and callus induction of Stevia from different explant. BAP and IBA (1.0+0.5) mg/l, IBA (2.0) mg/l shows promising results of shoot multiplication and root initiation respectively.

Artificial sweeteners and risk of incident cardiovascular disease and mortality: evidence from UK Biobank

BackgroundArtificial sweeteners are widely popular worldwide as substitutes for sugar or caloric sweeteners, but there are still several important unknowns and controversies regarding their associations with cardiovascular disease (CVD). We aimed to extensively assess the association and subgroup variability between artificial sweeteners and CVD and CVD mortality in the UK Biobank cohort, and further investigate the modification effects of genetic susceptibility and the mediation role of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).MethodsThis study included 133,285 participants in the UK Biobank who were free of CVD and diabetes at recruitment. Artificial sweetener intake was obtained from repeated 24-hour diet recalls. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate HRs. Genetic predisposition was estimated using the polygenic risk score (PRS). Furthermore, time-dependent mediation was performed.ResultsIn our study, artificial sweetener intake (each teaspoon increase) was significantly associated with an increased risk of incident overall CVD (HR1.012, 95%CI: 1.008,1.017), coronary artery disease (CAD) (HR: 1.018, 95%CI: 1.001,1.035), peripheral arterial disease (PAD) (HR: 1.035, 95%CI: 1.010,1.061), and marginally significantly associated with heart failure (HF) risk (HR: 1.018, 95%CI: 0.999,1.038). In stratified analyses, non-whites were at greater risk of incident overall CVD from artificial sweetener. People with no obesity (BMI < 30 kg/m2) also tended to be at greater risk of incident CVD from artificial sweetener, although the obesity interaction is not significant. Meanwhile, the CVD risk associated with artificial sweeteners is independent of genetic susceptibility, and no significant interaction exists between genetic susceptibility and artificial sweeteners in terms of either additive or multiplicative effects. Furthermore, our study revealed that the relationship between artificial sweetener intake and overall CVD is significantly mediated, in large part, by prior T2DM (proportion of indirect effect: 70.0%). In specific CVD subtypes (CAD, PAD, and HF), the proportion of indirect effects ranges from 68.2 to 79.9%.ConclusionsOur findings suggest significant or marginally significant associations between artificial sweeteners and CVD and its subtypes (CAD, PAD, and HF). The associations are independent of genetic predisposition and are mediated primarily by T2DM. Therefore, the large-scale application of artificial sweeteners should be prudent, and the responses of individuals with different characteristics to artificial sweeteners should be better characterized to guide consumers’ artificial sweeteners consumption behavior.

P-638 Paternal Consumption of Caloric and Non-Caloric Sweeteners is Associated with Sex-Specific Differences in Reproductive outcomes in offspring

Abstract Study question Does paternal pre-conception consumption of caloric or non-caloric sweeteners (NCS) coupled with high fat diets (HFD) predispose offspring to early puberty onset in mice? Summary answer Paternal prenatal consumption of the NCS Rebaudioside A(RebA) resulted in early puberty onset in female offspring only compared to water and caloric sweetener groups. What is known already A growing body of evidence suggests that the paternal diet also influences health and disease onset in offspring. Early puberty onset is associated with metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease later in adulthood. NCS are often promoted as heathier alternatives to caloric sweeteners. Evidence examining the impact of NCS on male reproductive function and offspring health outcomes, including pubertal timing are lacking. Few studies have shown maternal HFD can contribute to early puberty onset in female offspring however to our knowledge this is the first study to investigate paternal diet and offspring reproductive outcomes. Study design, size, duration 32 6-week-old C57/BL6 male mice were randomly assigned to receive a control diet (CD) or HF plus water (Con), fructose (Fr), Acesulfame K (Ak) or RebA). After 8 weeks, mice were mated. Litters were standardised to 2 males and 2 females per group and fed a standard laboratory diet. Participants/materials, setting, methods Puberty onset was measured in females by vaginal opening (from postnatal day (PN28) and in males by preputial separation (from PN35). Oral glucose tolerance tests were carried out at PN70. Mice were culled from PN80. Data were analysed by repeated measures or 2-way ANOVA. Main results and the role of chance There were no significant differences in birth weight, sex ratio or organ weights across groups. There was an overall effect of paternal NCS on male but not female offspring weight[CR1] at cull(p &amp;lt; 0.05), with male CDRebA offspring having increased BW (29.52g±1.5) compared with CDAk at PN80 (26.4g±3; p &amp;lt; 0.05). Females from paternal HF and CD RebA group [CR2] entered puberty significantly earlier (31.8d±1) than Fr (34d±1;p&amp;lt;0.01) and Con (34±1;p&amp;lt;0.05) groups. Male offspring from HFAk had lower glucose AUC (913±31) compared with CDCon (1289±48;p&amp;lt;0.001). Female offspring from CDRebA (1263±84) and CDFr (1273±67) groups had lower glucose AUC compared with CDCon group (1445±56;p&amp;lt;0.05). Limitations, reasons for caution This study was carried out on mice therefore direct translatability to humans is limited. examining the impact of paternal NCS intakes on molecular pathways in the ovary and testes to assess offspring reproductive health later in life and to evaluate pregnancy success following mating would essential for providing further insight. Wider implications of the findings The present study adds to the experimental evidence to date suggesting that NCS may not be beneficial alternatives to sugar-sweetened products consumed preconceptionally on the health of the offspring. This study also highlights the importance of including paternal diet in research when looking at transgenerational effects. Trial registration number not applicable

Modern vs traditional indigenous diet preference in Gauteng region, South Africa: A public health concern?

The prevalence of non-communicable diseases still represents a public health concern in South Africa, of which eating habits are some of the main risk factors. A modern diet consisting of the consumption of highly processed foods high in fat, salt and caloric sweeteners and low in fibre is recognised as unhealthy. This study was conducted to assess the penchant of the population for these types of foods rather than traditional indigenous foods known to be healthier. This research was undertaken in the Gauteng region, which is the most urbanized province in the country. This study consisted of a quantitative research survey conducted in 2019 with 1527 participants (Asians, Black, Coloured, Indians and White) aged 18 and above who had lived in the province for at least two years. The results revealed that 30–40 % were neutral on the issue. Despite half (54.4 %) indicating that it was good to mix traditional and modern foods, a clear preference for modern food was noticed for 35.7 % of respondents, with 32.2 % reporting not being concerned that traditional foods have been replaced by modern foods. The traditional indigenous food consumption (TIFC) appeared to depend on monthly total household income, residential area, and settlement category. Participants with specific economic comfort consumed less. Race and number of people in the participants' households also significantly affected the TIFC (p < 0.05). Participants of white ethnicity and those living in a household of a maximum of 02 people displayed the lowest TIFC. In comparison to those who strongly disagree, participants with a neutral opinion about the idea of mixing eating habits were also the most neutral concerning preference for a modern diet (OR: 10.95, 95 % CI 7.00–17.12) and nutrition transition (OR: 14.66, 95 % CI 9.09–23.64). Sensitisation about healthy eating habits among the identified at-risk and target groups is undoubtedly a need in the region to avoid a resurgence of modern diet-related diseases.

Association between Low Calorie Sweetener Consumption Pattern, Anthropometric Indices, and Nutritional Status among Adults’ Males and Females in Calabar Municipality, Nigeria

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the association between low-calorie sweetener (LCS) consumption patterns, anthropometric indices, and nutritional status among adults and women in Calabar Municipality, Nigeria. Study Design; A cross-sectional Analytical design was conducted among 335 participants, selected by multistage sampling technique. Methodology: Dietary assessment using 24hrs recall, anthropometrics measures and socio-demographic characteristics data were collected using pretested questionnaire. The collected data were entered in to Microsoft Excel and exported to SPSS for further statistical analysis. Chi-square test at 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to quantify independent variables of nutritional indices. Using WHO-reference-2010, height, weight and BMI were measured Results: Over 40 products containing LCS were classified into five groups. Carbonated beverages were most consumed, while energy drinks were least consumed. Aspartame was the most commonly used LCS. Young single adults aged 20-35, mostly students, consumed LCS-containing products more frequently than other adults. The overall prevalence of LCS consumption was 58.1%, (moderate), with participants consuming an LCS containing beverage, at least three times a week at an estimated quantity of 1 liter. There was statistical significance (P=.05) differences in weight, waist circumference and hip circumference between men and women. The BMI for men and women were of 22.6 ± 0.9 and 21.0 ± 1.0 kg/m2, respectively. The BMI categories of the study participants were as follows; underweight (3.9%), normal weight (65.7) overweight (28.1) and obese (2.3%). The prevalence of abnormal waist-to-hip ratio was reported, with a significant (P=.05) association between LCS consumption and BMI. Bivariate analysis of LCS consumption and socio-demographic variables found significant association between variables such as gender, age, monthly income and educational level at P=.05. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified age, income, and BMI as predictors of LCS intake. Conclusion: The study showed that the consumption pattern exists among the adults in terms of age category and gender. Consumption of LCS beverages was mostly moderate, on average around thrice per week and was influenced by demographic factors such as gender, age, and socioeconomic status.

Comparative effect of selected caloric and non-caloric sweeteners on some neuroinflammatory indices in brain cortex and hippocampus of scopolamine-induced rat

Comparative effect of selected caloric and non-caloric sweeteners on some neuroinflammatory indices in brain cortex and hippocampus of scopolamine-induced rat

Exploring hemp seed hull biomass for an integrated C-5 biorefinery: Xylose and activated carbon

Large quantities of hemp hulls can be completely utilized for creation of value-added products (cost effective biofuels and biochemicals) through a biorefinery approach. A sustainable approach in making xylose, a low calorie sweetener and high surface area activated carbons (AC) for super capacitors, attracts interest. The AC when leveraged as a co-product from biorefinery process makes it more cost effective and, in this paper, we discuss the production of xylose and AC from hemp seed hull with methane sulphonic acid (MSA) hydrolysis. Xylose recovery with MSA hydrolysis was 25.15 g/L when compared to the traditional sulphuric acid (SA) hydrolysis of 19.96 g/L at the same acid loading of 1.8 %. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra indicate partial delignification along with hemicellulose hydrolysis responsible for high xylose recovery. Post hydrolysis fibers were KOH activated and carbonized to make AC. The MSA hydrolyzed and KOH activated fiber produced pure, fluffier and finer particle AC with a drastic increase in surface area 1 452 m2/g when compared to SA hydrolyzed of 977 m2/g. These results indicate the potential of MSA in dilute acid hydrolysis of biomass for xylose recovery and production of high surface area activated carbon. From a production standpoint this can lead to increased use of sustainable low-cost agricultural biomass for making high surface area AC as components in supercapacitors.

The MILK study: Investigating intergenerational transmission of low-calorie sweeteners in breast milk

IntroductionForty-four percent of lactating women in the United States consume beverages containing low calorie sweeteners (LCS), and the presence of LCS in the food supply has continued to increase in recent years. While LCS are approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and are believed to be safe for human consumption, intergenerational LCS transmission and the health impacts of early life LCS exposure are severely understudied. Methods and analysisIn a tightly controlled, single site, prospective interventional study, mothers' plasma and breast milk, and infants’ plasma will be collected from 40 mother-infant dyads over the course of 72 h, with rich sampling following maternal ingestion of a LCS sweetened beverage containing sucralose and acesulfame potassium (ace-K). Concentration-time data will be used to build maternal and infant pharmacokinetic models for future simulations and analysis. ConclusionThis study aims to measure LCS concentrations in breast milk, maternal plasma, and infant plasma, to gain insight into infant exposure and inform recommendations for LCS consumption during breastfeeding.

Derangement of metabolic homeostasis, detoxifying ability and CA 15-3 in young adult female rats by fructose (15%) drinking is akin to known carcinogens: A missed fiend?

Objectives: Breast cancer (BC) has been the bane of peri-and post-menopausal women, but is now increasingly incident in adolescent/young adult (AYA) females. Pari-passu, there has been a &gt;1000% increase in consumption of fructose as a caloric sweetener in soft drinks, whose top consumers are AYAs. The link between fructose consumption and mammary gland (MG) carcinogenesis is not well-established and the same is investigated and compared against known carcinogens such as 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) and electromagnetic radiations from mobile phone (EMF-MP). Materials and Methods: Weaned female Wistar rats were randomly grouped as normal control (NOR), fructose control (FRC), DMBA control (DMC), and exposure control (EXC). For 8 weeks, the NOR was provided chow and water, ad libitum, while FRC, DMC, and EXC additionally received 15% fructose drinking solution, ad libitum, DMBA (20 mg/Kg, p.o; at weaning) and EMF-MP (Global System for Mobile Communications [GSM]), 2 h/day daily), respectively. At the end of the study, the groups were compared for the biomarkers of insulin resistance (IR), carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, liver function, cardiometabolic function, oxidative stress, and MG carcinogenesis. Results: The serum markers of MG carcinogenesis (CA 15–3), IR (homeostasis model assessment-IR, area under the curve – oral glucose tolerance test), and liver and cardiometabolic function (serum glutamicoxaloacetic transaminase and homocysteine) were significantly raised (P &lt; 0.05) in FRC versus NOR. The metabolic homeostasis (leptin, ghrelin, triglyceride-Glucose index, glucose-6-phosphatase, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and glycogen) and detoxifying ability (free-radical scavenging activity [%] and superoxide dismutase) in FRC were not different from DMC, or EXC. Conclusion: The development of early indicators of MG carcinogenesis due to unhindered fructose drinking by AYA female rats is akin to exposure to DMBA or EMF-MPs that evidence the propensity of the former.

Formulation, Characterization and Storage Stability of Prickly Pear (Opuntia ficus) Fruit and Milk Based Fermented Beverage

Background: Fermented milk based beverages are popular all over the world and cherished by people of all ages. Health conscious consumers nowadays desire for beverages with enhanced functionality. Prickly pear fruit crop having resilience to grow in arid and semi-arid lands, possess excellent antioxidant and natural food colorant potential. Present investigation was an attempt to combine prickly pear fruit with fermented milk. Methods: Effect of milk fat, pulp level and sugar replacement with low calorie sweetener was investigated on the sensory acceptability. Optimized prickly pear fruit and milk based beverages was evaluated for nutritional, colour, antioxidant properties and consumer acceptance. Stability of pear fruit and milk based beverage under refrigeration storage was analyzed. Result: Consumer acceptability test (n=100) of selected formulation indicated wide acceptability with overall liking score of 8.17±0.05 on a 9-point hedonic scale. Antioxidant potential of optimized prickly pear fruit and milk based beverage was significantly higher (648±6.11 TEAC/g) than the control samples (410.33±5.49 TEAC/g). Packed beverage in glass bottles remained acceptable up to 9th day.

P31-025-23 An Overview of Reviews on the Association of Low Calorie Sweetener Consumption With Body Weight and Adiposity

P31-025-23 An Overview of Reviews on the Association of Low Calorie Sweetener Consumption With Body Weight and Adiposity

1160-P: Low-Calorie Sweeteners and Quality of Life in Youth with Type 1 Diabetes

Background: Low calorie sweeteners (LCSs) are often used by youth with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), as LCS can provide added sweetness to food and beverages at a reduced glycemic load. Whether LCS consumption is helpful or harmful for T1D management among youth is debated; however, little attention has been given to potential benefits of LCS consumption on psychosocial outcomes among youth with T1D. This is important because a diabetes diagnosis pervades all aspects of a child's life and LCS use may provide children with T1D with a sense of normalcy, potentially increasing their health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Objective: To examine associations between LCS consumption and HRQOL among youth with T1D. Methods: Sixty youth ages 11-17 with a diagnosis of T1D (Mage 12.9±1.8, 57.1% female, 70% Non-Hispanic White) and their parents (83.3% female, 71.6% Non-Hispanic White) were recruited from the Washington Nationals Diabetes Care Complex at Children's National Hospital (DCC) in Washington D.C. (N=20) and nationally using social media (N=40). Eligible youth and their parent attended a virtual study visit, where they provided demographic information, and completed a LCS consumption questionnaire (developed by the team for a previous study), along with the validated Type 1 Diabetes and Life measure (T1DAL). Means and frequencies were used to summarize the survey data, as appropriate, and associations between LCS intake and HRQOL were examined using multivariable linear regression, with adjustment for relevant covariates. Results: Mean LCS consumption was 3.3±2.8 servings per day. No associations between LCS consumption (total, LCS beverage consumption, LCS food consumption) and HRQOL (total and subscales) were observed. Conclusion: In our sample of youth with T1D, LCS intake was not associated with HRQOL. These results demonstrate that LCS use may not benefit psychosocial outcomes of youth with T1D, further reiterating the need to determine their metabolic and health effects in this high-risk patient population. Disclosure H.R.Moore: None. M.Fagundes grilo: None. N.Vallone: None. F.R.Cogen: None. R.Streisand: None. A.Sylvetsky: Consultant; Abbott. Funding Milken Institute School of Public Health

Toddler milk: a scoping review of research on consumption, perceptions, and marketing practices.

Toddler milk is an ultra-processed beverage consisting primarily of powdered milk, caloric sweeteners, and vegetable oil. Pediatric health authorities do not support the use of toddler milk, and emerging evidence suggests that toddler-milk marketing practices may mislead consumers. However, studies have not synthesized the extent of toddler-milk marketing practices or how these practices affect parents' decisions about whether to serve toddler milk. We aimed to summarize the literature about toddler milk to identify what is known about: (1) parents' toddler-milk purchasing and feeding behaviors, (2) toddler-milk marketing, and (3) how marketing practices influence parents' beliefs and perceptions about toddler milk. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR), we systematically searched 8 databases (PubMed, APA PsycINFO, Scopus, Cochrane Central, Embase, CINAHL, Communication & Mass Media Complete, and Business Source Premier). We identified 45 articles about toddler milk. Studies were conducted in 25 countries across 6 continents. Five types of findings emerged: (1) consumption and feeding behaviors, (2) demographic correlates of toddler-milk purchasing and consumption, (3) misperceptions and beliefs, (4) increased sales, and (5) increased marketing and responses to marketing. The included articles suggested that toddler-milk sales are growing rapidly worldwide. Findings also revealed that toddler-milk packages (eg, labels, branding) resemble infant formula packages and that toddler-milk marketing practices may indirectly advertise infant formula. Purchasing, serving, and consumption of toddler milk were higher in Black and Hispanic populations than in non-Hispanic White populations, and parents with higher educational attainment and income were more likely to offer toddler milk to their children. Findings suggest a need for policies to prevent cross-marketing of toddler milk and infant formula, reduce provision of toddler milk to infants and toddlers, and prevent caregivers from being misled about toddler-milk healthfulness.

Ultra-processed foods: Processing versus formulation.

The four-tiered NOVA food classification defines foods based on their degree of processing and ranges from native unprocessed foods to so-called "ultra-processed" foods. Recent publications have suggested that foods classified as ultra-processed are unhealthy and contribute to the obesity epidemic. It is important to distinguish between formulation and processing of a food. In most cases it is the formulation more than the processing that results in foods that are not recommended as part of a healthy diet. Such "ultra-formulated" foods are unhealthy because they are high in added sugar and other caloric sweeteners, refined flours saturated fats and salt to increase palatability. The understanding that processing and formulation are distinct will assist health professionals in identifying the types of foods that are unhealthy and contribute to overconsumption and obesity. It furthermore will help to destigmatize food technology and promote discussions amongst health professionals, food scientists, corporate scientists, government officials and the general public. Novel food processing techniques are urgently needed in times of population growth, climate change and war-induced food shortages.

Inclusive Overview of Sweeteners Trends: Nutritional Safety and Commercialization

Food producers are scouring for substitute sweeteners in food products because of the change of consumer discernment on the absorption of sucrose. Due to the composite mixture of characteristics surviving within sucrose in terms of its taste and textural features, recreating it within a low calorie sweetener is frequently a demanding task. The gustatory system is the primary tool for evaluating sweet flavors, most desired by all categories of age, especially children. Consumer behavioral shifts toward vegan ingredients due to various reasons for global food shortfalls and awareness campaigns have diverted global health organizations’ and food industrialists’ attention toward vegan sweeteners to sweeten the tongue in a more natural manner with low or zero caloric products. Furthermore, recent advances in the phytoceutical attributes of food ingredients and higher yields with green approaches have gained importance, with a low loss of nutrients in waste.

EFFECT OF AUXINS ON PROPAGATION OF HONEY CROP: STEVIA REBAUDIANA (BERTONI) BERTONI.

The present study was conducted to optimize the green house conditions for Propagation of Stevia rebaudiana cuttings. Stevia rebaudiana belonging to the family Asteraceae, is a native to the Brazil and Paraguay. Its leaves produced stevioside, an a caloric natural sweetener. The sweetness of stevioside was 150 -300 times greater than sucrose. Seeds of Stevia were very small in size. Production of Stevia through seeds was not beneficial because seeds were not viable for germination due to their infertility. In present study different concentrations of Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and Indole Butyric acid (IBA) were used to study their effect on the rooting of Stevia rebaudiana cuttings. Results showed that highest number of roots per cutting were observed to be 34.9 from 3% NAA solution, showing maximum root length, root number, shoot length and number of nodes per cutting. Cuttings of Stevia rebaudiana responded well in NAA treatment as compared to the IBA treatment. It was concluded that Naphthalene acetic acid was a better choice for enhanced rooting and vegetative propagation of Stevia rebaudiana through stem cuttings.

Effects Of Coca-Cola for Meat Digestion

Cola-Cola is a carbonated soft drink manufactured by the Coca-Cola Company. The main Cola-Cola ingredients involve sugar (which can be sucrose or high-fructose corn syrup), carbonated water, caffeine, low or no calorie sweeteners, phosphoric acid, carbon dioxide, and natural flavorings (which include coca leaf extract). The dark color of Coca-Cola is made by using candy (caramel) colour, and is sweetened with sugar and high-fructose corn syrup. Cola-Cola beverage consumption will give the meat a candy (caramel) flavour, while a cream soda will give it a taste of vanilla bean. If potential hydrogen is 7 it is neutral, whereas if it potential hydrogen is less than 7 it is acidic and if potential hydrogen is greater than 7 it is basic.

Use of LCS in Dental Caries

Dental caries (Decay) is an oral disease, caused by the interaction of bacteria, mainly Streptococcus mutans, and sugary foods on tooth enamel. Dental Caries (DC) is increased when the consumption of sugar is frequent and unhealthy eating habits are practiced. They can begin early in life, progress rapidly in those who are at high risk, and often goes untreated. Dental caries has multifactorial aetiology in which microorganisms have a significant role to play by altering the pH of saliva caused due to fermentation of carbohydrate. The impact of low-calorie sweeteners contrary to sugar is non-cariogenic, as they do not participate in the fermentation processes by the microorganisms that are naturally present in our mouth. Low calorie sweeteners can help in decreasing the tooth demineralization if they are consumed instead of sugars by maintaining the salivary pH. This paper reviews the role of low-calorie sweeteners in dental caries.