Calliandra Leaf Research Articles

In-vitro nutrient degradability of complete feed containing myristic acid and tannins addition

The purpose of this research was to determine the influence of Myristic acid and the source of condensed tannin on corn straw basedcomplete feed on nutrient content and in vitro digestibility. The method which was used in this experiment was randomized block design with four treatments and three replications. The treatment consisted of T0 complete feed (40% corn straw + 60% concentrate), T1 complete feed (40% corn straw + 60% concentrate + myristic acid 30 g/Kg DM), T2 complete feed (40% corn straw + 50% concentrate + calliandra leaf meal 10%/Kg DM and myristic acid 30 g/Kg DM), T3 complete feed (40% corn straw + 45% concentrate + calliandra leaf meal 15%/Kg DM and myristic acid 30 g/Kg DM), T4 (40% corn straw + 40% concentrate + calliandra leaf meal 20%/Kg DM and myristic acid 30 g/Kg DM). Based on the result, it could be concluded that calliandra leaf meal 15%/Kg DM + Myristic acid 30 g/Kg DM on the complete feed (T3) was the best treatment based on nutrient content and increase of dry matter digestibility, but not an effect of organic matter digestibility

Histopatologi serta Aktivitas Hati Kelinci Lokal (Lepus sp.) yang Diberi Ransum Tepung Daun Kaliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus Meissn.) dan Kulit Nanas (Ananas comosus L.)

The aimed of this study was to determine the effect of feed containing various concentrations of Calliandra calothyrsus Meissn. leaf meal mixed with pineapple peels and concentrate feed on histopathology and the activity of liver of local rabbit (Lepus sp). This study used a Post-Test Only Control Group Design, using 24 local male rabbits divided into 4 groups of feed treatment namely P0 = concentrate feed as control; P1 = mixture of 15% of calliandra leaf meal (CLM), 30% of pineapple peels (PP) and 55% of commercial feed (CF); P2 = 30% of CLM, 30% of PP and 40% of CF; and P3 = 45% of CLM, 30% of PP and 25% of CF). The treatments were given for 60 days and used 6 replicates for each group. The data were analyzed statistically by SPSS program version 22. The research results showed the increase of calliandra leaf meal levels in concentrated feed which were added 30% of pineapple peels still caused liver damage namely fatty degeneration, necrosis and congestion. It increased the ALT level, but did not affect the AST level in local rabbit serum.

Efficacy of calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus) leaf extract on Haemonchus contortus mortality in vitro

Calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus) is a feed plant that contains high tannins. Tanin in calliandra leaves can cause death in nematodes. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of calliandra leaf extract, comprising optimum concentration and time, on mortality of Haemonchus contortus nematode. Calliandra leaves were extracted by 70% ethanol then analyzed for the tannin content. Twenty-five adult H. contortus nematodes were used for mortality test in vitro with a gradual concentration of calliandra leaf extract. The study used a completely randomized design with a factorial pattern consisting of six treatments and four replications. The treatment groups were as follow: R0 as negative control group given normal saline (0.9% NaCl), R1 as positive control (albendazole 10 mg/ml), R2 (10% calliandra leaf extract), R3 (25% calliandra leaf extract), R4 (50% calliandra leaf extract), and R5 (100% calliandra leaf extract). Extraction of calliandra leaves using 70% ethanol produced a tannin content of 5%. In vitro examination showed that administration of the calliandra extract had a significant effect (P<0.01) on mortality of H. contortus and showed an interaction between treatment and mortality time. A higher concentration of calliandra extract caused faster mortality of H. contortus. The concentration of 100% calliandra extract caused 100% mortality after 3 hours, while the concentration of 10%, 25%, and 50% caused 100% mortality after 4 hours. This study showed that calliandra leaf extract had an anthelmintic efficacy on H. contortus.

Biokimia Darah Tikus (Rattus norvegicus) Betina Ovariektomi setelah Perlakuan Ekstrak Daun Kaliandra Merah (Calliandra calothyrsus Meissn.)

Red calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus Meissn.) leaf have the potential as phytoestrogens. In this study, adult female ovariectomized rats (as a model of menopause women) were given calliandra leaf extract containing estrogenic flavonoids. This study was an experimental design with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Forty-five ovariectomized female rats were divided into five groups i.e. untreated control (K), and the treatment group given 80% of C. calothyrsus ethanolic leaves extract doses 25 mg/ kg bw (P1), 50 mg/ kg bw (P2), 75 mg/ kg bw (P3) and 100 mg/ kg bw (P4). The test suspension was given once a day at 24-hour intervals by gavage as much as 0.5 ml/rat/day for two months. At the end of the treatments, blood was collected for blood biochemical tests including hemoglobin levels, hematocrit values, blood glucose and proteins levels. The results showed that C. calothyrsus leaf extract did not negatively affect the health status of the animals through blood biochemical parameters, i.e. hemoglobin levels, hematocrit values, and glucose and protein levels of ovariectomized female rats.

Performan Ayam Broiler dengan Penambahan Tepung Daun dalam Pakan

The aim of this research was studied the effect of addition leaf meal in feed on performance of broiler chicken. The research used five groups of treatments, those were 0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0% calliandra leaf meal on feed. Each treatment were consists of three replications. The data of feed intake, average daily gain, protein intake, energy intake and feed conversion ratio were taken every week for 4 weeks. The collected data were analyzed using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and continued by tested using Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (DMRT ). The results showed that the addition of calliandra leaf meal significantly (P<0.05) on feed intake, body weight gain, protein intake, energy intake and feed conversion ratio. The result of this study can be concluded that utilization of calliandra leaf meal with maximum level 5.0% did not affect the performance of broiler.

Testicular histology and blood testosterone levels of male rabbit after given concentrated diets containing calliandra leaf meal and pineapple peels

Calliandra calothyrsus Meissn is one of a highly protein source of forage, however, it is not widely used for non ruminant feed because it contains antinutritional substances in the form of condensed tannin. Tannin can bind proteins, this tannin-protein complexes are difficult to be digested in the gastrointestinal tract, then will be defecated outside the body. To optimize the utilization of calliandra in the diet, pineapple peels were added as a source of protease (bromelain). Beside of waste utilization, it is expected that bromelain can degrade the tannin-protein complexes thereby reducing the negative effects of tannins. This research is a feeding experiment on male rabbit (Lepus sp), five weeks old. The diet formulation is prepared according to the standardized diet of the local rabbit. This experiment used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments i.e. control group which were only given commercial feed (R0), commercial feed contained 15% of Calliandra leaf meal and 30% of pineapple peel (R1), commercial feed contained 30% of Calliandra leaf meal and 30% of pineapple peel (R2), and commercial feed contained 45% of Calliandra and 30% of pineapple peel (R3). The treatment was done for three months. The results of this study on the reproduction of male rabbits showed that the increase of calliandra leaf meal level in a diet containing 30% of pineapple peels affected the testicular histology, and also decreased the diameter of seminiferous tubule and blood testosterone levels of male rabbits.

Response of sheep fed on corn cob silage or elephant grass basal diet with or without Calliandra leaf meal supplementation

&lt;p class="abstrak2"&gt;Limited availability of forage diet throughout the year could be overcome by utilization of crop by-products. Corn cob, a by-product from maize production is potential to be used as a fiber source for grass replacement. The objective of the study was to compare the effect of two different basal diets (basal grass diet and corn cob silage) with or without Calliandra supplementation on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen utilization, rumen fermentation and growth of sheep. The study used 20 male sheep St Croix breed. The sheep were divided into 5 groups based on body weight. Each group was fed with one of four diet treatments for 13 weeks. The treatments were grass basal diet + concentrate, Corn cob silage (CCS) + concentrate, Grass basal diet + concentrate + 5% Calliandra leaf meal, CCS + concentrate + 5% Calliandra leaf meal. The ratio of basal diet (grass or CCS) to concentrate was 40 : 60% and was formulated in iso protein (crude protein content 14%). The diet was offered in total mix ration. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design and arranged in factorial 2 x 2 (2 type basal diets and 2 Calliandra supplementation levels) with 5 replications. Results showed that there was no interaction between basal diet and Calliandra supplementation on feed consumption, average daily gain (ADG), nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, except for crude protein (CP) intake. Feed consumption was not affected by basal diets or Calliandra supplementation. Feed conversion ratio and protein conversion ratio were better in grass basal diet than CCS. CP digestibility was higher in corn cob silage than basal grass diet without Calliandra supplementation. N retention was higher in corn cob basal diet than basal grass diet. Rumen fermentation was significantly affected by basal diet in which rumen ammonia and VFA concentrations were higher in grass basal diet. Grass basal diet had higher propionic acid production than CCS basal diet. From this study, it could be concluded that in iso protein diet, basal grass diet was comparable to corn cob basal diet as revealed by average daily gain was similar in both diets with average 107.5 g/head/day. Calliandra supplementation at 5% in the grass or CCS basal diet did not improve sheep performance.&lt;/p&gt;

AKTIVITAS HATI TIKUS (RATTUS SP) YANG DIBERI RANSUM MENGANDUNG TEPUNG DAUN KALIANDRA (Calliandra calothyrsus) DAN KULIT NANAS (Ananas comosus) SELAMA MASA PERTUMBUHAN

Calliandra calothyrsus leaves contain 17-28% protein thus potential as a protein source in animal diet. However, it also contain a high antinutrition of condensed tannins (&gt;10%). The addition of protease enzymes (bromelain) in the diet containing tannins is expected to overcome the negative effects of tannins. Bromelain can be obtained from the pineapple plant (Ananas comosus) including the peel. This study was a feeding experiment on weaned male and female rats during the growth period. This study used a completely randomized design of 4x4 factorial design. The main factor was Calliandra leaf meal substitution levels of 0; 10; 17.5 and 25% in the diet. The sub factor was pineapple peel additive levels of 0; 4.35; 8.70 and 13.05 g/rat/day. Weaned rats were divided into 16 groups and they were fed for two months during growth period. The study showed that there was no interaction between calliandra leaves and pineapple peels on the rat liver activity including the blood levels of SGOT and SGPT levels. SGPT and SGOT levels were not affected by all levels of pineapple peels in the diets. All calliandra levels did not affect the level of SGOT, but 17.5 and 25% calliandra in the diets increased SGPT level.

MORPHOLOGY AND SKELETAL DEVELOPMENT OF RAT (Rattus norvegicus) FETUS AFTER FED DIETS CONTAINING Calliandra calothyrsus LEAF DURING GESTATION PERIOD

This study aims to determine fetus morphology and skeleton development of rats after feddiet containingCalliandra leaf flour. This study used a completely randomized design with 16 pregnant rats that were dividedinto four treatment groups i.e. 0, 10, 17.5 and 25% of Calliandra leaf flour. The diets were given 20 g/rat/dayeach, twice a day, for 30 days (7 days of diet adaptation, 21 days of gestation period, and one day after birth).One day after the birth, all fetuses were separated from their mother for further preparation and analysis. Thedata were analyzed statistically by using SPSS 22 version. If they were distributed normally, the data would beanalyzed usingOneway ANOVA and Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) to see the difference among the groups.Diets containing Calliandra leaf flour fed on pregnant rats decreased weight and length of fetuses and increasedfetus hemorrhage. However, it did not cause dead fetus or decreased the number of life fetuses. Diets containingCalliandra leaf flourfed to pregnant rats did not affect the ossification of vertebrae, costae and sternebrae. However,it inhibited ossification of metacarpus, metatarsus and vertebrae caudalis.

The feeding of leaf meal of Calliandra calothyrsus to laying hens.

A 67-day feeding experiment was conducted to study the effects of inclusion of 5%, 7.5% or 10% leaf meal of Calliandra calothyrsus (calliandra) in the diets of laying hens on feed intake, egg production, egg weights, yolk colour and the birds' weights. While no significant effects were seen on either egg numbers or egg size, feed intake increased and the efficiency of feed utilization decreased with increasing inclusion of the foliage. Absolute initial and final body weights did not show significant treatment differences but live weight changes over the course of the experiments were statistically significant, weight gains decreasing with increasing calliandra levels. The strength of colour of the yolks increased within 3 days of offering the calliandra, irrespective of the level of inclusion. The persistence of the colour change after withdrawal of the leaf meal ranged from 3 days at the 5% inclusion to over 10 days at the 10% level. While it may be possible to include calliandra leaf meal in poultry rations along with other, local, low-cost components, there would appear to be little advantage in using it in conjunction with commercial layers meal at levels higher than those necessary to provide the desired pigmentation level in the yolks (5% or less).

Effects of Substituting Calliandra Leaf Meal for Soybean Meal on Intake, Digestibility, Growth and Feed Efficiency in Goats

Ebong, C, Byenkya, S.G. and Ndikumana, J. 1999. Effects of substituting calliandra leaf meal for soybean meal on intake, digestibility, growth and feed efficiency in goats. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 16: 211–216. Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of substituting calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus) leaf meal (CLM) for soybean meal (SBM) on intake, digestibility, growth and feed, efficiency in goats. Two male and 2 female Small East African (SEA) goats were fed elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) ad-libitum (1.3 x intake of previous day) and, four diets (300g d−1) consisting of 0, 50, 75 and 100 per cent of CLM mixed, with complementary proportion of SBM in a 4x4 latin square design in experiment 1. DMI on mixed, diet was higher than ihat on either SBM or CLM. Dry matter digestibility did not differ (P>0.05) among diets containing CLM. Experiment 2 examined, the effects of complementary levels of CLM and SBM on growth and feed efficiency in goats. Five levels (0, 25, 50, 75 and. 100 per cent) of CLM composted with complementary proportions of SBM were fed. to 30 male intact kids in a randomised design for 10 weeks. Control animals were fed elephant grass only. Highest growth rate with most efficient feed, utilization was observed in kids fed equal quantities of SBM and CLM. It was concluded that CLM is a potentially valuable substitute for SBM in compound feeds. Composting reduces astringency, improves palatability, digestibility and feed efficiency of the ration.

Assessment of the nutritive value of Calliandra calothyrsus: its chemical composition and the influence of tannins, pipecolic acid and polyethylene glycol on in vitro organic matter digestibility

Calliandra leaves and stem samples were harvested from a site near Harare, Zimbabwe from 3-year-old shoots. Ground samples were analysed for their chemical composition, tannin content and lectin activity. Calliandra leaf was richer in crude protein than the stems (253 and 182 g/kg, respectively) and lower in crude fibre (191 and 364 g/kg, respectively). The tannin content of Calliandra leaves was higher than that of stems (127 and 97 g/kg, respectively) when determined by the vanillin-HCl method. The protein precipitating capacity and lectin activity were, however, higher in the stems than the leaves. Calliandra has a balanced amino acid profile, with the stems having a higher methionine content than the leaves but the sum of the sulphur amino acid content in both leaves and stems was relatively low (1.4 and 1.9 g/100 g protein, respectively). Although the crude protein (N × 6.25) content of leaves and stems was reasonably high, only 625 and 527 g/kg of the crude protein, respectively, for the leaves and stems could be accounted for by the summation of the amino acids. Gas production and calculated organic matter digestibility (OMD) in vitro using rumen microbes was very poor for both the leaf and stem in comparison with a standard ryegrass hay. The in vitro degradability of the leaves was poorer than that of the stems but extraction of both leaves and stems with either acetone or methanol improved their degradability. The residual leaf material after solvent extraction had a higher degradability than the stems, indicating the removal of compounds that may have inhibited digestion. Addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) at a tannin to PEG ratio of 1:2 abolished the depression associated with the methanol extract in the stems, but hardly improved the digestibility of the leaves. At about the level found in the plant, pipecolic acid did not affect gas production or OMD of grass hay by rumen microbes in vitro.

Agronomic and Economic Evaluation of Organic and Inorganic Sources of Phosphorus in Western Kenya

AbstractMany soils in the highlands of East and Central Africa are depleted of soil nutrients, particularly P. Our objective was to compare cattle manure, Calliandra calothyrsus Meissner leaf biomass, and triple superphosphate (TSP) as sources of P for maize (Zea mays L.), both individually and as mixtures of organic (manure or calliandra) and inorganic (TSP + urea) sources. Field experiments were conducted on a Kandiudalf at two sites in western Kenya. Net benefits were computed as the difference between the value of additional maize yield accruing from nutrient inputs and the associated additional costs. Maize grain yield was 0.6 Mg ha−1 for application of urea without P. Application of 10 kg P ha−1 as organic, inorganic, and mixtures of organic and inorganic sources significantly increased maize yield. Grain yield for manure at least equaled and sometimes exceeded (P ≤ 0.05) yield for calliandra and TSP + urea. Net benefits in U.S. dollars (USD) for two seasons were highest for manure spot placed in the planting hole (293 USD ha−1), broadcast manure (255 USD ha−1), and broadcast TSP + 44 kg urea‐N ha−1 (313 USD ha−1 at P = 30 kg ha−1 and 98 USD ha−1 at P = 10 kg ha−1). Net benefits for calliandra leaf biomass were highest (136 USD ha−1) when biomass was valued at cost of production and integrated with TSP, such that it provided all the N for maize and TSP provided the additional P not supplied by calliandra. Calliandra valued at its opportunity cost as a protein supplement for dairy cattle was not an economic source of P. Sensitivity analyses suggest that organic materials most suitable for use as P sources have high P content and low cost of production.