Calliandra Callothyrsus Research Articles

The availability of Perum Perhutani potential forest area to support the PT. PLN’s biomass cofiring sustainability: A Mini Review

High-rank coal reserves continue to decrease, while what is widely available is in the form of low-rank coal with low calorific value and high sulfur. Biomass can be a solution for providing fuel to replace low-rank coal (4,000 kcal/kg). To ensure the sustainability of the supply of biomass cofiring, it is necessary to have sufficient land available for energy plantations/forestry plantations (HTE). This research is aimed at assessing the availability of land in forest areas in Perum Perhutani for energy crop activities by using the right types of plants to supply biomass cofiring. Perhutani has entered into a cooperation agreement with PT. PLN to meet the need for cofiring-biomass PLTU. Currently on the island of Java, there are 11 PLTUs with a total electricity capacity of 14,645 MW. For 5% biomass cofiring, 189,849 ha of HTE land is required. Perum Perhutani has established a business portfolio of Biomass Plants covering an area of 67,356 ha. This area is equivalent to the effective area of 48,496 ha of HTE which supplies 3,756 MW of electricity (26% of the total capacity of the Java PLTU). The types of plant biomass used were Gamal (Gliricidia sepium) and Kaliandra (Calliandra callothyrsus).

Karakteristik anatomi dan energi kayu dari tiga tumbuhan invasif [Anatomical and energi characteristics of wood from three invasive species

The presence of invasive species is often seen as environmental and economic problem. On the other hand, the potential of these species which have fast growing and regeneration ability can be used for various purposes such as alternative bioenergy utilization. This study is aimed to observe the wood anatomical and energy characteristics of invasive species such as Melastoma malabathricum, L., Calliandra callothyrsus , Meissn and Acacia mangium, Willd. It is potentially utilized as source of alternative energy. This study used purposive sampling method, and used wood samples with the thickness of about ≥5 cm. This research was analyzed descriptively for anatomy characteristic whereas the diameter and frequency of vessel, heigh and width of parenchyma then calorific value, ash and moisture content analyzed using Kruskall Wallis and Mann Whitney. Anatomical characteristic of wood from two species were diffuse porous vessel, solitary and multiple vessel, frequency of vessel were rare to many and diameter of vessel were small to rather small and paratracheal axial parenchyma. Rays were uniseriate or biseriate with 1-3 seriate, height of ray category was extremely short and width rays were narrow to extremely narrow. All rays were homorocelular with upright or procumbent cells. The calorific value of these species started from 3,887.59 to 4,132.99 kal/g. Ash content start from 1.27 – 1.73% meanwhile the moisture content were 11.6–12.6%. Base on energy properties, Calliandra callothyrsus , Meissn. fulfilled the standard of bio pellet production base on SNI 8021 and EN- 14961-2.

EFFECTIVENESS OF CONCENTRATION OF GROWTH REGULATORY SUBSTANCES ON THE GROWTH OF KALIANDRA (Calliandra callothyrsus) TRUNK

The potential of our energy sources in Indonesia is getting thinner day by day. Energy sources that come from fossils if we take it continuously will run out and cannot be renewed. Therefore, it is necessary to have an alternative source of renewable energy, one of the renewable energies to replace fossil energy, is wood biomass. One of the woods that can be used as a renewable energy source is Kaliandra wood (Calliandra calothyrsus). Calliandra (Calliandra callothyrsus) is a type of tree that can grow throughout the year. The problem faced in generative breeding of Kaliandra is the low seed germination caused by Kaliandra seeds having hard seed dormancy, and the skin has a waxy coating. To overcome the problem of meeting the needs of Kaliandra wood in energy resources, vegetative propagation of plants is needed, one of which is stem cuttings. This study aims to determine the level of effectiveness of the successful growth of Kaliandra stem cuttings using various concentrations of growth regulator Rootone F. The research method used is quantitative by conducting various experiments, namely treatment of Kaliandra stem cuttings without treatment, treatment using Rootone-f hormone with concentration (100 ppm), and treatment using the hormone Rootone-f with a concentration (200 ppm). The results showed that the number of shoots and the number of leaves were the same in each treatment, namely 1 shoot. The length of shoots in the Rootone F hormone treatment with a concentration of 100 (ppm), produced the largest shoot length of 0.71 cm, the percentage of life in the Rootone F hormone treatment with a concentration of 100 ( ppm) was 6.67%, and the root length of Kaliandra cuttings on Rootone F hormone treatment with a concentration of 100 (ppm) produced the largest 0.25 cm.

Autecology of Begonia in Several Locations of Flores Island

Human activities in forest areas such as over-harvesting of Begonia species without being balanced with their cultivation activities can threaten the existence of Begonia in nature. Autecological studies of species in their natural habitat are the initial activities for the conservation of plant species. The purpose of this study was to study the distribution of Begonia on Flores and environmental/ microclimate characteristics in several locations on Flores Island. The 10x10 m plots were placed with purposive sampling with a minimum interval of 50 m. Multivariate analysis using Canonical Corespondence Analysis (CCA) was employed to determine the effect of microclimatic factors on the composition of vegetation. Begonia kelimutensis is endemic in Kelimutu National Park, Flores lives at an altitude of 1,527 asl, at soil pH 5,8 and soil moisture of 75%, with a slope of 10 ° on the forest floor and light intensity 4,640 klux. In addition, five types of Begonia that we estimate have not been identified and two of them are identified as Begonia sumbawaensis Girm. and Begonia brangbosangensis Girm. Begonia kelimutuensis is distributed at a higher altitude than Begonia brangbosangensis. B. sumbawaensis is influenced by the slope factor while B. longifolia tends to be related to the air humidity factor. B. kelimutuensis is also often found living with Macaranga sp., and Litsea sp. B. brangbosangensis, also found near Homalanthus sp. and Calliandra callothyrsus.

Productivity and feed management strategies of sambar deer (Rusa unicolor) at the special purpose forest area (KHDTK) of Aek Nauli

The availability of feed plants is one of the most important components in improving the breeding ability of sambar deer in captivity. Planting program and productivity assessment of feed plants are necessary to ensure the availability of feed plants for deer, including deer management demonstration plot at Aek Nauli KHDTK. This study was aimed to observe the productivity and nutritional contents of sambar deer feed plants in Aek Nauli KHDTK. This study was performed at the deer feed plant plot. Sampling activities were conducted in the 1x1 m2 plot (for grass) and 2 x 2 m2 (for non-grass such as shrubs and herbs). The results showed that the productivity of 6 feed plants is about 51,56 kg day-1 (fresh weight) or 19,52 kg day-1 (dry weight); indicating that these plants meet the needs of 5 deer which are requiring 38.82 kg feed day-1. The average productivity of feed plants in the dominant dry days was about 33,342.75 kg ha-1 year-1 (fresh weight) or 14,977.17 kg ha-1 year-1 (dry weight). The productivity of feed plants in the dominant rainy days was about 60,687.33 kg ha-1 year-1 (fresh weight) or 20,287.92 kg ha-1 year-1 (dry weight). Nutritional contents of feed plants are water content (56.3-66.0%), protein (0.037-0.156%), ash content (5.891-7.199%), fat content (1.751-10.089%), and carbohydrate (21.597-33.932%). Required feed management strategies are regular weeding, block division, rotational harvesting system, fertilizing, watering (during the dry season), and providing additional feeds and supplements such as Pennisetum purpureum, Calliandra callothyrsus, Artocarpus heterophyllus, and Manihot utilissima.

Effect of plant extracts and chemical fungicide on viability and percentage of seed-borne fungal infection on calliandra (Calliandra callothyrsus) seed

Calliandra (Calliandra callothyrsus) is one of the potential tree species that can be used as bio-energy resources. Unfortunately, fungi are one of the factors that can infect and decrease the viability of calliandra seeds. Some efforts are needed to improve the viability and inhibit fungal infection through biological or chemical treatments. The study was conducted to determine the effects of various plant extracts and chemical fungicide on the germination capability, as well as the inhibition of fungal infection in calliandra seeds. Parameters observed in this study were seed germination and fungi infection percentage. Seeds were treated by immersing them in hot water (five minutes) followed by chemical fungicides (i.e., benomyl, mancozeb) or plant extracts (i.e., ginger, onion, garlic, turmeric) for one hour. The study design used was a completely randomized design. The results showed that all the treatments could increase seed viability significantly. The treatment with immersion in onion, ginger and mancozeb was more effective on seed germination ability (88.67%, 8.33%, 86%) and reduced in fungal infections (11.33%, 5.33%, 0%). These treatments resulted in a significant difference between seed germination compared with the hot water and turmeric treatments. The best germination and reduction of fungal infection on calliandra seeds were showed on treatment by onion and mancozeb, respectively. The results revealed that garlic, onion, turmeric have a significant effect in inhibiting all fungal species compared to the hot water treatment. Ginger and onion extracts were effective treatments for increasing seed germination and controlling the fungal infection.

A policy review on the development of wood-based biomass energy: strengthening incentive for investment

Problem on national energy becomes important in relation to National Determined Contribution (NDC) particularly emission target from energy sector. One of renewable energies is wood based biomass energy (WBBE). The objectives of the research are: (i) to review policies on WBBE development, and (ii) to provide share estimation of WBBE in national energy supply. Method used is content of analysis for reviewing regulations on energy field and supply and demand for estimating share of WBBE. Research shows that WBBE is an alternative energy as substitution for now renewable energies such as oil and gases and coal. However, this still requires, such as, presidential instruction related to WBBE provision and utilization. Potential tree species for WBBE are Kaliandra (Calliandra callothyrsus), Akasia (Acacia auriculiformis), Gamal (Gliricidia sepium), dan Lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala). In national energy mix, WWBE is allocated with other energies for 2%. This share can be increased more than 2% if it is supported by various policies at national and field levels, and provision of forest and land by Ministry of Environment and Forestry and National Land Agency.

The growth and yield of Calliandra Callothyrsus trees as biomass-based energy feedstock

Calliandra callothyrsus is a woody plant that grows quickly and well in a wide range of natural conditions. C. callothyrsus is a tree species which easily cultivated and can be harvested in a short time (short-rotation wood crops). However, information about time and harvesting techniques that explain harvesting biomass is still needed. The aimed of this study is measured growth after trimming, the best time interval for harvesting and the results of cutting both biomass and the heating value contained. The method used is a destructive method. Observations are carried out repeatedly in a permanent plot. The permanent plot as treatment level cutting. So, this study evaluated the correlation between time and cutting level to growth and biomass harvested. The results showed that the best cutting limit was 50 cm above ground level. It is due to the high harvest biomass and the number of new stems that grow more. Meanwhile, to ensure business sustainability, the best harvest interval is 1 year. It will ensure adequate growth of new stems, large harvesting biomass and high calorific value of harvest. Harvesting potential can reach 25 m3.ha-1.yr1. While the heating value will be at an interval of 3016 - 3757 kcal.kg−1.

IDENTIFIKASI PENYEBAB PENYAKIT LODOH PADA SEMAI KALIANDRA (Calliandra callothyrsus)

Seedling quality is one of factors determining the success of forest management. Pathogen attack that causes disease in the nursery is one reason hindering the target of seedling provision. Therefore, disease outbreak in the nursery need to be properly studied to set precautionary or control measures. The aim of this study is to isolate and identify causes of damping off which cause the death of kaliandra (Calliandra callothyrsus) seedlings. A number of kaliandra seedlings from 30 gram seed of kaliandra, died due to damping off disease. Dead seedling samples were isolated then observed macroscopically and microscopically (examined under the microscope). Koch Postulate test was conducted to identify the disease causing the death of kaliandra seedlings. Identification results indicate that the causes of damping-off disease are Fusarium sp. and Rizoctonia solani.

IDENTIFIKASI PENYEBAB PENYAKIT LODOH PADA SEMAI KALIANDRA (Calliandra callothyrsus)

Seedling quality is one of factors determining the success of forest management. Pathogen attack that causes disease in the nursery is one reason hindering the target of seedling provision. Therefore, disease outbreak in the nursery need to be properly studied to set precautionary or control measures. The aim of this study is to isolate and identify causes of damping off which cause the death of kaliandra (Calliandra callothyrsus) seedlings. A number of kaliandra seedlings from 30 gram seed of kaliandra, died due to damping off disease. Dead seedling samples were isolated then observed macroscopically and microscopically (examined under the microscope). Koch Postulate test was conducted to identify the disease causing the death of kaliandra seedlings. Identification results indicate that the causes of damping-off disease are Fusarium sp. and Rizoctonia solani.

Species composition and role of exotic invasive pioneers in vegetation establishment on Mount Merapi Volcanic Deposits in Java, Indonesia

Sutomo. 2018. Species composition and role of exotic invasive pioneers in vegetation establishment on Mount Merapi Volcanic Deposits in Java, Indonesia. Trop Drylands 2: 59-64. The volcanic deposits found in Mt Merapi are relatively new in terms of years since last known eruption. The objective of this study was to make use of the chronosequence method to describe changes in the species composition patterns in vegetation establishment, and to conduct observations on whether pioneer species, especially exotic and perhaps also invasive species, are decreasing or increasing species diversity in the succession. Results showed that the younger deposits were dominated by Athyrium macrocarpum, Polygonum chinense, Paspalum conjugatum and Cyperus flavidus. The older deposits were dominated by Anaphalis javanica, Imperata cylindrica, Polytrias amaura and Eupatorium riparium. Invasive (native and exotic) pioneer species such as Imperata cylindrica, Anaphalis javanica, Calliandra callothyrsus, Polyosma ilicifolia, and Eupatorium riparium showed positive correlation with species diversity. It is important to understand the role of non-native, invasive alien species in the recovery process. Early recovery generally depends on these species to boost the succession, but in the longer term invasive species may affect the successional trajectory.

Botanical Exploration and Crater Vegetation Survey of Mt. Galunggung, West Java

Botanical exploration at Mt. Galunggung protected forest, West Java was conducted in June 2014. This study was aimed to collect plant living specimen for ex-situ conservation purpose of Kuningan Botanic Garden and to conduct vegetation analysis in crater area. Random inventory method at 600-1200 m asl was used to collect plant in that area. Vegetation analysis of tree, shrub and herb were used line transect methods. Result showed that 273 collection numbers of plant living species were collected from Mt. Galunggung, which consisted of 213 species, 143 genus and 72 families. Plant families which most collected were Moraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Arecaceae and Lauraceae respectively. In crater area was collected a lot of pioneer plant, such as dawola ( Trema cannabina Lour.), paku tiang ( Cyathea spp.), nangsi ( Villebrunea rubescens (Blume) Blume), muncang cina ( Ostodes paniculata Blume), mara ( Macaranga tanarius (L.) Mull.Arg.), and kareumbi ( Homalanthus populneus (Geiseler) Pax). Furthermore, in secondary remnant forest were collected typical plants of Java mountains such as saninten ( Castanopsis argentea (Blume) A.DC., puspa ( Schima wallichii Choisy) and some of tree seedlings from Lauraceae family. Vegetation affected by eruption in Mt. Galunggung is in early stage of forest succession and still develops to next stage of succession. Tree, shrub and herb in the crater area were dominated by Cyathea contaminans (Wall. Ex Hook.) Copel. , Calliandra callothyrsus Meisn. and Ageratina riparia (Regel) R.M.King & H.Rob. with H’ was 0.35, 0.31 and 0.30 respectively.

Kaliandra (Calliandra callothyrsus) as a Timber for Energy: In a Point of View of Seeds and Seedlings Procurement

The study was aimed to review some aspects of reproductive biology, handling of seeds and seedlings of kaliandra (Calliandracallothyrsus) in relation to improve its productivity. The methods were observing the development of flowering and fruiting directly over the trees, seeds and seedlings quality were examined in a laboratory and nursery. We concluded that reproductive potency of kaliandra could be used to predict the production of fruits/seeds. The quality of seeds can be improved by selecting their size, weight and kept them at an optimal seeds moisture content. The seedlings either originated from seeds or shoot cuttings were having good responses to the given treatments.

Plant community establishment on the volcanic deposits following the 2006 nuées ardentes (pyroclastic flows) of Mount Merapi: Diversity and floristic variation

Sutomo, Hobbs R, Cramer V (2011) Plant community establishment on the volcanic deposits following the 2006 nuées ardentes (pyroclastic flows) of Mount Merapi: diversity and floristic variation. Biodiversitas 12: 86-91. Species establishment and composition changes in a substrate with little or no biological legacy is known as primary succession, and volcanoes, erosion, landslides, floodplains and glaciers are some type of disturbances that can create this kind of environment. Mount Merapi with its Merapi-type nuées ardentesor pyroclastic flows provides excellent opportunities to study primary succession. Using chronosequence approach, plant establishment and succession was studied, and thus five areas that were affected by nuées ardentes deposits between 1994 and 2006 were chosen as study sites. Results showed that there was a rapid colonization by vascular plants in primary succession as the sites aged. Imperata cylindrica, Eupatorium riparium, Anaphalis javanica, Athyrium macrocarpum, Brachiaria paspaloides, Dichantium caricosum, Selaginella doederleinii, Eleusine indica, Cyperus flavidus, Calliandra callothyrsus and Acacia decurrens were the species mainly responsible in explaining the differences between sites. Furthermore, the species richness and diversity reach their peak 14 years afterdisturbance.

Effect of planted fallow systems on Zonocerus variegatus (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) abundance in the humid forest zone of Southern Cameroon

Zonocerus variegatus (L.) is known as an agricultural pest in Central Africa. Since legumes are introduced in the Chromolaena odorata fallows in the southern Cameroon as short fallow improvement strategies, we evaluated the abundance of Z. variegatus in short fallows (natural versus planted leguminous fallows) and adjacent fields. Existing Randomized Completed Block Design were used, with three treatments (C. odorata, Calliandra callothyrsus and Pueraria phaseoloides) and three replicates, split in two sites (land cleared from forest and land cleared from chromolaena fallow). Research was carried out from February 2000 to February 2002 by captures (every 14 days) in each fallow and adjacent cropped fields. Within 30 min, 24 ± 75 (SD) individuals were captured in the fallows, while only 10 ± 20 (SD) were captured in adjacent cropped fields. The abundance was greater in fields after forest clearing than in fields after chromolaena clearing. More individuals were captured in C. odorata fallows in both sites. Z. variegatus abundance in planted fallows depended on the site. After forest clearing, Z. variegatus abundance was highest in the P. phaseoloides and lowest in C. callothyrsus fallow, while after chromolaena clearing the abundance in P. phaseoloides fallow was lowest. Z. variegatus abundance between cropped fields adjacent to C. odorata, C. callothyrsus and P. phaseoloides fallow was not significantly different, but significant linear relationships were found between Z. variegatus abundance in 2 years old fallows and the adjacent cropped fields. These results indicate that in areas where chomolaena dominates the fallow, planted P. phaseoloides could be useful in managing Z. variegatus.

Fermentation kinetics (in vitro) of Leucaena leucocephala, Gliricidia sepium and Calliandra callothyrsus leaves (3) the pattern of gas production, organic matter degradation, pH, NH3 and VFA concentration; estimated CH4 and microbial biomass production

In high protein feeds, plant proteins may be shielded from degradation in the rumen by lignification of the cell wall or because of the present of plant secondary compounds e.g. tannin, which is present in most of the leguminous trees/shrubs. Thus it might have an effect on organic matter degradation and the pattern of other end product of rumen microbial fermentation (VFA, NH 3 , microbial cell, CH 4 and total gas). The in vitro method was used to determine the organic matter degradation and the pattern of rumen fermentation end product of high protein feeds, namely Leucaena leucocephala, Gliricida sepium and Calliandra calothyrsus . The results shows that Gliricidia has the highest amount of OM degraded (505 mg); microbial cell and NH 3 produced (2676 g and 1.91 mmol/100 mL) than followed by Leucaena (423 mg; 2656 g; 1.61 mmol/100 mL) and Calliandra (340 mg; 2644 g; 1.61 mmol/100mL), but Gliricidia produced the lowest amount of gas total and CH 4 (0.192 mL and 0.07 mole per mg OM deraded) then Leucaena (0.249 mL and 0.097 mole per mg OM deraded) and Callliandra (0.196 mL and 0.126 mole per mg OM deraded). In conclusion, Gliricidia is more efficient in term of using the dietary energy for the animals’ production compared to the Leucaena and Calliandra. Key Words : Legumes Tree, Organic Matter, NH 3 , VFA, CH 4 , Microbial Cell

The Flammability of Shrubs and Trees in an Acacia mangium Plantation Based on Silica-free Ash Content

Preliminary research to understand the flammability of 14 species of shrubs and 8 species of trees based on silica-free ash content was done in order to recognize which shrubs or trees are more flammable. The results show that the silica-free ash content of shrubs and trees leaves was greater than the stems ranging between 1.7% and 11.4% for leaf and 0.4% and 7.8% for the stems. The shrubsDicranopteris linearis, Imperata cylindrica, Eupatorium pubescens, Lantana camara, Eugenia sp.,Cliforia laurifolia, Pterospermum sp.,Hibiscus similis, Clidemia hirta andTrema orientalis must be considered when fire invades the plantation as well as the treeParaserianthes falcataria, Eucalyptus urophylla, Calliandra callothyrsus, andPeronema canescens.

In situ degradability of organic matter, crude protein and cell wall of various tree forages

AbstractLeaves of Leucaena leucocephala, Sesbania sesban and Calliandra callothyrsus were harvested in Rwanda from young shoots at 8 weeks after the first cutting. They were dried, ground and incubated at the same time in polyester bags in three non-lactating Holstein-Friesian cows each fitted with a ruminal cannula. The bags were removed at 0, 2, 4, 8, 24, 48, 72 and 144 h after the start of incubations. The different parameters characterizing extent and rate of ruminal degradation of organic matter (OM), neutral-detergent fibre (NDF), and crude protein (CP) were calculated. In vitro digestibility of residual protein after 24 h and 48 h incubation was also determined. Sesbania sesban had lowest cell wall contents and gave highest ruminal degradability for OM, NDF and CP. Leucaena leucocephala was degraded to a lesser extent, but its undegraded protein had a somewhat higher in vitro digestibility. In contrast, protein of Calliandra callothyrsus was poorly degraded and digested. The proportion and composition of cell wall could not explain these differences in digestion characteristics and other measurements, such as tannins, were incriminated. Increased ruminal incubation time augmented the extent of ruminal degradation and reduced in vitro digestibility of undegraded protein but did not affect the undigestible protein fraction.

Drying treatment drastically affects feed evaluation and feed quality with certain tropical forage species

This experiment investigated the effect of drying treatment (oven drying at 40, 60 and 100°C; sun drying or freeze drying) on the degree of dry matter disappearance in vitro (IVDMD) by the rumen fluid-pepsin (RFP) and pepsin-cellulase (PC) procedures on 12 Indonesian ruminant feeds. The feed samples were also digested for 24 or 48 h in intraruminal nylon bags (NB) and the results compared with those from fresh material subjected to 48 h NB in the rumen. Species studied included both known tropical pasture plants and less conventional feeds, mainly tree legumes, used in cut-and-carry feeding. Gliricidia sepium was the only species in which results were unaffected by any of the treatments. In cassava leaf, Sesbania grandiflora, Calopogonium mucunoides, Calliandra callothyrsus and Maesopsis emenii, IVDMD was significantly depressed by drying at elevated temperatures. There was some correlation with the level of phenolic compounds. Even with freeze-dried material, the IVDMD figures for cassava, Maesopsis and Calopogonium were 25–30% less than those from the corresponding fresh NB 48-h samples. In general, PC produced a higher IVDMD than did RFP, but the relative ranking of species was virtually unaffected by any of the treatments. In comparison with the ranking established by intraruminal digestion of fresh material, however, IVDMD consistently undervalued cassava leaves and overvalued Gliricidia. Where possible, in vitro evaluation of less-known feed species should be with freeze-dried material. The feeding value of forages conserved for village animal production may be strongly affected by the drying treatment.