Caliper Research Articles

Comparative Effectiveness of Diode Laser Therapy and Topical Turmeric Extract Ointment in Promoting Healing of Wounds in a Murine Model.

The intricate biological process of wound healing is influenced by a wide range of therapeutic techniques. In this work, the effects of topical turmeric extract ointment and diode laser therapy on wound healing in a mouse model were investigated. Out of the sixty mice, three groups of twenty male mice each were created. Three groups received treatment: the first was a control group that got no treatment; the second group received topical application of 5% curcumin twice a day; and the third group received diode laser therapy, which involved direct laser beam therapy for five minutes a day at an output power of 100 mW at an 810 nm wavelength. Over the course of two weeks, the study examined histological changes and wound closure rates. On days 0 through 14, the wound area was measured with digital calipers to provide quantifiable statistics about the process of healing. In histological analyses, epithelializations, and collagen deposition, in addition to inflammatory cells, were investigated using hematoxylin and eosin staining. It was demonstrated by comparing the outcomes to those of a control group that diode laser therapy and turmeric extract ointment are both successful therapeutic options. The results demonstrate that different therapies, while with differing degrees of effectiveness, greatly quicken the healing process of wounds. According to these results, topical turmeric extract ointment could be used as an additional or supporting therapy to aid in the healing of wounds during medical treatments.

Mapping the localization of the facial artery and vein at the inferior border of the mandible for clinical applications.

To spatially map the position of the facial artery and vein along the inferior border of the mandible based on specific facial reference points. This cross-sectional study included 40 sides of 21 formalin-fixed cadaver heads (11 female, 10 male) with a mean age of 72.92 ± 11.72years. Superficial dissection was performed to visualize the facial artery and vein at the inferior border of the mandible (FA and FV). Measurements were taken from the FA and FV to various facial landmarks using a digital caliper and medical protractor. Statistical analysis was conducted using Shapiro-Wilk, independent sample t-tests, and paired sample t-tests. The mean distance between FA and FV was 6.20 ± 2.97mm. Distances from FA and FV to gnathion, oral commissure, nasal wing, lateral canthus, angle of mandible, intertragic notch, and Manson's point were determined, with no significant differences found between sides and genders (p > 0.05). The closest distances from FA and FV to the line between the intertragic notch and oral commissure were 38.63 ± 4.86mm and 37.78 ± 5.28mm, respectively. The angular measurements of FA and FV with inferior border of mandible were 61.45 ± 13.71 and 76.56 ± 10.17 degrees, respectively. The angle between intertragic notch, FA and oral commisure was 102.40 ± 11.12 degrees. The detailed measurements and analysis provided in this study aim to enhance the precision of surgical interventions involving the facial artery and vein. The practical localization methods proposed can assist in minimizing the risk of vascular injuries, improving outcomes in reconstructive and aesthetic procedures.

Angiotensin II as a linking factor in cardiovascular disease enhanced cancer growth

Abstract Introduction Several publications have demonstrated that cardiovascular diseases (CVD) promote tumor growth in mouse models of breast, lung, and colon cancer, suggesting a causal relationship between both diseases. Cancer and CVD share several risk factors and pathophysiological mechanisms, including inflammation, oxidative stress, neurohormonal activation, and immune system dysfunction that combined could explain why patients with CVD are prone to develop cancer. Recent reports also suggest a link between hypertension and lung cancer, and between cardiac hypertrophy and breast cancer. Angiotensin II (ANGII) is a hormone involved in blood pressure regulation, vascular hemostasis and hypertrophy development. Moreover, ANGII is cancerogenic by increasing proliferation of several cancer cell types. Hence, ANGII could be a link in CVD-induced enhancement of cancer growth. Here, we investigated whether ANGII treatment, and subsequent hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy, could promote cancer growth and metastasis. Methods ANGII (2000ng.kg-1.min-1, 4w) was administered to 10w old C57B6/J mice using subcutaneous osmotic minipumps. After 3w, 5*10^5 Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells or 2*10^5 MC38 colon cancer cells were injected onto the right flank of the mice. Tumor growth was monitored over 21d using a digital caliper. Tumor volume was calculated using the following formula: Length × width² × 0.5 On day 22, mice were sacrificed for further post-mortem analysis. Cardiac echography was performed after 3w of ANGII treatment and before sacrifice to assess cardiac function (data not shown). To assess the formation of cardiac fibrosis trichrome staining’s were performed. In addition, the effect of ANGII on LLC metastasis was investigated. Mice were treated with ANGII as described above. LLC cells, 2*10^6, were injected intravenously (i.v.). Mice were sacrificed 21d after cell injection. Metastatic growth was visualized and quantified by organ weighing and H&E staining. Results LLC tumor growth was significantly increased by ANGII treatment. In addition, post-mortem tumor weight was increased (0.62 ± 0.05 g control vs. 1.17 ± 0.24 g ANGII). Furthermore, we found lung weight increased in the ANGII-treated group injected i.v. with LLC cells, indicating an increase in metastatic growth (0.41 ± 0.08 g control vs. 0.57 ± 0.04 g ANGII). Interestingly, MC38 tumor growth decreased in the ANGII treated group as portrayed by the tumor weight (0.42 ± 0.06 g control vs. 0.19 ± 0.05 g ANGII). Figure 1 shows the tumor growth over time and tumor volume, weight post-mortem. Conclusion Our data suggest a role for ANGII in CVD-enhanced cancer growth, but also that this effect is not universal, illustrated by a differential effect of ANGII on distinct cancer types. Although further investigation is required to unravel the role of ANGII, screening cancer patients with CVD comorbidities for ANGII involvement might be warranted.

Valvular leaflets and epicardial fat have a significant effect on lesion size in RF ablation

Abstract Introduction Radiofrequency (RF) current is the classic ablation technology in the EP lab. Underlying RF ablation parameters, such as RF power, impedance, duration and contact force are used to calculate expected lesion size. Furthermore, lesion indices (LSI, AI) are applied to estimate expected lesion durability and contiguity. Purpose The aim of this ex-vivo study was to assess the influence of valvular tissue and epicardial fat on RF lesion creation. Methods An ex-vivo porcine model was created to create RF lesions under standardized conditions. Temperature was constantly kept at 37°C using a thermostat and a circulation pump was used to imitate blood flow. A contact force sensing ablation catheter (ST SF) was used to create RF lesions using predefined RF parameters (30W/50W, CF 10g, 30sec). Lesions using the same RF parameters were created above and right next to mitral valve leaflets as well as on epicardial fat tissue (figure 1). Lesions were then dissected, and lesion depths and diameters were measured using a digital precision caliper. Results A total of 210 lesions were created. RF lesions ablated on valvular leaflets showed significantly smaller lesion depth and lesion diameter when compared to RF lesions ablated right next to valvular (diameter 8.0±2.0mm vs 10.8±1.8mm; depth 4.4±1.2 vs 7.7±1.6mm, p<0.01). Lesions ablated on epicardial fat were significantly smaller in diameter (9.2±1.5) and depth (6.5±1.8) than purely endocardial lesions (p<0.01). Examples are depicted in figure 1. Conclusions Valvular leaflets as well as epicardial fat tissue have a significant influence on RF lesion creation. RF ablation performed on valvular leaflets or epicardial fat results in significantly (p<0.01) smaller lesions when compared to RF ablations directly on endocardial tissue. This should be considered in ablations of accessory pathways and epicardial procedures.Figure 1

Comparison between smartphone 6-lead ECGs and 12-lead ECGs in athletes

Abstract Introduction Athletes occasionally experience transient arrythmias that are difficult to capture using traditional methods. Smartphone electrocardiogram (ECG) technology presents an innovative method of capturing transient arrythmias. A 6-lead (6L) smartphone device that measures leads I, II, III, aVR, aVL, and aVF, has been shown to be accurate in some populations but has limited evidence in athletes. A previous pilot study comparing 6L with 12L readings in athletes showed good correlations. Purpose To assess the accuracy of the 6L device in athletes by comparing the 6L with a 12-lead (12L) ECG in a larger sample size under real-world conditions. Methods From 2020-2023, athletes (n=217, mean age 18.0±3.8 years, 40% female) had a resting supine 12L ECG as part of cardiac screening and a seated 30s 6L reading within 2 hours of the 12L. Manual measurements of RR, QT, PR intervals, and QRS duration in the 6L and 12L ECGs were completed by a cardiologist using EPS Digital Calipers in lead II. A subset (n=30) was measured by 4 expert cardiologists and the mean was taken. Each measurement was calculated as an average of at least 6 consecutive beats in the 6L and 12L. Bland-Altman analysis was used to assess the quantitative agreement between heart rate (HR), QTc interval (Bazett), PR interval and QRS duration in the 6L and 12L. ECGs were analysed for agreement of QRS axis (normal, left and right axis deviation defined by the International Criteria for Athlete ECG Interpretation[1]). Results The 6L readings for HR were 5.0±11.0bpm faster than the 12L; 6L readings for other measurements were shorter than the 12L. QTc had the largest difference, with the 6L on average 14.2±27.4ms shorter than the 12L reading. For QTc, 5.5% of readings were >60ms different, mostly due to baseline interference in the 6L traces. PR intervals were 13.9±16.3ms shorter in the 6L than the 12L. QRS duration measurements were similar, with 6L readings being 0.8±10.2ms shorter than the 12L reading. There was 96.8% agreement on QRS axis classification between 6L and 12L. Conclusion The 6L readings had fair agreement with the 12L ECG, although the standard deviations were higher than measured in the pilot study, suggesting less consistent accuracy of the 6L. Most 6L measures (excluding HR) were slightly shorter than the 12L, consistent with studies in other populations. QRS axis categories were very similar. Given the change from supine to seated, it is unsurprising that HR was higher in the 6L. Our previous work showed good correlation between 6L and 12L readings and excellent utility of the portable 6L device for detecting transient arrhythmias in athletes. This larger study confirms most of those findings but adds caution that baseline interference is not uncommon in real-world 6L readings, meaning that QTc may be difficult to accurately measure.

Influence of Using a Puncturing Method and Cooldown Period Before Pressing the Second-Layered Sheet on the Final Thickness of Double-Layered Sports Mouthguards: An Experimental Study.

The thickness of the mouthguard is a crucial factor in its protective ability for athletes. This study aimed to investigate the final thickness of double-layered sports mouthguards, which were fabricated using different methods before pressing the second layer. Seven upper working models (n = 7 per group) were prepared for mouthguard fabrication. The first 3-mm mouthguard sheet underwent heating, pressing, and vacuuming onto the model, followed by various protocols before the second 3-mm sheet was pressed. Group 1: The second sheet was pressed immediately. Group 2: The first sheet underwent a 1-h cooldown period before pressing the second sheet. Group 3: The interproximal areas of the first sheet were punctured followed by immediate pressing of the second sheet. Group 4: The first sheet was punctured followed by a 1-hcooldown before pressing the second sheet. After 24 h, the mouthguard thickness was measured at various points on the left and right central incisors and first molars using a digital caliper. The thickness analysis was performed using SPSS 29.0 with one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc analysis. At the labial surface of the central incisors, Group 4 exhibited the highest thickness, while Group 3 had the lowest (p < 0.001). Groups 1 and 2 did not show significant differences in thickness. At the incisal edges, Group 3 again had the lowest thickness (p < 0.05), with no significant differences observed among the other groups. There were no significant differences in thickness across all areas at the first molars, including cusp tips, pits, and buccal surfaces (p > 0.05). Group 4 demonstrated greater uniformity at the central incisors in thickness compared with the other groups. Using the puncturing method at interproximal areas combined with a cooldown period could enhance mouthguard thickness at the labial surfaces of the central incisors and improve its thickness uniformity.

Determination of Maxillary and Mandibular Arch Width in Angle’s Class I Patients

Introduction: The transverse dimension plays a key role in smile. Maintaining the pretreatment arch form is a key to obtaining stable results. Objectives: The main aim of this study was to determine mean intercanine arch width and mean intermolar arch width in Angle’s class I patients. Methods: Seventy-six pretreatment casts were obtained from the records of patients who sought orthodontic treatment in Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. Four parameters were used in this study namely; intercanine arch width and intermolar arch width in maxilla and mandible. Linear measurements were carried out with digital caliper. Kappa test was done for intra-observer reliability. Shapiro-Wilk test was done to determine the normal distribution of data. The Pearson Correlation test was done to assess the correlation between intercanine and intermolar arch width in maxilla and mandible. The independent t-test was used to compare between intercanine and intermolar arch width with male and female. Results: Mean intercanine arch width in maxilla and mandible were 35.41±1.47 mm and 26.85±1.59 mm respectively. Mean intermolar arch width in maxilla and mandible were 53.82±2.82 mm and 51.71±2.60 mm respectively. Statistically significant difference was found between intercanine and intermolar arch width in maxilla and mandible between male and female. The intercanine and intermolar arch width in maxilla and mandible has significantly low correlation. Conclusions: Intercanine and intermolar arch width in male and female were statistically significant and male has lager intercanine and intermolar arch width than female.

Lack of association between the length of anogenital distance and vaginal pH in women with endometriosis.

We investigated the association between the length of anogenital distance (AGD) and intra-vaginal pH, an indicator of vaginal eubiosis or dysbiosis, in women with endometriosis. A prospective cohort study was performed including patients with (n = 67) and without (n = 40) endometriosis undergoing surgery between July 2021 and June 2022. AGD was measured from the posterior fourchette to the center of the anus using digital caliper and vaginal pH was measured by inserting pH paper strip mostly into the posterior fornix. There was no significant difference in the median AGD among control women (n = 40) (21.5 mm), women with revised-American Society of Reproductive Medicine stage I-II endometriosis (n = 27) (22.0 mm) and stage III-IV endometriosis (n = 40) (20.0 mm). In contrast, a significant difference of vaginal pH was observed among groups (p = 0.012) and between groups: control versus stage I-II, p = 0.004; stage I-II, versus stage III-IV, p = 0.037. After adjusting different confounding variables, the univariate analysis showed that women with endometriosis are less likely to have an alkaline vaginal pH (≥4.5) (OR [95% CI] = 0.40 [0.17, 0.93], p = 0.034). Multivariate analysis revealed that AGD or any of the other variables did not serve as an independent risk factor to predict the presence of endometriosis. This study with Japanese women suggests a lack of association between length of AGD, either shorter or longer, and the status of vaginal pH or the presence of endometriosis in pelvis.

Influence of 3D printing system, postpolymerization and aging protocols on resin flexural strength and dimensional stability for printing occlusal splints, models and temporary restorations.

Investigate the effect of different postpolymerization protocols, aging, and 3D printing systems on the flexural strength (σ), dimensional stability, and roughness of resins used to fabricate occlusal splints, dental models, and temporary restorations. 180 bars (25 × 2 x 2mm-ISO 4049) of each type of resin (T-Temporary/Cosmos Temp, Yller; OS-Occlusal splint/Cosmos Splint, Yller; MO - Models/ Cosmos Model, Yller) were printed and divided into 12 groups (n = 15) according to the factors: "Postpolymerization" (Ctr - Control; UV - Ultraviolet oven and MW - Microwave); "Printer" (SLA- stereolithography (Forms 2/Formslab); LCD- liquid crystal display (FlashForge Foto 6.0/FlashForge)) and "Aging" (TC - 10,000 thermocycling cycles and Without). Each bar was measured with a digital caliper at 11 points before and after postpolymerization to evaluate dimensional stability. The samples were subjected to the σ test (100Kgf;1mm/min). Data was evaluated using Three- and Two-way ANOVA, and Tukey's test (5%). Weibull analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopic and optical profilometry was performed. LCD printing system and UV oven postpolymerization exhibited the highest σ (P < .05). The groups printed in SLA and post-polymerized in microwave ovens showed the greatest variations in their dimensions, for the occlusal splint resin, the OS-SLA-MW group (-4.29 ± 3.15)A showed a shrinkage of 40.2%. The resins for models (3.31 ± 0.66)A and temporary (-2.06 ± 1.52)A showed a shrinkage of 33% and 20.6%, respectively. LCD printing with UV light postpolymerization was the most effective method for resins used in occlusal splints, dental models, and temporary restorations. SLA printing with UV postpolymerization showed the most significant dimensional changes, leading to shrinkage in occlusal splint resins, while model resins and temporary restorations expanded. Resins for 3D printing should ideally be post-polymerized with UV light and printed using LCD technology, as this approach results in better mechanical properties and less dimensional change compared to microwave oven post-polymerization.

Comparison of anterior and posterior teeth dimensions between artificial teeth and natural dentition - An in vivo study

Background: The aesthetic and functional aspects of artificial tooth selection are pivotal for an individual's quality of life, a skill paramount to every prosthodontist. It gives a pleasing, expressive and confident life to the patient. Aim: This study aimed to juxtapose the dimensions of natural maxillary and mandibular anterior and posterior teeth with those of three commercially available denture teeth brands: Acryrock, Biorock, and Ivoclar Vivadent, taking into account gender variations Materials and Methods: Dentate casts from 23 males and 77 females were scrutinized for length and width of the natural anterior and posterior teeth dimensions. These measurements, collected by a single examiner employing a digital vernier calliper and flexible ruler, were subsequently compared to the specifications provided in the respective denture teeth mold charts. like Acryrock, Biorock, Ivoclar vivadent. The dimensions thus obtained are compared between the three systems of artificial teeth and natural teeth for selecting the best system of artificial teeth for complete denture prosthesis. Results : The study revealed that all three artificial teeth systems matched the width of natural maxillary anterior teeth. However, only the Ivoclar Vivadent teeth set closely resembled the dimensions of mandibular anterior and posterior teeth, as well as maxillary posterior teeth, across both genders. Conclusion: The findings confirm the feasibility of employing natural teeth dimensions to determine the size of anterior and posterior artificial teeth for complete denture prosthesis fabrication, providing a statistically and mathematically supported approach. keywords: artificial teeth, aesthetics, complete denture, dentulous subjects, mesiodistal width, prosthesis.

Enhanced Biomechanical Properties of the Pectineal Ligament Support Its Reliability for Apical Pelvic Organ Prolapse Repair

Pelvic organ prolapse impacts an increasing number of women in the United States. The standard approach to correcting apical pelvic organ prolapse uses the sacral anterior longitudinal ligament (SALL) to lift the vaginal apex; however, this approach may result in recurrent prolapse. A newer procedure utilizes the pectineal ligament (PL), which may be a more reliable anchor point. This study compares the biomechanical properties of these two ligaments to elucidate which can withstand more stress to provide long-term stability following prolapse. Seventeen formalin-embalmed donors were used (PL: 17 right, 16 left; SALL, 15). The PL was evaluated to better characterize the ligament’s properties within the pelvis using digital calipers and descriptive statistics. Mean values were statistically evaluated using an independent t test (p = 0.05) but no differences in laterality were appreciable. The PL and SALL samples were harvested and evaluated using a mechanical tester to determine their force at failure (N), toughness (Jm−2), and elastic modulus (MPa). The PL had increased values in the mean force at failure and toughness than the SALL when evaluated by each side as well as a combined mean value. These differences were statistically significant (p = 0.05) for toughness as evaluated using an independent t-test (right, p = 0.004; left, p = 0.005; combined, p = 0.002) and force at failure [right, p = 0.001 (independent t-test); left, p = 0.004 and combined, p = 0.005 (Mann–Whitney U test)], indicating that the PL may permit more deformation, but greater resistance to catastrophic failure as compared to the SALL. When evaluating any statistical differences in modulus, the individual and combined values were increased for the PL as compared to the SALL but were not significant (right, p = 0.290; left, p = 0.143; combined, p = 0.110) suggesting a stiffer material that may be more prone to catastrophic failure once a tear has begun. Collectively, these inherent biomechanical properties of the pectineal ligament indicate the ligament may be a more reliable anchor point for pelvic organ prolapse repair than the SALL.

Evaluation of the single and combined therapeutic effects of individually manufactured earplug therapy in patients with myogenous temporomandibular disorders: A randomized controlled clinical trial

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of individually manufactured earplug therapy on pain intensity (PI), symptom severity (SS), and maximum mouth opening (MMO), in patients with myogenous temporomandibular disorders (TMD).MethodsOne-hundred-twenty patients were randomly allocated to six groups: Groups EP (earplug), OS (occlusal splint), EX (exercise), EPO (earplug with occlusal splint), EPE (earplug with exercise), and C (control). Outcomes were PI (assessed with a visual analog scale (VAS)), SS (assessed with the modified Symptom Severity Index Questionnaire (mSSI)), and MMO (evaluated with a digital caliper). Measurements were performed at T0 (before the therapy), T1 (1-month follow-up), and T2 (3-month follow-up). Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey’s HSD, and chi-square tests (alpha = 0.05).ResultsAt T1 and T2, the greatest VAS and mSSI reduction was detected for the groups EPE (VAS = 5.3 ± 1.05, 3.3 ± 0.7; mSSI = 38.2 ± 2.27, 43.6 ± 3.94) and EPO (VAS = 5.2 ± 0.91, 3.2 ± 0.78; mSSI = 36.3 ± 3.97, 42.2 ± 3.19), respectively (p < 0.05). At T1, occlusal splint groups (groups OS (34.8 ± 2.97 mm) and EPO (33.8 ± 3.49 mm)) gave the highest MMO values, while T2 values did not constitute a significant difference with T1 (p > 0.05).ConclusionsThe short-term use of combined earplug therapy resulted in a decrease in both PI and SS. Improvement in MMO in participants using occlusal splints was observed in the 1st month and was maintained through the 3rd month.Clinical RelevanceEarplug therapy can be applied as a complementary therapy to occlusal splint and exercise treatments to decrease PI and SS in patients with myogenous TMD. To achieve functional recovery such as MMO, its combined use with splints should be taken into consideration by clinicians.

Locally Injectable Chitosan/β-Glycerophosphate Hydrogel Doped with Triptolide-Human Serum Albumin Nanoparticles for Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) tends to occur in symmetrical joints and is always accompanied by synovial hyperplasia and cartilage damage. Triptolide (TP), an extract from Tripterygium, has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties and could be used in the treatment of RA. However, its poor water solubility and the multi-system lesions caused by the use of this substance limit its clinical application. Therefore, it would be of great significance to assemble a composite nanoparticle hydrogel and apply it to a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model to investigate the therapeutic effect and biosafety of this compound. TP@HSA nanoparticles (TP@HSA NPs) were fabricated with a self-assembly method; a thermosensitive hydrogel loaded with the TP@HSA NPs (TP@HSA NP hydrogel) was prepared by using chitosan and beta- glycerophosphate (β-GP) and was then intra-articularly injected into CIA mice. The changes in joint swelling were measured with a digital caliper, and inflammation and cartilage damage were evaluated by using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and safranin O-fast green (SO&FG) staining, respectively. TP@HSA NPs with an average diameter of 112 ± 2 nm were successfully assembled, and their encapsulation efficiency and drug loading efficiency were 47.6 ± 1.5% and 10.6 ± 3.3%, respectively. The TP@HSA NP hydrogel had a gelation temperature of 30.5 ± 0.2 °C, which allows for its injection at low temperatures and its sol-gel transformation under physiological conditions within 2 min, making it a suitable drug depot. The TP@HSA NP hydrogel was intra-articularly injected into CIA mice; it released TP locally and exerted anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, alleviating synovial inflammation and cartilage damage effectively. We successfully fabricated a TP@HSA NP-loaded thermosensitive hydrogel with good biosafety, which can release TP slowly for the treatment of RA. Our study provides a basis for the development of TP-based innovative preparations and has good application prospects.

Effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on maximum mouth opening after orthognathic surgery: A randomised controlled trial

Background: The present study aims to determine the effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on maximum mouth opening (MMO) after orthognathic surgery. Materials and Methods: This study is a randomised clinical trial. The samples of this study were class III patients who are candidates for Le Fort I osteotomy surgery for maxillary advancement and bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO) for mandibular setback surgery due to the lack of maxilla growth and mandibular prognathism using the Dalpont method. On the day following surgery, the intervention group received TENS physiotherapy and instructions to take analgesics. In the control group, patients only received analgesics. MMO was measured in both groups using a digital caliper preoperatively, one month, and six months postoperatively. Results: A total of 82 patients participated in this study, who were divided into two groups of 41, intervention and control. The difference in the mean MMO in different periods after surgery of the intervention group (F=59733.350, P&lt;0.001) and the control group (F=32.480, P&lt;0.001) was significant. The pattern of MMO increase over time was not the same in the 2 groups. There was a steeper slope in the increase of MMO in the intervention group than in the control group. Conclusion: It can be concluded from the results of this study, that the use of TENS after orthognathic surgery can be effective along with analgesics in reducing pain intensity and, subsequently, recovery in MMO in the short term.

Assessing Length-Weight Relationships of Anodonta anatina in Damba Reservoir

Bivalves are molluscs of aquatic bottom dwellers that have many ecological impacts. Most importantly, they purify the water they inhabit. They are affected by environmental, ecological, and biological factors. The current study aimed to determine the length-weight relationship (LWR) of Anodonta anatina in the Damba Reservoir using standard procedural methods. One hundred samples were collected using the handpicking method at four sampling stations in the reservoir over five weeks. LWR was determined using morphometric measurements with digital Vernier caliper. The highest correlation coefficient (0.9632) was recorded for the TL-W relationship. The paired variable values of total length – weight (TL-W), height -weight (H-W), width – weight (WD-W), lever length – weight (LL-W), and umbo-anterior length – width (UAL-W) showed negative allometric values, with b values &lt;3 (1.27, 1.07, 0.85, 1.02, 0.92 respectively). These results show that growth in length (TL, H, WD, LL, and UAL) was faster than the increase in weight of A. anatina in the Damba Reservoir relating to poor state of wellbeing.

FACIAL PARAMETERS AS SUPPLEMENTARY LANDMARKS FOR DETERMINATION OFVERTICAL DIMENSIONS OF OCCLUSION: DISTANCE ECTOKANTHION - CHEILION

Background: The successful recovery of the functions and the aesthetics appearance of the edentulous patients often is a kind of challenge. The use of correlation between facial parameters could facilitate the determination of the vertical occlusion dimensions. The purpouse of this research was to investigate the interrelation between vertical dimensions of occlusion and distance external ocular angle (Ectokanthion) - labial commissure (Cheilion) among persons with natural dentition. Material and Methods: In the study were examined 120 persons from Bulgarian origin (59 male and 61 female), aged 20 to 25. The head of each and every participant was hold up into position so that the occlusal plane is parallel to the horisontal plane. The teeth were closed in central occlusion. Four reference points were marked: Ectokanthion, Cheilion, Subnasale and Gnathion. The researched distances were measured with the assistance of Vernier digital caliper. Statistical analysis of the obtained data was performed. Results: Moderate correlation was found between the distance Ectokanthion-Cheilion and the vertical occlusion dimension. The dataanalysisshows that coefficients of correlation are: 0.5681 for male and 0.5481 for female. Conclusions: It was found moderate correlation between the distance Ectokanthion-Cheilion and vertical dimensions of occlusion defined between point Subnasale and point Gnathion. The use of distance Ectokanthion-Cheilion as basic point of reference is not reliable, but it could be applied combined with other clinical methods or as part of mathematical models for determination of optimal vertical occlusion dimensions during prosthetic treatment of edentulous patients.

Depth of Cure, Surface Characteristics, Hardness, and Brushing Wear of 4 Direct Restorative Materials in Paediatric Dentistry

Aim: The study aimed to compare the depth of cure, hardness, surface roughness, and wear resistance of four restorative materials used in pediatric dentistry: FUJI IX GP FAST, RivaSilver, SDR flow+, and Vertise Flow. Materials and Methods: The depth of cure was measured per ISO 4049 standards using a digital caliper, with 15 samples of each material. Hardness was evaluated using a Vickers indenter under a 10 N load for 20 s. Surface roughness was assessed before and after acid exposure using an optical profilometer according to ISO 4288. Brushing wear resistance was analyzed by subjecting samples to 20 and 60 min of brushing, followed by roughness measurements. Statistical analysis was performed using independent sample t-tests to determine the significance of differences between the materials, with p-values &lt; 0.05 considered significant. Results: SDR flow+ exhibited the highest depth of cure with an average of 3.5 mm (±0.2 mm), significantly higher than Vertise Flow at 2.8 mm (±0.3 mm) (p &lt; 0.001). Hardness testing revealed SDR flow+ had the highest average hardness (85 HV ± 4 HV), while Vertise Flow had the lowest (72 HV ± 5 HV) (p &lt; 0.001). Surface roughness increased significantly after acid exposure for RivaSilver (from 1.2 μm ± 0.12 μm to 1.6 μm ± 0.15 μm, p = 0.007) and for SDR flow+ (from 0.85 μm ± 0.08 μm to 1.3 μm ± 0.14 μm, p = 0.001). Brushing wear resistance was highest in RivaSilver (Ra increase from 1.2 μm to 1.4 μm ± 0.11 μm) and lowest in FUJI IX GP FAST (Ra increase from 1.5 μm to 1.9 μm ± 0.15 μm, p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: The study demonstrates significant differences in performance among the tested materials. SDR flow+ showed a superior depth of cure and hardness, making it suitable for high-stress applications. However, all materials displayed increased surface roughness following acid exposure and brushing, with FUJI IX GP FAST showing the highest wear. These findings highlight the need to select restorative materials based on the specific clinical demands of pediatric patients, considering both their mechanical properties and resistance to wear and acid.

Influence of Head Circumference on the Accuracy of Facial Scanning: An In vitro Study

ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the impact of head circumference on the accuracy of three-dimensional (3D) facial scans, focusing on trueness and precision across three mannequin heads of different sizes. Material and methodsThree 3D-printed mannequin heads with circumferences of 30, 50, and 65 cm were used. Ten facial landmarks were identified to measure seven interlandmark distances and two angles. Direct anthropometric measurement, serving as the reference value, was taken using a digital vernier calliper for linear distance, and angle was calculated using the law of cosines. Each head was scanned six times using two systems: a dual-structured light facial scanner (iTom) and a stereophotogrammetry system (3dMD). Digital measurements were analysed using Meshlab and Blender for distances and angles, respectively. Trueness values were determined by comparing measurements to reference measurements, while precision values were derived from the variability among the six scans. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test due to nonhomogeneous variances, followed by Bonferroni correction for pairwise group comparisons. ResultsFor each scanning system, overall deviations in trueness and precision significantly increased with head circumference. Five of the seven distances and one angle showed significant compromises in trueness with larger head circumferences. Most measurements exhibited significant precision decreasing due to head circumference changes, except for N-Pn and Pn-Sn. Additionally, 3dMD displayed higher overall trueness compared to iTom, with five out of seven linear measurements and one angular measurement showing better results. ConclusionHead circumference significantly affects both trueness and precision of 3D facial scans for both technologies, suggesting that facial imaging should be used with caution for larger faces. Selecting an appropriate scanning system, such as 3dMD, can help mitigate the negative effects of scanning larger objects.

Precision forestry: an open-source IoT digital caliper and app to simplify tree diameter measurements

Precision forestry: an open-source IoT digital caliper and app to simplify tree diameter measurements

Reliability and Validity of Ultrasound in Identifying Anatomical Landmarks for Diagnosing A2 Pulley Ruptures: A Cadaveric Study.

Background/Objectives: Rock climbing is becoming more popular, leading to an increased focus on diagnosing and treating related injuries. Finger pulley and flexor tendon injuries are common among climbers, with the A2 pulley being the most frequently affected. High-resolution ultrasound (US) is the preferred method for detecting pulley injuries. This study aimed to determine the reliability and validity of US in identifying anatomical landmarks for diagnosing A2 pulley ruptures. Methods: This study was cross-sectional, involving 36 fingers from 4 cadaver arms. A Canon Aplio i800 US machine was used to measure two anatomical landmarks: the midpoint of the proximal phalanx and the distal edge of the A2 pulley. For the first anatomical landmark, the length of the proximal phalanx (PP distance), and for the second landmark, the distance between the distal edges of the proximal phalanx and the A2 pulley ("A" distance), were measured. Measurements were performed by two sonographers and compared to a digital caliper measurement taken post-cadaver dissection. Observers were blinded during measurements to ensure unbiased results. Results: Overall PP distance measured by US (O1: 37.5 ± 5.3 mm, O2: 37.8 ± 5.4 mm) tended to be shorter than caliper measurements (O3: 39.5 ± 5.5 mm). The differences between sonographers were minimal, but larger when compared to caliper measurements. High reliability for PP distance measurement was observed, especially between sonographers, with an ICC average of 0.99 (0.98, 1.00). However, reliability was lower for the "A" distance, with significant differences between US and caliper measurements. Regarding validity, US measurements were valid when compared to caliper measurements for PP distance, but not as reliable for the "A" due to wider confidence intervals. While US can substitute caliper measurements for PP distance (LR, Y:O2, X:O3, -0.70 (-3.28-1.38), 0.98 (0.93 ± 1.04)), its validity for "A" distance is lower (LR, Y:O2, X:O3, -2.37 (-13.53-4.83), 1.02 (0.62-1.75)). Conclusions: US is a reliable and valid tool in identifying anatomical landmarks for diagnosing A2 pulley ruptures, particularly for detecting the midpoint of the proximal phalanx. This is important to differentiate between complete and partial A2 pulley tears. However, the measurement of the "A" distance requires further refinement. These findings support efforts to standardize US examination protocols and promote consensus in diagnostic methodology, though further research is needed to address the remaining challenges.