Calm Wakefulness Research Articles

СУБЪЕКТИВНАЯ СОСТАВЛЯЮЩАЯ СОСТОЯНИЯ ПОКОЯ: ОБЗОР МЕТОДИК ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ

Background. In recent years, the resting state of the subject in the absence of obvious external sensory stimuli and cognitive tasks has become the subject matter of extensive study. Interest in studying the subjective aspect of calm wakefulness has increased since the emergence of neuroimaging studies indicating the existence of a cerebral network that increases its activity in resting state. X ere is a variety of methodological approaches to assess the content of the stream of thoughts in calm wakefulness. X e issue of elaborating a universal tool to register the subjective aspect of the restful state remains relevant. Objective.X e study aims to analyze the existing methodological approaches to the research of the subjective part of the resting state. Methods. Review and analysis of existing research into the content of the stream of thoughts in calm wakefulness. Results. Studies of the free stream of consciousness in a state of calm wakefulness, such as questionnaires, structured interview, reports on the current state at the time of a random signal have been analysed in the current work. Conclusion. X e conducted literature review demonstrated the methodological diversity of assessment approaches to the subjective aspect of the restful state, and also showed the need to take into account various factors aY ecting the reliability of the results obtained. X e necessity of applying additional methods to solve speciJ c research problems as well as the possibility of developing a high-quality universal diagnostic tool to analyze the content of the stream of consciousness in rest are being discussed.

Quantitative Electroencephalography Indicators in Children with Acute Purulent Meningitis.

The aim of the present work was to assess the state of brain bioelectrical activity in children during the acute period of bacterial purulent meningitis, with quantitative mathematical analysis of the changes found. The studies included 31 children on days 1 and 6 from onset of illness: 16 children (8.9 ± 2.4 years) admitted to the Pediatric Scientific Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases with laboratory confirmation of diagnoses of purulent meningitis (due to Neisseria meningitidis) (n = 11) or Streptomyces pneumoniae (n = 2) or unidentified pathogen (n = 3)), along with 15 healthy children. Electroencephalogram (EEG) traces were recorded from all these children in the state of calm waking using a Neuron-Spectrum 4/VP 16-channel electroencephalograph. Clinical assessment of the EEG included analysis of background rhythms, zonal differences, and detection of pathological types of activity. Quantitative analysis consisted of the mean power (μV2) and amplitude (μV) of the α, θ, and δ rhythms, along with mean power ratios – α/θ and α/δ. Visual analysis of the EEG in 100% of children in the acute period of purulent meningitis showed diffuse slowing with detection of δ and θ waves. Focal changes in the form of sharp waves were seen in 18.8% of cases (three patients). No cases displayed periodic activity. Meningitis patients showed significant reductions in the α/δ (p = 0.001) and α/θ (p = 0.048) spectral ratios. ROC analysis showed that the α/θ value was <0.18 and the α/δ value was <0.02 (sensitivity 100% and specificity 80%, AUROC 0.9), which may be evidence of the likely development of cerebral edema. Thus, pediatric patients with acute purulent meningitis showed significant impairments to the normal α/θ and α/δ rhythm power ratios on the EEG, which is presumptively explained by suppression of the functional activity of the thalamus and thalamocortical pathways, as well as the reticular formation of the brain.

ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ТОЧНОСТИ ВОСПРОИЗВЕДЕНИЯ ЗАДАННОГО ОБРАЗЦА В РАЗЛИЧНЫХ ПСИХОЭМОЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ СОСТОЯНИЯХ

The article is devoted to the study of psychological features of reproduction of a given sample by the right and left hand of the subject in different psycho-emotional states. The relevance of the work is due to the need to reduce the perceptual error when reproducing a sample in different learning conditions. To this end, the subjects were asked to reproduce the sample set by the experimenter in a state of calm wakefulness, in a stressful situation, and immediately after the stress experienced. The accuracy of reproduction of the given sample was measured using a specially designed device that allowed generating a general error within a given time. Fifteen students of the Smolensk State University took part in the experiment. The study found that the accuracy of the sample reproduction depends on the psycho-emotional state of a student. The state of calm wakefulness is optimal for accurate reproduction of a strain gauge sample. Psychological features of the transfer of tensometric skills of the hands are connected to the peculiarities of psychoemotional states and are not elementary operational actions. The pattern of the distribution of the reproduction accuracy results for the reproduction performed by the right and left hand of the subject in different psycho-emotional states turned out to be different. The accuracy of reproducing the sample with the right hand in a state of psychoemotional tension is lower than in a state of calm wakefulness. On the contrary, the error of reproducing the sample with the left hand in a state of psychoemotional tension is lower. The obtained results can be used in psychodiagnostics to clarify the features of experiencing the psychoemotional states by subjects.

Clinical-neurophysiological correlations in female adolescents with heboid depression

To determine EEG markers of depression severity and clarify the brain mechanisms of heboid depression by identifying relationships between clinical and neurophysiological parameters in female adolescents with heboid depression. A clinical-neurophysiological study of 25 female adolescents, aged 16-25 years, mean age 18.7±2.6 years, with heboid depression (ICD-10 items F31.3-F31.4, F34.0) was carried out. The severity of depressive disorders during hospitalization varied from mild to severe - the HDRS-17 total score ranged from 12 to 37 points (average 26.4±6.5 points). To assess the functional state of the brain, a multichannel EEG recording was performed in a state of calm wakefulness with closed eyes (for 2-3 minutes). EEG was recorded in 16 leads: F7, F3, F4, F8, T3, C3, Cz, C4, T4, T5, P3, Pz, P4, T6, O1 and O2. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive and nonparametric statistics programs from the IBM SPSS Statistics, v.22 package. Differences in the EEG of patients from the norm were detected in the alpha frequency range, SpM values of the alpha2 subrange (9-11 Hz) were statistically significantly lower in the frontal areas (in the left frontal lead F3 p=0.021, in the right frontal lead F4 p=0.006). The patients did not have «highly coherent» (Coh >0.80) interhemispheric connections between the frontal-central-anterotemporal regions of the left and right hemispheres in the frequency range of the alpha-rhythm (8-13 Hz). The following correlations (p≤0.05) were revealed: the values of the HDRS-17 total score were positively correlated with the spectral power values of theta1 (4-6 Hz) and theta2 (6-8 Hz) EEG frequency subranges only in the frontal, central and midtemporal leads from the right hemisphere (F4, C4, T4). In patients with heboid depression, there is a functional «uncoupling» of the frontal-central-anterior-temporal areas of the right and left hemispheres of the brain. It is possible that such a «dissociation» and a relatively large activation of the anterior parts of the left rather than the right hemisphere play a role in the weak control of impulsive delinquent behavior in patients with heboid depression. The identified atypical features of the EEG spatial organization and correlations of the EEG frequency structure with clinical parameters are consistent with the atypical clinical picture of heboid depression.

A new method of localizing brain activity using the scalp EEG data

We propose a spatial localization method for scalp electroencephalography (EEG). The technique allows reliable and unambiguous identification of the activity for any intracerebral source by its spatial coordinates. Our "virtually implanted electrode" is based on the dynamics and correlation analysis of signals in the EEG leads with the addition of artificially generated data. The generated data helps us accurately model the electrical potential distribution between the studied source and the scalp electrodes. Each modeled intracerebral source is analyzed independently, so the proposed method does not require an estimate of the possible number of sources. The method produces output values that can be interpreted as the "local field" elec-trical activity for the implanted electrode in the corresponding brain point. The signal cleaning procedure makes it possible to exclude the influence from neighboring regions and detect a given brain region's isolated electrical activity. For verification, the method was applied in the empathy study on a sample of 16 people. We compared the background EEG of calm wakefulness with the EEG of empathic behavior for the 33 preselected brain regions.

Quantitative characteristics of the alpha-band of the electroencephalogram in people with alcohol dependence

To study the quantitative characteristics of the alpha-band in patients with alcoholism, depending on the main clinical and dynamic characteristics of the disease. A total of 76 patients, aged 24 to 55 years, with alcohol dependence were examined. Forty-five healthy individuals were examined as a control group. Recording and analysis of the electric activity of the brain was carried out using a 16-channel encephalograph in a state of calm wakefulness with closed and open eyes. The values of the absolute spectral power of the alpha-band were analyzed, the microstructure of the alpha spindle and the alpha band reactivity index were evaluated. The values of the spectral power of the alpha-band with closed eyes were statistically significantly lower in patients with alcohol dependence in all leads (p<0.05), except for the antero-temporal and mid-temporal. The microstructure of the alpha spindle in patients with alcohol dependence was mainly represented by a flat (59.2%) or low-amplitude (28.9%) type with a predominance of an accelerated band (40.8%). The degree of alpha-band depression in the leads P3 (p=0.043), P4 (p=0.047), O2 (p=0.039), T5 (p=0.037) and T6 (p=0.002) was significantly less pronounced in patients with alcohol dependence compared to the control group. The results of the study indicate that some aspects of addictive behavior are accompanied by significant objective functional changes in the brain.

Bioelectric activity monitoring of the hippocampal complex: action of inhalation anesthetics as a functional sample

Monitoring of the bioelectric activity of the hippocampal complex is performed according to the indications of patients with pharmacoresistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, who are indicated for surgical removal of the epileptic focus. The work was aimed at comparing the dynamics of the amplitude-frequency parameters of the bioelectrical activity of the hippocampal complex under the action of general anesthetics by comparing the parameters recorded before surgery and intraoperatively. The study included 8 patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy who, within the framework of pre-surgical planning, underwent invasive monitoring of the bioelectrical activity of the cortex and hippocampal com- plex, and then underwent surgical resection of the epileptic focus under general anesthesia with sevoflurane. Registration of 12 hippocampal tracks was carried out in dynamics: during extraoperative and intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring. In the state of calm wakefulness, the pattern of bioelectric activity of the hippocampal complex without structural changes was formed mainly by the activity of the alpha and theta frequency ranges. Under general anesthesia with sevoflurane, a slow-wave delta-range activity was recorded on the intraoperative ES- ubCoG. When the hippocampal complex was involved in the epileptic system, its activity in the state of passive wakefulness was represented by the slow-wave frequency range. Under the conditions of inhalation anesthesia with sevoflurane, the proportion of delta activity significantly decreased, and a state of dysrhythmia was observed without a clear dominance of activity in any range.

Analysis of electrogenesis’ changes in mental retardation persons by using computer electroencephalography

Justification. Mental retardation is a persistent decrease in human cognitive activity against the background of organic damage to the central nervous system. Neurophysiological diagnostics, in particular electroencephalography (EEG), most adequately reflects the morpho-functional state of the central nervous system, which is the basis of the mechanisms of mental activity, and the originality of the bioelectrical activity of the brain can be considered as the main indicator that determines a decrease in the level of intellectual development and, thereby, characterizes this state. This provision actualizes the search for highly informative indicators of the originality of the bioelectrical activity of the brain in children with intellectual disabilities. Purspose. With the use of periodometric analysis investigate EEG’s indicators and interhemispheric asymmetry of rhythms amplitudes in MR patients. Materials and methods. The EEG was recorded in a state of calm wakefulness with closed eyes with Neuron-Spectrum-2 electroencephalograph. Differences in indicators were tracked using the calculation of the coefficient of compliance (CC), EEG functional asymmetry coefficients in amplitude were determined, too. Results. It was revealed that in MR patients the amplitudes of the rhythms were greater than in healthy subjects. The greatest increase was determined in theta rhythm in the anterior temporal and posterior temporal leads in the left hemispheres. Duration indices in the delta, theta and alpha ranges of the EEG in mental retardation compared with the control group were increased, and the indices of the duration of beta rhythms - decreased. When analyzing FMPA in MR persons it turned out that in right-handers the negativeness of FMPA indices increased, and in left-handers there was an increase in the positivity of FMPA indices. Conclusions 1. With mental retardation, the amplitudes of the rhythms were greater than in healthy people. The greatest increase was determined in theta rhythm in the anterior temporal and posterior temporal leads in the left hemispheres. 2. The indices of duration in the delta, theta and alpha ranges of the EEG of MR subjects were increased, and the indices of the duration of beta rhythms – decreased. 3. When analyzing FMPA in MR persons, it turned out that in right-handers the negativeness of FMPA indices increased, and in left-handers there was an increase in the positivity of FMPA indices.

Bioelectric activity of the brain in 3-4 years old children in eyes-open resting state

Background. Electroencephalography is the main technique for assessing the functional state of the brain. Indications for EEG are diagnosis of paroxysmal states, prediction of the outcome of a pathological state, evaluation of bioelectrical activity if brain death is suspected. Up to 90 % of the native EEG in calm wakefulness in healthy individuals is occupied by “alpha activity”. In children in active wakefulness, the EEG pattern depends to a great extent on their age.Objective. The aim of the work was to assess EEG parameters in children aged 3–4 years in eyes-open resting state. Design and methods. 31 healthy participants aged 3–4 years were enrolled. EEG was registered for 30 minutes in a state of passive wakefulness in the supine position with open eyes. Average values of the power of the spectra for the alpha-rhythm, delta-rhythm and theta-rhythm in the frontal and temporal leads, as well as the ratio of the average power of alpha/theta and alpha/delta rhythms in the frontal and temporal leads were calculated.Results. Average power of the alpha-rhythm was significantly higher over the right frontal lobe than over the right frontal-temporal area, as well as average amplitude of it was significantly higher in F3-A1 than F7-A1, F4-A2 than F8-A2, which is associated with the articulatory praxis. Average alpha-rhythm power was significantly higher in T5-A1 than T3-A1 and T6-A2 than T4-A2, which corresponds to the recognition and naming of objects optically. Significant differences according to the total average power of the alpha- and theta-rhythms above the frontal and frontal-temporal regions reflect the relationship between the frontal cortex temporal lobes and the premotor zones, i.e. arcuate bundle, responsible for the “speech system”.Conclusion. The identified patterns can reflect the characteristics of the state of active wakefulness in a 3–4-year-old child and can be used for comparison in the future (both in the course of behavioral experiments and observation of patients with certain pathological processes).

Vagus Nerve Stimulation Elicits Sleep EEG Desynchronization and Network Changes in Responder Patients in Epilepsy.

Neural desynchronization was shown as a key mechanism of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) action in epilepsy, and EEG synchronization measures are explored as possible response biomarkers. Since brain functional organization in sleep shows different synchrony and network properties compared to wakefulness, we aimed to explore the effects of acute VNS on EEG-derived measures in the two different states of vigilance. EEG epochs were retrospectively analyzed from twenty-four VNS-treated epileptic patients (11 responders, 13 non-responders) in calm wakefulness and stage N2 sleep. Weighted Phase Lag Index (wPLI) was computed as connectivity measure of synchronization, for VNS OFF and VNS ON conditions. Global efficiency (GE) was computed as a network measure of integration. Ratios OFF/ON were obtained as desynchronization/de-integration index. Values were compared between responders and non-responders, and between EEG states. ROC curve and area-under-the-curve (AUC) analysis was performed for response classification. In responders, stronger VNS-induced theta desynchronization (p < 0.05) and decreased GE (p < 0.05) were found in sleep, but not in wakefulness. Theta sleep wPLI Ratio OFF/ON yielded an AUC of 0.825, and 79% accuracy as a response biomarker if a cut-off value is set at 1.05. Considering all patients, the VNS-induced GE decrease was significantly more important in sleep compared to awake EEGstate (p < 0.01). In conclusion, stronger sleep EEG desynchronization in theta band distinguishes responders to VNS therapy from non-responders. VNS-induced reduction of network integration occurs significantly more in sleep than in wakefulness.

Факторные модели показателей энтропии Колмогорова–Синая ЭЭГ у детей периода полового созревания с депрессией

t Introduction. According to the WHO, there is currently an increase in the prevalence, incidence and rejuvenation of depression. This phenomenon is also observed in adolescents. Purpose of the study. Search for sensitive and specific «markers» of depressive disorder in adolescents, which not only make it pos-sible to distinguish between patients and healthy people, but will also be able to assess the effectiveness of different types of treatment. The contingent of the surveyed. Research methods. Examined: 1. Group of adolescents with depression: 52 patients (35 girls and 17 boys). 2. Control group (healthy) — 40 adolescents (18 girls and 22 boys). 3. The EEG was recorded in a state of calm wakefulness and during mental stress. 4. EEG analysis — qEEG software complex — NeuroResearcher®InnovationSuite (MI&amp;T Institute, Ukraine). The entropy of Kolmogorov–Sinai EEG was calculated — a nonlinear indicator of the state of neurodynamics in the studied EEG electrode placement. 5. Multivariate statistical analysis. Factor analysis was used to create the models (STATISTICA, 13.3). Results. The search for objective quantitative «markers» of the depressive state of both sexes adolescents was carried out on the basis of nonlinear EEG analysis and the creation of factor models of the results obtained. The factorial models of the Kolmogorov–Sinai EEG entropy of the studied areas of the cerebral hemispheres of sick and healthy both sexes adolescents in a state of calm wakefulness and during mental test were obtained. A physiological interpretation of the identified main factors is given. Comparison of factor models made it possible to identify differences between depressed and healthy adolescents, as well as gender differences. Differences in the factor models of the EEG pacemaker parameters were also revealed in depressed adolescents in a state of calm wakefulness and during mental stress. Based on the obtained factor models, it is possible to calculate the individual values of the factors for each pa-tient. This allows to determine the individual severity of the studied pathology. The revealed significant differences in factor models in adolescents of both sexes with depression in comparison with factor models of adolescents in the control group can be used to detect depressive disorder during EEG examination. Key words: Depression in adolescents; EEG; Nonlinear EEG analysis; Kolmogorov–Sinai entropy; Factor analysis.

АЛГОРИТМ ВЫЯВЛЕНИЯ В ТОПОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ОСОБЕННОСТЯХ ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННОЙ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ЭЭГ ПОКОЯ МАРКЕРОВ ЗАДАТКОВ СПОСОБНОСТЕЙ К УСПЕШНОМУ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЮ КОГНИТИВНОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ

Предлагаемый алгоритм выявления в топологических особенностях пространственной организации межкортикальных взаимодействий потенциалов мозга у испытуемых в состоянии спокойного бодрствования маркеров задатков способностей к успешному выполнению различных видов когнитивной деятельности отличается существенной новизной. В его основе лежат известные, хотя и не столь широко распространенные, представления о существовании в биоэлектрической активности мозга человека биологических маркеров, характерных для данного индивидуума задатков общих и специальных способностей, маркеров возможности эффективного выполнения им разных видов когнитивной деятельности. Эти представления в отечественной психофизиологии, начиная с работ А.Н.Лебедева с соавторами, неоднократно получали экспериментальные подтверждения. В последние годы доказательная база таких подтверждений прогрессивно возрастает. Отличительной особенностью предложенного алгоритма является то, что в настоящем исследовании для анализа фоновой ЭЭГ применялись оценки не локальных характеристик биоэлектрической активности мозга, как в большинстве опубликованных работ по данной тематике, а показатели пространственной структуры межрегиональных взаимодействий потенциалов многих отделов коры больших полушарий. Поскольку психика является результатом целостной деятельности мозга, локальные нейрофизиологические явления, включая и ЭЭГ процессы, заведомо обладают меньшей информативностью, особенно с точки зрения затрагиваемых в настоящей работе вопросов.&#x0D; В настоящей работе было обследовано 120 испытуемых разного возраста: из них 41 человек взрослых испытуемых, 27 подростков 12 лет, 52 ребенка 5–6 лет. В каждой возрастной группе оценивали степень кросскорреляции пространственной структуры межрегиональных связей ЭЭГ, отводимых от различных отделов коры в состоянии спокойного бодрствования у испытуемых мужского и женского пола с качеством выполнения ими отдельных субтестов теста Векслера (WAIS и WISC). Для выявления индивидуумов, отличающихся повышенными способностями к наиболее успешному выполнению конкретных субтестов теста Векслера в анализируемых группах, был разработан специальный алгоритм. С этой целью выделяли тех индивидуумов в группе, которые отличались пространственной организацией паттернов межрегиональных взаимодействий фоновой активности мозга наиболее сходной с дистантной организацией паттернов межкортикальных взаимодействий, характерных для испытуемых, успешно выполняющих субтест. В результате проведённых исследований были получены данные, указывающие, что с высокой надежностью у испытуемых разных возрастных групп – у взрослых, подростков 12 лет и детей 5-6 лет, можно выявить в фоновой ЭЭГ наличие в топологических особенностях пространственной организации межкортикальных взаимодействий феномена отражения в ЭЭГ покоя задатков способностей к успешному выполнению различных видов когнитивной деятельности.

EFFECT OF REGULAR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS INTENSITY ON THE FUNCTIONAL STATUS OF 5–6 AND 6–7-YEAR-OLD CHILDREN

Aim. The article aims to identify the effect of regular physical activity of medium and high intensity on the functional status of 5–6 and 6–7-year-old children. Materials and methods. The study involved children assigned for health reasons to the main medical group. A set of indicators characterizing the physiological, psychological, and behavioral aspects of the functional status was used. The experimental programs differed in the intensity of physical exercises. Results. Training programs based on high-intensity physical exercises contributed to a significant improvement in the functional status of the body, autonomic supply, physical performance and physical fitness compared to medium-intensity training programs. Comparison of functional indicators in children revealed that in 5–6-year-old children the level of general activation both in a state of calm wakefulness and under information loads at all stages of the study was higher than in 6–7-year-old children, while physical performance and motor fitness, on the contrary, were lower. Conclusion. The obtained results provide the evidence that 5–6 and 6–7-year-old children making physical exercises of high intensity performed better than those who had exercises of medium intensity as resulted from the degree of positive changes in functional indicators.

Nursing Care During Neonatal Electroencephalographs.

Electroencephalography (EEG) enables the precise evaluation of a neonate's condition. Three factors that determine the quality of care during this procedure are knowledge, experience, and attitude. The role of the nurse during EEG recordings was evaluated in this study, and the requirements for successfully performing neonatal EEGs, along with practical suggestions, are presented. Evidence in the literature as well as clinical expertise forms the basis for this review. From our observations and practice during EEGs, we found that the following conditions must be met to successfully perform an EEG examination in a newborn: safety, a period of sleep and calm wakefulness of the neonate, good technical conditions, and no external interferences. Key conditions include the maintenance of safety rules and cooperation between nurses, EEG technicians, and parents. The EEG examinations in neonates weighing less than 1500 g or those requiring respiratory support should only be performed by a trained neonatal intensive care unit nurse.

Individual Features in the Typology of the Nervous System and the Brain Activity Dynamics of Freestyle Wrestlers Exposed to a Strong Physical Activity (A Pilot Study).

Nowadays, knowledge of psychophysiological features, particularly on the nervous system’s characteristics, is essential in the sporting context, particularly for freestyle wrestling. The study aimed to investigate the peculiarities of the wrestlers’ nervous system—on the individual and electrophysiological levels in two functional states—in calm wakefulness and during intense physical fatigue. Psychological (Well-being, Activity, Mood; Spielberger–Hanin; Leonhard’s questionnaires), as well as electrophysiological techniques (dynamics of the dominant and average frequencies of the main electroencephalogram (EEG) spectra—theta, alpha, low and high-frequency beta rhythms), were used in the study. It was shown that athletes were mainly characterized by the hyperthymic type of character accentuation and a low frequency of theta rhythm in a calm wakefulness state. After the acute physical load, wrestlers with high hyperthymia showed a moderate increase in theta, whereas other athletes showed a decrease in this parameter. Regardless of the level of hyperthymic accentuation, all wrestlers were characterized by an increase in the frequency of alpha rhythm after exercises in the left hemisphere. These results suggest the existence of a particular functional system in freestyle wrestlers, which allows the body’s regulatory systems to be adapted for the effective implementation of sports activity.

Dynamics of heart rate variability in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes

Background : Diabetes mellitus (DM) has a negative impact on all organs. This is due to insufficiency of blood supply and the disruption of the trophic function of the nervous system. One of the most serious complication of DM is diabetic foot caused be vascular and neurological reasons. Correction of vascular disorders is effectively treated by modern therapeutic approaches, but the damage of nervous system has been studied insufficiently. Aims : To investigate the dynamics of damage to the vegetative nervous system on the laboratory model of DM. Materials and methods : DM in rats was induced by injection of streptozotocin at a dose of 65 mg/kg in citrate buffer (DM group). The control group of rats received a citrate buffer equivalent (CB group). Rats with DM were given a maintenance therapy with insulin in a dose of 2 units/kg/day. On 42 days of experience, a round wound with a diameter of 2 cm on the back of the animals was observed. Before the DM simulation, then on the 42, 50, 58 and 66 days of its development, an electrocardiogram (ECG) was recorded in the rats at a frequency of 2 kHz digitising in a state of calm wakefulness and after cold exposure. For 5 minutes ECG fragments, heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV) in the temporal domain were calculated, characterising: 1) the total heart rate variability (tHRV) according to SDRR, SDHR, KVRR and KVHR; 2) the effect of the parasympathetic department of the autonomic nervous system (aANS) for RMSSD and pNN3; 3) the contribution of the sympathetic department of the ANS (sANS) by SDAvgRR, SDAvgHR. The spectral parameters were estimated in the frequency domain: the total power of the spectrum is TR (range: 0–2.5 Hz), the powers in the low and high frequency ranges are LF (range: 0.2–0.8 Hz) and HF (range: 0.8–2.5 Hz) LF/HF. Weekly, the tail withdrawal time was measured in a temperature pain test (55°C). Results : During the development of diabetes, the level of glucose in the blood increased 4–7 times compared with the normal level. The reaction time of the pain test in rats with DM increased by 20%–30% at the end of the experiment. At 42 days, the development of bradycardia (267 beats/min) was observed in rats with DM. The indicators of tHRV decreased by a factor of 2 due to a decrease in the contribution of sANS. The reaction to CP in the SD group differs from the norm by the severity of the individual components of the HRV structure, which indicates functional denervation of the heart and the development of diabetic neuropathy. Conclusions : As the diabetes progressed, signs of neuropathy were observed. The overall HRV parameters decreased, the ratio of the contributions of sANS and pANS to the regulation of heart rate changed, and the temperature sensitivity decreased.

BIOELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF THE BRAIN IN OPERATORS WITH DIFFERENT CHRONOTYPES

The revealed features of the bioelectrical activity of the brain characterize the morning chronotype as the most preferable for operators. In a calm wakefulness state the representatives of this group have signs of intense attention (predominance of theta-rhythm), as well as increased mental activity on the background of emotional excitement (predominance of low-frequency beta-rhythm).

Changes in the Spectral Characteristics of the Electroencephalogram during Biocontrol of Heart Rate Variability Parameters in Healthy Subjects

Objectives. To assess changes in the spectral characteristics of the electroencephalogram (EEG) in humans during single sessions of biocontrol of hart rate variability parameters using biological feedback (BFB). Materials and Methods. A total of 150 adolescents aged 16–17 years were studied. Adolescents of the BFB group (n = 110) took part in biocontrol sessions to increase vagal influences on heart rate; the control group (n = 40) remained in the state of calm wakefulness. EEG recordings were made with the eyes closed before and after BFB training. EEG characteristics were studied in terms of changes in absolute power levels (μV2) in artifact-free trace segments in each frequency range. Results and conclusions. The ability of human subjects to change the activity of heart rate parameters determines the level of action on the functions of the central autonomic regulatory structures. This biocontrol method promotes improvements in cortical stability, with increases in α and decreases in β EEG activity. Brain activity synchronization processes during biocontrol were more clearly apparent in the right hemisphere, often involving the prefrontal areas.

Analysis of motor activity of premature newborns

Objective: The article studies the clinical features of the motor system of premature newborns, a possible prognosis for development has been determined and the program of non-drug rehabilitation of children born with a burdened perinatal anamnesis has been optimized. Methods. Observation of the movements of the child was carried out with the help of a video camera, which was installed over an incubator or crib. Video recording of the child's movements was carried out in a state of calm wakefulness, in the absence of external stimulant. Recording was interrupted for the period of feeding, sleeping, crying. For shooting and assessing the movements of a prematurely born baby, a video recording session of 30-40 minutes is required. Results. Based on the results of the survey of 129 premature infants in the department of neonatology of the NNCMD, it was found that in children with a gestational age of 29-34 weeks, the poor repertoire is the most frequent - 41.4%. Normal generalized movements and the norm option - non-optimal movements occur 22.7% and 23.5% respectively, convulsively-synchronized and chaotic movements - in 12.9%. In the case of repeated studies, transitions from normal generalized movements to poor repertoire occurred in 3.2% of children, from poor repertoire to normal generalized movements in 7.4%, from spasmodically synchronized to poor repertoire - in 1.6% of convulsive- synchronized into normal generalized movements - in 1.9%. At the age of 3-5 months of life, all children with poor repertoire formed normal type of movements, and of 40 children with convulsively synchronized and chaotic movements, in 5 (1.6%) tetra paresis was diagnosed, which does not exclude the subsequent realization in these children Cerebral palsy. Conclusions. The clinical features of the motor system of premature newborns study determined a possible developmental prognosis, which facilitated an optimized program of non-drug rehabilitation of children born with a burdened perinatal anamnesis. A clinical evaluation of premature babies on the basis of the results of developing care showed that in PKV 33 weeks, 70% of the children who were on probing, on average, after 6 days switched to feeding with a cup and 40% of children already fed from a cup – 5-6 day began to suck the mother's breast. All children had a stable weight gain. 80% of children had a deeper and more restful sleep. When carrying out painful manipulations, all children had a lower pain threshold. Stabilization of behavior was observed. At 35 weeks of PKV, 70% of the children switched from breastfeeding to feeding, the rest of the children were breastfeeding. All the children were transferred to nursing in a crib. All infants had a positive emotional tone. Against basal stimulation, visual concentration improved. Tactile stimulation of the palms and palms allowed to form a correct thumb installation in the cam and improved their psychomotor development.

Unanticipated Nocturnal Oxygen Requirement during Positive Pressure Therapy for Sleep Apnea and Medical Comorbidities.

Home-based management of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) generally excludes patients with significant medical comorbidities, but such an approach lacks scientific evidence. The current study examined whether significant medical comorbidities are associated with persistent hypoxia that requires unanticipated nocturnal O2 supplementation to positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy. Conceivably, in such patients, home-based management of SDB may not detect or therefore adequately treat persistent hypoxia. In this retrospective study of 200 patients undergoing laboratory-based polysomnography, we ascertained significant medical comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, and morbid obesity) and their association with the need for unanticipated O2 supplementation to PAP therapy. Postural oxygen (SpO2) desaturations between upright and reclining positions were determined during calm wakefulness. Postural change in SpO2 during calm wakefulness was greater in patients who eventually needed nocturnal O2 supplementation to PAP therapy than those needing PAP therapy alone (p < 0.0001). The presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (odds ratio [OR] 6.0; 95% confidence interval [CI]; 2.1, 17.5; p = 0.001), morbid obesity (OR 3.6; 95% CI 1.9, 7.0; p < 0.0001), and age older than 50 y (OR 2.8; 95% CI 1.3, 5.9; p = 0.007) but not heart failure were associated with unanticipated need for nocturnal O2 supplementation. A clinical prediction rule of less than two determinants (age older than 50 y, morbid obesity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and postural SpO2 desaturation greater than 5%) had excellent negative predictive value (0.92; 95% CI 0.85, 0.96) and likelihood ratio of negative test (0.08; 95% CI 0.04, 0.16). Medical comorbidities can predict persistent hypoxia that requires unanticipated O2 supplementation to PAP therapy. Such findings justify the use of medical comorbidities to exclude home management of SDB. A commentary on this article appears in this issue on page 7.