Calf Girth Research Articles

Rapid Assessment of Morphological Asymmetries Using 3D Body Scanner and Bioelectrical Impedance Technologies in Sports: A Case of Comparative Analysis Among Age Groups in Judo

(1) Background: The advancement of technologies has made morphological assessment rapid and reliable. A combination of 3D body scanning (3D-BS) and bioelectrical impedance (BIA) could be essential in monitoring the morphological status of athletes and the general population and their symmetries for coaches, researchers and medical professionals. (2) Methods: The current study presents the use of Inbody-720 BIA and 3D-BS NX-16 for analyzing the asymmetry profile of an athlete in 2 min on a sample of 106 male judo competitors from the following age categories: older boys—U14 (N = 24), younger cadets—U16 (N = 31), cadets—U18 (N = 17), juniors—U21 (N = 19) and seniors (N = 15). Variables observed were arm lean mass, upper arm, elbow, forearm and wrist girth, leg lean mass, thigh length, thigh, knee and calf girth. The paired sample t-test, asymmetry index (AI) and Kruskal–Wallis analysis were used at p ≤ 0.05; (3) Results: Morphological asymmetries were detected in all age categories: seniors—three, U21—four, U18—three, U16—five and U14—four. The most common asymmetrical variable in all categories was the forearm girth, while thigh length, knee girth and upper arm girth presented symmetrical variables in all age categories. AI showed that the size of the asymmetries did not differentiate between the age groups. (4) Conclusions: The current study demonstrated great potential for combining BIA and 3D-BS for rapid asymmetry detection that would allow for monitoring and quick adjustments to the training process in youth to senior age categories.

Sum of Skinfold-Corrected Girths Correlates with Resting Energy Expenditure: Development of the NRGCO Equation.

Our study aimed to validate existing equations and develop the new NRGCO equation to estimate resting energy expenditure (REE) in the Colombian population with moderate-to-high physical activity levels. Upon satisfying the inclusion criteria, a total of 86 (43F, 43M) healthy adults (mean [SD]: 27.5 [7.7] years; 67.0 [13.8] kg) were evaluated for anthropometric variables and REE by indirect calorimetry using wearable gas analyzers (COSMED K4 and K5). Significant positive correlations with REE were found for body mass (r = 0.65), body mass-to-waist (r = 0.58), arm flexed and tensed girth (r = 0.66), corrected thigh girth (r = 0.56), corrected calf girth (r = 0.61), and sum of breadths (∑3D, r = 0.59). As a novelty, this is the first time a significant correlation between REE and the sum of corrected girths (∑3CG, r = 0.63) is reported. Although existing equations such as Harris-Benedict (r = 0.63), Mifflin-St. Jeor (r = 0.67), and WHO (r = 0.64) showed moderate-to-high correlations with REE, the Bland-Altman analysis revealed significant bias (p < 0.05), indicating that these equations may not be valid for the Colombian population. Thus, participants were randomly distributed into either the equation development group (EDG, n = 71) or the validation group (VG, n = 15). A new model was created using body mass, sum of skinfolds (∑8S), corrected thigh, corrected calf, and age as predictors (r = 0.755, R2 = 0.570, RMSE = 268.41 kcal). The new NRGCO equation to estimate REE (kcal) is: 386.256 + (24.309 × BM) - (2.402 × ∑8S) - (21.346 × Corrected Thigh) + (38.629 × Corrected Calf) - (7.417 × Age). Additionally, a simpler model was identified through Bayesian analysis, including only body mass and ∑8S (r = 0.724, R2 = 0.525, RMSE = 282.16 kcal). Although external validation is needed, our validation resulted in a moderate correlation and concordance (bias = 91.5 kcal) between measured and estimated REE values using the new NRGCO equation.

Examining the Relationship between Foot Medial Arch Height and Short and Medium Distance Running Performances and Some Variables in Athletes

In this study, the relationship between foot medial arch height, age, height, body weight, body mass index (BMI), calf and thigh thickness and 100-meter and 3000-meter running performances in athletes was investigated. 28 athletes competing in national competitions, with an average age of 18.29±5.68 years, were included in the study on a voluntary basis. The right foot medial arch heights, heights, body weights, calf and thigh thicknesses of the participants were determined. BMI's were calculated. Also, 100 m and 3000 m. running times were determined. Data analyzes were performed using descriptive statistics and correlation tests. As a result of the analysis, 100 m running performance had a negative relationship with the values of height (r= -.377), body weight (r= -.466), BMI (r= -.428) and thigh circumference (r= -.433). It was observed that there was a relationship with the calf circumference measurement value (-.496) at the p&amp;lt;0.01 level. On the other hand, it was determined that the relationship between foot medial arch height (r= -.178) was not significant (p&amp;gt;0.05). On the other hand, 3000 m running performance was negatively affected by height (r= -.493), body weight (r= -.641), BMI (r= -.625) and calf girth thickness (r= -.623). It was determined that it showed significance at the p&amp;lt;0.01 level. It was also determined that there was a significant relationship with medial arch height in a negative direction (r = -.404) and at p &amp;lt; 0.05. As a result, it can be said that foot medial arch height, height, body weight, BMI, thigh and calf circumference thickness values are effective on short and medium distance running performances.

POMEN SKLADNOSTI TELESA ZA VZPOSTAVITEV RAVNOTEŽJA V STOJI PO SKOKU

The aim of the study was to determine if body symmetry influences establishing stand balance after drop jump. Thirty-two healthy sports students participated in this study, with an average age 19.8 ± 1.4 years, height of 182.9 ± 6.8 cm and weight of 79.1 ± 8.1 kg. Morphological characteristics were assessed by measuring the differences between the left and right side of forearm girth, upper arm girth, calf girth, thigh girth, long shoulder height, lean mass of legs and lean mass of arms. The standing balance result was calculated based on factor scores obtained from nine measurements taken for 30 seconds after jumping from a 25 cm height platform. These measurements included three for normal stand, three for blind stand, and three for deaf stand. The data was collected using a pressure insoles system and by measuring the difference in ground reaction force between the left and right leg. Regression analysis revealed that 27% of the differences in leg load could be explained by differences in morphological characteristics between the left and right side. Two significant predictors were identified: the difference in long shoulder height (explaining 16% of the variance) and the differences in arm lean mass (explaining 11% of the variance). Both variables showed a negative relationship with the factor jump standing. It was observed that imbalances in body symmetry could increase the long-term risk of acute or chronic injuries.

Trends in anthropometric and somatotype profiles of Brazilian female futsal players: a 20 year study.

This study describes the anthropometric measurements and somatotype of the elite female futsal players from Brazil in 2021 and analyse the changes and trends over time in these physical characteristics. Data were collected from the 396 female futsal players, of whom; 169 players were assessed in 2021 then compared to those assessed in 2001 (n=112) and 2011 (n-115). Anthropometric measurements, including body weight, height, breadths, girths, and skinfolds were assessed. The somatotype was calculated and graphically represented. The changes between 2021 and the previous years were analysed using ANOVA and multiple linear regression. A jointpoint regression was performed to verify the annual percentage change. The comparison between 2021 data versus the other time points showed a higher age and lower fat content (2001: 22.7 ± 5.1 BF%; 2011: 22.2 ± 5.2 BF%; 2021: 19.0 ± 5.1 BF%). Players from 2021 had higher tensed arm and relaxed calf girths. All the positions, excluding pivots, significantly decreased their body fat units between 2021 and 2001 (goalkeeper: b=-4.49; defender: b=-2.78; winger: b=-4.48). Over the last 20 years, body fat reduced, and tensed arm and relaxed calf girths increased, suggesting an increase in fat-free mass content from the limbs.

Late gestational nutrient restriction in primiparous beef females: Performance and metabolic status of lactating dams and pre-weaning calves.

Fall-calving primiparous beef females [body weight (BW): 451 ± 28 (SD) kg; body condition score (BCS): 5.4 ± 0.7] were individually-fed 100% (control; CON; n = 13) or 70% (nutrient restricted; NR; n = 13) of estimated metabolizable energy and metabolizable protein requirements from day 160 of gestation to calving. Post-calving, all dams were individually-fed tall fescue hay supplemented to meet estimated nutrient requirements for maintenance, growth, and lactation in Calan gates until day 149 of lactation, which limited calves to milk only. From day 150 of lactation until weaning at day 243, dams and calves were group-fed in drylots. Dam BW and metabolic status were determined every 21 d, and BCS and backfat (BF) were determined every 42 d of lactation until weaning. Pre-weaning calf BW, size, and metabolic status were determined every 21 d. Data were analyzed with nutritional plane, calving date, and calf sex (when P < 0.25) as fixed effects. Circulating metabolites included day and nutritional plane × day as repeated measures. We previously reported that post-calving, NR dams were 64kg and 2.0 BCS less than CON, but calf BW and size at birth were not affected. During the first 147 d of lactation, NR dams gained more (P < 0.01) BW than CON and increased (P < 0.01) BCS, while CON decreased (P ≤ 0.01) BCS and BF. Previously, NR dams had lower (P < 0.01) circulating triglycerides on day 1 of lactation, tended to have lower (P = 0.08) triglycerides on day 21, and had lower (P ≤ 0.04) non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) on days 21 and 243 than CON. Maternal glucose and urea N were not affected (P ≥ 0.73). At weaning, NR dams weighed 17kg less (P = 0.15), were 0.67 BCS lower (P < 0.01), and tended to have less (P = 0.06) BF. Calves born to NR dams weighed less (P = 0.02) than CON by day 42 of age and were 13% smaller (P < 0.01) at weaning. Calf girth measures diverged (P ≤ 0.05) by day 21 of age, and skeletal size measures were less (P ≤ 0.08) for calves born to NR dams at most timepoints after day 63 of age. Calves born to NR dams tended to have lower (P = 0.09) circulating urea N pre-weaning than CON, but glucose, triglycerides, and NEFA were not affected (P ≥ 0.16). In summary, first-parity beef females that were nutrient restricted during late gestation experienced compensatory growth and gained body condition during lactation but were still thinner at weaning. Nutrient restriction reduced pre-weaning calf growth, likely due to decreased milk production.

Identification of relevant anthropometric indicators in youth male soccer players

This study aimed to identify key body composition traits that differentiate young soccer players. Fifty-nine male athletes (age: 15.97 ± 0.49 years) from a soccer academy participated in this research. The selected participants underwent standardized physical and anthropometric assessments. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to identify the most essential physical variables relevant to the sport, with a recommended factor loading of &gt; 0.7. To refine factor selection, a Parallel Analysis (PA) was conducted. The reliability of the extracted factors was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha. Following Varimax rotation, the PCA revealed three principal components (PCs) with eigenvalues greater than 1. However, the PA further reduced the number of extracted PCs to two. The retained components accounted for 71.23% of the total variance. Each of the two components contained variables selected based on their high factor loadings. The first PC demonstrated strong loadings from mid-thigh girth (0.867), body fat percentage (0.851), thigh girth (0.848), and calf girth (0.825). The second PC highlighted lower limb length (0.896), standing height (0.782), sitting height (0.773), and thigh length (0.736). The reliability of the extracted PCs was confirmed, with Cronbach's alpha coefficients of 0.866 and 0.789 for the first and second PCs, respectively.

Prediction Of Soccer Playing Ability from Selected Fundamental Skill Performances and Anthropometric Measurements of Soccer Players

The intension of the study was prediction of soccer playing ability from selected fundamental skill performances and anthropometric measurements of soccer players. To attain this aim, the investigator selected one hundred and sixty male inter-collegiate level Bangalore north university soccer players as subjects. Random group design was used for this investigation, as it is considered most suitable. The age of the selected subjects ranged from eighteen to twenty five years. In this study one criterion (soccer playing ability) and eight determinant variables are included. Pearson product moment correlation was utilized to verify the association between criterion (soccer playing ability) and determinant shooting ability, dribbling ability, passing ability, height, weight, leg length, calf girth and thigh girth variables respectively. The relationship between criterion and determinant variables as well as inter-correlations among determinant variables was calculated by using Pearson product-moment correlation formula. To test the hypothesis 0.05 level of confidence was fixed. The selected fundamental skill performance and anthropometric measurements such as shooting ability, calf girth, dribbling ability and weight were highly significantly correlated with soccer playing ability of Bangalore north university affiliated inter collegiate level soccer players.&#x0D;

Effects on the Lower Limb Anthropometry in Patients with Unilateral Idiopathic Clubfoot Treated Conservatively with Ponseti Technique

Category: Other; Basic Sciences/Biologics Introduction/Purpose: Congenital Talipes Equino-Varus is amongst the most common congenital orthopaedic anomalies. Limb length discrepancy is considered as the commonest complication in patients with unilateral clubfoot despite the best non- operative correction. In the present series of cases we aim to study all the possible effects on the lower limb anthropometry in patients with unilateral idiopathic clubfoot who have been managed conservatively. Methods: This retrospective study included 47 patients with idiopathic, unilateral CTEV who were successfully treated with Ponseti’s technique. Patients with neuromuscular causes, those requiring extensive soft tissue releases or osteotomies and cases with relapsed or recurrent CTEV were excluded. Casting was initiated following maternal manipulation for one to two weeks. Pirani scores were recorded initially and weekly till correction. After deformity correction, anthropometric measurements (femur and tibia length, calf girth and foot length and foot height) were recorded and compared to the opposite normal limb. Results: Only four patients showed a difference in their femur length while difference in tibia length was noted in 10 patients which were statistically not significant. A significant difference was found in the calf girth, foot height and foot length affecting 28, 43 and 42 patients respectively. Conclusion: Patients with unilateral clubfoot treated with Ponseti’s correction tend to have anthropometric difference between the affected and the unaffected extremity. While there is a relative sparing of femur and tibia length, calf girth, foot height and foot length are consistently less compared to the unaffected side.

Comparson of Kinanthropometry Profile of Different Track and Field Athletes

Introduction: It is well recognized that the Anthropometry of physical traits is crucial for an athlete’s growth to achieve high performance in a particular sport. Knowledge of Kin anthropometry gives us the skills to measure different body parts, including weight, height; diameters, circumferences, and skin folds, and athletes are selected based on these measurements. Studies on the human body's physical qualities show that successful athletes have different morphological characteristics from the general population in terms of somatic traits. Methods: A total of 100 Track and Field athletes were included in this study. Among them 65 were male and 35 were female athletes with a mean age of 22.35 (± 3.23) yrs. 33 Short-distance runners, 33 Middle Distance runners, and 34 long-distance runners were included in the study. Participants’ length measurements like (i) Leg length (ii) Upper leg length (iii) Lower leg length Body Girths (i) Calf girth (ii) Thigh Girths ( iii) Hip Girths, Skeletal Diameters (i) Knee Diameters (ii) Ankle Diameter, Skin fold (i) Calf skin fold (ii) Thigh skin fold (iii) Abdomen were measured. Results: Mean and stranded deviation of height, weight, length measurement, body girths, skeletal diameters, and skin folds were measured and tabulated. The body composition of short, middle, and long-distance runners was Mesomorph – Endomorphic, Mesomorph – Mesomorphic, and Ectomorph – Mesomorphic respectively. Conclusion: The study concluded that anthropometrical characteristics were one of the most influential factors in determining good athletic Physical performances. Each sport possesses a different body type and anthropometric data plays a vital role in the selection of athletes.

Somatotypes of Top Croatian Male Volleyball Players

Situational efficiency of volleyball players depends on many factors, including specific ones in the area of morphology. The specialization of playing roles implies the performance of specific motor tasks, and therefore a specific combination of morphological factors necessary for the player’s efficiency. This study aimed to determine the somatotypes of groups of top-level volleyball players divided according to their playing role. The research was conducted on 40 (body height 192.22±8.58 cm, body weight 86.93±11.22 kg, age 24.18±4.97 years) male volleyball players from the Croatian A1 volleyball league. According to the playing role, 10 setters (body height 191.21±6.39 cm, body weight 84.12±8.76 kg, age 24.12±6.77 years), 10 middle blockers (body height 199.97±4.41 cm, body weight 94.82±6.67 kg, age 26.05±26.05 years), 10 liberos (body height 181.71±5.71 cm, body weight 74.97.21±5.59 kg, age 22.67±2.88 years) and 10 outside hitters (body height 196.06±4.34 cm, body weight 93.80±10.29 kg, age 23.89±5.53 years). Heath-Carter method was used for the somatotype determination. A statistically significant difference between the groups was detected in Body height, Body weight, Flexed arm girth circumference, Flexed calf girth circumference and Calf skinfold. The determined somatotypes for setters (2.8 - 3.8 - 3.4) and middle blockers (2.3 - 3.8 - 3.6) are mesomorph-ectomorph, and liberos (2.4 - 4.6 - 3.0) and outside hitters (2.5 - 4.3 - 3.1) are ecto-mesomorph. The results are in line with previous research. This confirms the importance of the longitudinal dimensionality of the skeleton in volleyball. In the future, we can expect the growth of the ectomorph component, with a stagnation or slight increase in the mesomorph component of the somatotype in top level volleyball.

Morphological and hand grip strength characteristics and differences between participants of the 2022 world rowing championship.

Rowing is a strength endurance type of sport, and morphology and mass are undoubtedly performance-related factors. Precisely identifying these morphological factors associated with performance, can assist the exercise scientists and coaches in selecting and developing talented athletes. There is however, a lack of anthropometric data collected at either World Championship or Olympic Games level. The aims of this study were to describe and compare the morphology and basic strength characteristic of male and female heavyweight and lightweight rowers competing at 2022 World Championship (18.-25. September, Račice, Czech Republic). A total of 68 athletes (of 46 male competitors: 15 competed in the lightweight category and 31 in the heavyweight category; of 22 female athletes: 6 competed in the lightweight category and 16 in the heavyweight category) were assessed using anthropometric methods, bioimpedance analysis and performed a hand-grip test. Between heavyweight and lightweight male rowers there were a statistically and practically significant differences in all monitored aspects except the sport age, sitting height/body height ratio and arm span/body height ratio. Between heavyweight and lightweight female rowers there were also statistically and practically significant differences in all monitored aspects except the identical indicators as in male. Within this research it can be argued that female rowers are in many anthropometric aspects more similar to their male counterparts than to female rowers in the lightweight category. In some anthropometric aspects (BMI, thigh girth, calf girth), female rowers are even more similar to male heavyweight than to male lightweight rowers. The physical characteristics of elite male and female lightweight rowers differ radically from those of heavyweight. From a practical point of view, this research can be used to determine what type of athletes should be recruited or selected for heavy category and what type for lightweight category in male and female rowing based on the somatotype.

Morphological Characteristics and Bilateral Differences of Youth U13, U15, U17 and U19 Male Football Players

An anthropometric and body composition analysis was conducted on 123 competitive young male football players of different age groups (U13; U15; U17 & U19) with at least 4 years of training load. 3D anthropometric measurement were performed by the NX-16 ([TC]2, 3D body scanner Cary, North Carolina). Body composition was measured by the bioelectrical impedance with InBody 720 (Biospace Ltd.). Anthropometric and body composition characteristics among different age groups and asymmetries between the left and right side of the upper and lower limbs were analysed for treated age groups. The results showed differences in anthropometric and body composition variables among all age groups in all observed variables (Height, Weight, Basal Metabolic Rate, Skeletal Muscle Mass, Body Fat Mass, Percent Body Fat, Abdominal Obesity Degree, Body Mass Index, Body Fat Mass, Skeletal Lean Mass and Fat Free Mass). The results also showed that young football players of age group U13 differed statistically in four (from 7) paired variables (Arm Lean Mass, Leg Lean Mass, Forearm Girth and Calf Girth), U15 in three variables (Upper Arm Girth, Thigh Girth and Calf Girth), U17 in five variables (Arm Lean Mass, Leg Lean Mass, Upper Arm Girth, Forearm Girth and Calf Girth) and U19 in four observed variables (Arm Lean Mass, Leg Lean Mass, Upper Arm Girth and Calf Girth). All of the age groups differed statistically in calf girth paired variables. Puberty time probably had an impact on the results, and in future research more focus should be placed on puberty characteristics variables.

Analogical and Diversification of Anthropometric and Motor Performance Characteristics among Female Universities Soccer Players in Ghana

There are uneven academic sports policies and sociocultural diversities in Ghana. While academic sports policies and sociocultural diversities often call for acclimatization of athletes, scarce research on the analogical and diversification anthropometric and motor performance characteristics restricts decision-making policy on female soccer participation. This study presents the analogical and diversifications of the anthropometric and motor performance characteristics among the university female soccer athletes. The cross-sectional study had 44 female athletes from topmost universities with mean age of 21.54±1.79 years and playing experience of 6.75±1.51 years. Leg length, thigh girth, calf girth, upper arm length, forearm length, upper arm girth, chest girth, finger span, speed, leg power, abdominal strength, agility, flexibility, upper body strength, distant kick, dribbling, and accuracy were measured, compared among institutions, and with international normative values (INV). There was no significant difference in all characteristics except abdominal strength (P = .000), distant kick (P = .009), thigh girth (P = .003), and calf girth (P = .002). When compared to INV, there was significant difference in all characteristics except the upper arm length (p= .587), forearm length (p= .734), and agility (p= .479). This study suggests that female soccer players in all the topmost universities in Ghana are equally good sports potentials for national recruitment.

Symmetry of Shoe Size and Calf Girth in Children With Treated Idiopathic Clubfoot: A Longitudinal Study.

Symmetry of Shoe Size and Calf Girth in Children With Treated Idiopathic Clubfoot: A Longitudinal Study.

The body weight heritability and the effect of non-genetic factors on the body measurement traits in Qinchuan cattle

This study aimed to understand the influence of the non-genetic factors that include breeding year, season, and sex of growth and development traits of Qinchuan cattle and to estimate the heritability of body weight at different growth stages. The Qinchuan cattle measurement records were by the Experiment farm of the National Beef Cattle Improvement Center (Yangling, China) from 2000 to 2017. SPSS and R software were used to analyze the influence of non-genetic factors on body size traits that include body weight (BW), withers height (WH), hip height (HH), body length (BL), chest circumference (CC), abdominal girth (AG), and calf girth (CG), at birth, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months of age. Meanwhile, the single-trait animal model of DMU software was used to estimate the variance component and the heritability of body weight. The results of GLM analysis showed as follows: sex, birth year, and birth season had effects on the body size traits of Qinchuan cattle at different growth stages. Respectively, the heritability of body weight at birth, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months of age were 0.43, 0.32, 0.37, 0.32, and 0.38.

GDLAM and SPPB batteries for screening sarcopenia in community-dwelling Spanish older adults: Healthy-age network study

ObjectivesTo determine the diagnostic ability of GDLAM and SPPB batteries to classify people with sarcopenia according to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP19). Study designThis cross-sectional study recruited 584 participants (240 men, 65.33 ± 8.68 years old). The diagnostic criteria of the EWGSOP19 for probable, confirmed and severe sarcopenia were used as the standard. Then, the Latin American Group for Maturity battery-GDLAM- and the short physical performance battery-SPPB- were measured. The ability as screening methods of these two batteries were determined by specific indicators including sensitivity, specificity, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and area under the ROC curves (AUC). Main outcome measuresAnthropometric variables (Body mass, height, triceps, thigh and calf skinfolds and relaxed arm, middle-thigh and calf girths), handgrip strength (HG), chair stand, 4 m walk, and timed-up-and-go-tests (TUG) as well as the Latin American Group for Maturity battery (GDLAM) and the short physical performance battery (SPPB) were performed. ResultsThe GDLAM battery shows a sensitivity from moderate to high (60.1–72.2 %), and specificity from moderate (57.6 %) to very high (90.7 %) to identify sarcopenia categories (probable, confirmed and severe). However, the SPPB battery shows a lack of classification ability for probable sarcopenia (AUC = 0.436; p = 0.123), confirmed sarcopenia (AUC = 0.499; p = 0.959) and severe sarcopenia (AUC = 0.484; p = 0.532). Those participants classified as probable sarcopenia or confirmed sarcopenia measured by GDLAM battery according to the cut-off points obtained in the ROC curve showed a higher probability to be in the probable sarcopenia (OR = 2.8; p = 0.001) or confirmed sarcopenia categories (OR = 10; p = 0.002), respectively, based on EWGSOP19 criteria. ConclusionsThe GDLAM screening battery showed improved properties in terms of distinguishing individuals at risk for sarcopenia from those who were not.

Symmetry of Shoe Size and Calf Girth in Children With Treated Idiopathic Clubfoot: A Longitudinal Study.

Treatments for idiopathic clubfoot focus on obtaining a functional foot, typical gait pattern, and activity participation. Patients and families are also concerned about practical considerations regarding shoe wear and the appearance of the calf. The purpose of this study was to quantify whether children treated for idiopathic clubfoot have symmetry differences in shoe size and calf girth when presenting with unilateral versus bilateral involvement. Participants with a diagnosis of idiopathic clubfoot (treated with Ponseti or French functional methods) were prospectively recruited along with children who are typically developing. Shoe size and calf girth were measured at 5, 7, and 10 years of age. Sixty-five participants, 45 with a diagnosis of idiopathic clubfoot (26 unilateral and 19 bilateral) and 20 who were typically developing, began the study at age 5. Children with clubfoot treated with the Ponseti versus French methods showed no differences in shoe size asymmetry, calf girth asymmetry, or absolute calf girth at age 5. Participants with unilateral clubfoot demonstrated an average of 1.5 size smaller shoes for the involved side at all 3 ages. Participants with bilateral clubfeet had a significantly smaller, <0.75 size difference between both feet. Participants with unilateral clubfoot demonstrated about a 2cm smaller calf girth on the involved side compared with the uninvolved side at all 3 ages. Participants with bilateral clubfeet had a smaller, <0.5cm calf difference between sides. Calf girths for involved limbs were significantly smaller than for uninvolved limbs. Children with unilateral clubfeet can expect to need a smaller shoe on their involved side. Children with bilateral clubfeet can expect a minimal shoe size discrepancy between limbs. All limbs with clubfoot involvement can expect to have a smaller calf girth than limbs that are typically developing. Level II. This is considered a prognostic study-investigating the effect of a treated clubfoot on shoe size and calf girth. This is a lesser-quality prospective study in which <80% of persons completed follow-up.

The growth curve determination and economic trait correlation for Qinchuan bull population

Carcass weight, as a measure of meat yield, and body measurements are directly correlated traits in livestock. However, longitudinally collected phenotype records of local breeds are not comprehensive. The research was performed on Qinchuan bull population to understand their growth and development, and data from Qinchuan bull that was weighed and measured at birth, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months of age was analyzed. Furthermore, Logistic, Brody, Gompertz, and Bertallanffy were used to fit the growth curves for weight and body size traits. The results showed that the four curve models have good fitting degrees for the weight and body size (R 2 > 0.99), and the Bertallanffy model exhibited a good fit to the measured data of body weight, and the model estimated the inflection point of body weight as (5.43 months of age, 122.01 kg). Particularly, the limited mature body weight can reach 557.8 kg by the Brody model. Body weight was significantly positively correlated with body height, hip height, body length, chest circumference, abdominal girth, and calf girth (p < 0.0001), and the correlation between body weight and body length was the highest (r = 0.975). The regression equation predicting body weight was Y = −275.691 + 3.28 X 3 + 1.311 X 4 − 0.397 X 5.

A comparative study of selected anthropometry and body composition profiles between volley ball and Basketball players

The purpose of the study was to compare and analyze the selected anthropometry and body composition parameters between volleyball and basketball players. To achieve the purpose of the study, 15 volleyball players and 15 basketball players were selected from Tamilnadu Physical Education and Sports University, Chennai. The age of the subjects ranged between 18 to 25 years. The variables selected for the study under Anthropometry profile were Body mass, Stature, Arm length, Leg length, upper arm girth, fore arm girth, thigh girth and calf girth, body composition profile such as fat mass, lean body mass and percentage of body fat. To determine the significant difference between the mean scores of subjects belonging to volleyball and basketball players on selected anthropometry and body composition parameters. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 25.0 and the descriptive statistics were expressed as a mean (SD) for each variables’’ ratio was also employed, the level of significance chosen at 0.05. The results of the present study indicate that the volleyball players were found to have significantly higher in Stature, Arm length, Leg length, Thigh girth and Calf girth (p