California Citrus Experiment Station Research Articles

California Red Scale Control on Lemons, 1985

Abstract A randomized complete block experiment with 10 single-tree replicates and 9 treatment! was conducted in a field of 15 ft tall lemons in a 20 x 24 ft planting at the University of California Citrus Experiment Station in Riverside, CA. Pretreatment densities of California red scale (CRS) in each plot were evaluated either in Mar or May by examining, in each plot, 75 randomly selected 9-in twigs from the previous growth flush. Each twig was scored in situ as being infested or not infested with live CRS. The single tree plots were assigned to blocks on the basis of pretreatment twig counts and position in the field. The 9 treatments were randomly assigned to each of the 10 blocks. All treatments were applied by handguns from ground and tower positions at ca. 500 psi and ca. 17.5 gal/tree. The NR440 oil treatment was applied 14 May; the remaining treatment! were applied 10-11 Jun. Posttreatment samples were taken in late Sep 1985 and again in early Apr 1986 by in situ examination in each plot of 75 9-incl twigs in Sep, 100 3-in twigs in Apr, and 100 fruit in both posttreatment samples. Twigs were scored for presence or absence of live CRS. Fruit were scored as having 0, 1-10, or >10 live and/or dead CRS since fruit are downgraded in the packinghouse when infested with large numbers of live or dead scale. Therefore, counts of live and dead scale on fruit were used to assess how well a treatment prevented the crop from becoming infested and consequently downgraded, while counts of live scale on twigs were used to assess how well a treatment suppressed population growth.

Contrasting effects of acid and nonacid pummelos on the acidity of hybrid citrus progenies

does not appear. First page follows. Introduction Reports on the levels of acid in hybrid progenies of fruit trees have been rather fragmentary. Most reports describe only the general behavior of progenies; when data on individual progenies are given, acid levels often cannot be separated from sugar levels or other factors of fruit quality. (Bishop (1951))4 and (Kimball (1930)), in crosses of several apple varieties with Northern Spy and Mclntosh, found that some parents gave a much higher percentage of acid individuals than did others. On the basis of organoleptic tests, (Klein (1958)) indicated that sweetness is recessive to acidity in apple progenies. Using chemical tests, (Nybom (1959)), whose report is more comprehensive than most others, concluded that sweetness is determined by a single recessive gene. In peach, (Connors (1922)) reported that Early Crawford transmitted acidity. (Blake (1937)) indicated association of blood-red flesh, astringency, and early ripening with acidity in progenies of the J. H. Hale peach with Dwarf Blood and Chinese Blood. Although there are several reports (Harding and Fisher, 1945); (Harding and Sunday, 1949); (Harding and Wadley, 1945); (Harding, Winston, and Fisher, 1940); (Sinclair and Bartholomew, 1947) on the seasonal changes of acid levels in several varieties of citrus fruits in relation to their palatability, there seem to be no data concerning the behavior of acidity in progenies from parents of differing acid levels. In the course of the citrus breeding program under way at the University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Eiverside, fruiting populations of hybrids involving the pummelo (Citrus grandis Osbeck) as one parent have been under examination for the last seven years. The pummelos possess certain

Chandler—an early-ripening hybrid pummelo derived from a low-acid parent

Abstract does not appear. First page follows. The pummelo (Citrus grandis Osbeck) is a citrus species which is widely grown and used as a fresh fruit in southeast Asia, but is little known in the United States. Many varieties exist, partly because pummelos produce only sexual progeny and each new seedling is likely to be somewhat different from the next. Pummelos and pummelo culture have been described by (Wester (1917))4 in the Philippine Islands, (Reinking and Groff (1921)) and (Groff (1927), (1930) in Thailand, and (Ochse (1931)) in the Dutch East Indies. (Reasoner (1888)) discussed some varieties of pummelo growing in Florida. (Swingle (1943)) and (Webber (1943)) have discussed the botany and some of the cultivated varieties of the pummelo. Among citrus fruits, the grapefruit is the closest relative of the pummelo. The two are similar in many respects, but the pummelo fruit is larger and has firmer flesh. In most varieties, it also has a considerably thicker rind. It often lacks the bitterness characteristic of grapefruit, although some pummelo varieties have highly unpleasant flavors. At Riverside, pummelos ripen earlier than grapefruit. In the Orient, the pummelo flesh apparently develops greater firmness than in California, and the juice vesicles can be eaten out of hand, even after removal of the segment membranes. At the University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, a collection of some fifty pummelo varieties, mostly obtained through the United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Introduction, has been maintained since about 1932. Under Riverside climatic conditions, most of these varieties have not been particularly promising. A few become good-flavored by March or April, some eleven months after flowering, but nearly all show severe fruit drop by that time, particularly during periods of high winds, which usually occur one or more times during the winter season. All the varieties have contained many seeds in the mixed plantings at the station, although in southeast Asia, fruits with few seeds are produced under some conditions. In the United States, the seediness and firmness of the pummelo reduce its suitability for eating by halves with a spoon, as grapefruit are eaten. Likewise, it is not suitable for juicing. It serves best as a specialty fruit, to be eaten by slices out of hand, in salads, or fruit cups. By cutting pie-shaped or tangential sections, one can largely avoid the seeds and core. Unlike most

A New Technique for Shipment of Natural Enemies of Insects

Journal Article A New Technique for Shipment of Natural Enemies of Insects Get access John Landi, John Landi Department of Biological Control, University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Paul Debach Paul Debach Department of Biological Control, University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 53, Issue 5, 1 October 1960, Pages 970–971, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/53.5.970 Published: 01 October 1960 Article history Accepted: 13 June 1960 Published: 01 October 1960

Some Effects of Temperature and Competition on the Distribution and Relative Abundance of Aphytis Lingnanensis and A. Chrysomphali (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)

For the past 10 years 2 insect parasites, Aphytis linyn(ncnsis Compere and A. chrysomiphali (Mercet), have existed in southern California in necjarly identical ecological niches. These 2 species aie ci(,se.y related ectoparasites of the California red scale, ,uonidiella aitrantii (Mask.), one of the most troul)lesome citrus tree pests. This scale species constitutes the only suitable host available to eithk.r parasite in the areas of this study. Both par asites attack the same stages of the host and have very similar life histories and habits. I ndiv idul1.s of the 2 l)arasite species live in the same manner, in the same type of environment, and on identical food, both as larvae and as adults. At low magnification they are readily distinguishable only in the pupal stage; at higher magnification adults can he distinguished by an expert. Aphytis chnvsouiiphlli has heen present in California for ahout 60 years, p)resumahly having been accidentally introduced, directly or indirectly, from the Mediterranean area. It became generally distributed as a parasite of the California red scale in southern California many years ago, hut was much more common in some areas than in others. A pali ntis linynanesis a purposeful introduction from the Orient, was colonized throughout southern California h)y the l)epartment of Biological Control, Citrus lFxperiment Station, Riverside, heginnlling in 1948 in an effort to obtain better l)iological control of the California red scale. Fromn that time to the present these species have been in direct competition wherever they coexist. After colonizing Aphytis lingnanensis in 21 field llots in which A. chrysoniphali already existed, it was found that linynanensis usually became dlominant, sometimes to the point of apparent extermination of chrysonziphali, in a period of from 1 to 4 years (approximately 10 to 40 parasite gen' Paper No. 1181, University of California Citrus Experimellt Station, Riverside, California. 2 Entomologist, Department of Biological Control, University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside. 3 Assistant Entomologist, Biological Institute, Belgrade, Yugoslavia. Research performed as an International Cooperation Administration Fellow at the University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside. erations) (DeBach 1954). To quote from the same paper:

Biological Control

Journal Article Biological Control Get access S. E. Flanders S. E. Flanders University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 52, Issue 4, 1 August 1959, Pages 784–785, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/52.4.784 Published: 01 August 1959 Article history Accepted: 09 April 1959 Published: 01 August 1959

Cytogenetic and Pigment Studies of a Blue-Green Mutant from P 32 - Treated Seeds of the Tomato

American Journal of BotanyVolume 45, Issue 8 p. 598-602 Article CYTOGENETIC AND PIGMENT STUDIES OF A BLUE-GREEN MUTANT FROM P32-TREATED SEEDS OF THE TOMAT J. W. Lesley, J. W. Lesley Department of Horticulture and Department of Plant, Biochemistry, University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, CaliforniaSearch for more papers by this authorMargaret M. Lesley, Margaret M. Lesley Department of Horticulture and Department of Plant, Biochemistry, University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, CaliforniaSearch for more papers by this authorF. M. Turrell, F. M. Turrell Department of Horticulture and Department of Plant, Biochemistry, University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, CaliforniaSearch for more papers by this author J. W. Lesley, J. W. Lesley Department of Horticulture and Department of Plant, Biochemistry, University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, CaliforniaSearch for more papers by this authorMargaret M. Lesley, Margaret M. Lesley Department of Horticulture and Department of Plant, Biochemistry, University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, CaliforniaSearch for more papers by this authorF. M. Turrell, F. M. Turrell Department of Horticulture and Department of Plant, Biochemistry, University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, CaliforniaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 October 1958 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1958.tb10589.xCitations: 2AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume45, Issue8October 1958Pages 598-602 RelatedInformation

Changes in Organic Carbon and Nitrogen in an Irrigated Soil during 28 Years of Differential Fertilization1

A study was made of the changes in organic C and N and in the ratio of C:N in the soil of a long-term fertility trial with citrus at the University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, during 28 years of irrigation and differential fertilization, from 1927 to 1955. All changes in organic C and N and ratio of C:N in the soil were in the surface 0 to 6 inches. Check plots that received no fertilizers or organic materials contained about the same quantities of organic C and N in 1955 as in 1927. Treatment with urea and triple superphosphate did not increase the organic C and N in the soil. The (NH4)2SO4 treatment increased the organic C and N, probably as a result of extreme acidification of the soil. The Ca(NO3)2 treatment increased the organic C but not the organic N. Cover crops increased the organic C and N a small but statistically significant amount. Mineral N had no effect on the increases in C and N from the cover crops or from any of the added organic materials. There were accumulations of KCl-extractable and fixed NH4 in the soil of acidified plots but not in soil of pH near neutrality. The accumulation of organic C and N in the soil increased with increase in the rate of application of manure, the highest rate of application approximately tripling the organic C and N. The accumulations of C and N resulting from applications of alfalfa hay, bean straw, or cereal straw were not significantly higher statistically than those from the cover-crop treatment, and were much lower than those resulting from the application of equivalent weights of organic materials as manure.

ORGANIC MATTER AND TOTAL NITROGEN IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ORANGE ORCHARD AND ADJACENT VIRGIN SOILS1

University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside 1Paper No. 836, University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside. Appreciation is expressed to Fred L. Whiting for assistance with soil analysis in this study.

Malathion and Malathion-Parathion Sprays for Control of the Soft Scale on Citrus in California1

Journal Article Malathion and Malathion-Parathion Sprays for Control of the Soft Scale on Citrus in California Get access H. S. Elmer, H. S. Elmer University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside California Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar W. H. Ewart W. H. Ewart University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside California Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 47, Issue 6, 1 December 1954, Pages 1131–1133, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/47.6.1131 Published: 01 December 1954

Relative Effectiveness of Ten Fumigants to Adults of Eight Species of Stored-Product Insects1

Journal Article Relative Effectiveness of Ten Fumigants to Adults of Eight Species of Stored-Product Insects Get access David L. Lindgren, David L. Lindgren University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Lloyd E. Vincent, Lloyd E. Vincent University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Harold E. Krohne Harold E. Krohne University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 47, Issue 5, 1 October 1954, Pages 923–926, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/47.5.923 Published: 01 October 1954

An Eriophyid Mite New to Avocados in California

Journal Article An Eriophyid Mite New to Avocados in California Get access D. W. Ricker, D. W. Ricker University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar C. A. Fleschner C. A. Fleschner University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 47, Issue 5, 1 October 1954, Page 926, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/47.5.926a Published: 01 October 1954

Relation of the Activation of Schradan in Plant Tissues to Its Toxicity to Insects and Mites12

Journal Article Relation of the Activation of Schradan in Plant Tissues to Its Toxicity to Insects and Mites Get access Pietro De Pietri-Tonelli, Pietro De Pietri-Tonelli University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Ralph B. March Ralph B. March University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 47, Issue 5, 1 October 1954, Pages 902–908, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/47.5.902 Published: 01 October 1954

EXCHANGEABLE CATIONS IN SOILS OF CALIFORNIA ORANGE ORCHARDS IN RELATION TO YIELD AND SIZE OF FRUIT AND LEAF COMPOSITION

University of California Citrus Experiment Station1 1Paper No. 777, University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside.

Tests with Two Systemic Insecticides on Vegetable and Field Crops in Southern California12

Journal Article Tests with Two Systemic Insecticides on Vegetable and Field Crops in Southern California Get access H. T. Reynolds, H. T. Reynolds University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar L. D. Anderson, L. D. Anderson University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar J. E. Swift J. E. Swift University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 46, Issue 4, 1 August 1953, Pages 555–560, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/46.4.555 Published: 01 August 1953

Acaricides for Control of Tomato Russet Mite in California12

Journal Article Acaricides for Control of Tomato Russet Mite in California Get access T. O. Tuft, T. O. Tuft Andersonu, University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar L. D. Anderson L. D. Anderson Andersonu, University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 46, Issue 3, 1 June 1953, Pages 502–504, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/46.3.502 Published: 01 June 1953

Variations in Susceptibility of Citrus-Infesting Coccids to Parasitization1

Journal Article Variations in Susceptibility of Citrus-Infesting Coccids to Parasitization Get access Stanley E. Flanders Stanley E. Flanders University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 46, Issue 2, 1 April 1953, Pages 266–269, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/46.2.266 Published: 01 April 1953

Bathyplectes curculionis as a Parasite of Hypera brunneipennis

Journal Article Bathyplectes curculionis as a Parasite of Hypera brunneipennis Get access Robert Van Den Bosch Robert Van Den Bosch Department of Biological Control, University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, California Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 46, Issue 1, 1 February 1953, Pages 161–162, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/46.1.161 Published: 01 February 1953

Methods for Determining Ethylene Chlorobromide and Ethylene Dibromide1

Journal Article Methods for Determining Ethylene Chlorobromide and Ethylene Dibromide Get access Walton B. Sinclair, Walton B. Sinclair University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, California Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Paul R. Crandall Paul R. Crandall University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, California Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 45, Issue 5, 1 October 1952, Pages 882–887, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/45.5.882 Published: 01 October 1952

Tryptophan, Niacin, Indoleacetic Acid, and Carbohydrates in Developing Sugary and Starchy Maize Kernels1

Agronomy JournalVolume 44, Issue 8 p. 434-438 Article Tryptophan, Niacin, Indoleacetic Acid, and Carbohydrates in Developing Sugary and Starchy Maize Kernels1 H. J. Teas, H. J. Teas Senior Research Fellow and Research Assistant, Kerckhoff Laboratories of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif.Search for more papers by this authorJ. W. Cameron, J. W. Cameron Assistant Geneticist, University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, Calif.Search for more papers by this authorAnna C. Newton, Anna C. Newton Senior Research Fellow and Research Assistant, Kerckhoff Laboratories of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif.Search for more papers by this author H. J. Teas, H. J. Teas Senior Research Fellow and Research Assistant, Kerckhoff Laboratories of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif.Search for more papers by this authorJ. W. Cameron, J. W. Cameron Assistant Geneticist, University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, Calif.Search for more papers by this authorAnna C. Newton, Anna C. Newton Senior Research Fellow and Research Assistant, Kerckhoff Laboratories of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 August 1952 https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1952.00021962004400080009xCitations: 11 1 This work was partially supported by funds from the Atomic Energy Commission administered through contract with the Office of Naval Research, United States Navy (Contract N6-onr-244, Task Order 5, Project NR-164-340). AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume44, Issue8August 1952Pages 434-438 RelatedInformation