Calculation Of Quality Factor Research Articles

Boosting the thermoelectric properties of layered SnSb2Te4 compound by microstructure regulation combined with heterovalent halogen substitution

The layered IVV2Te4-based compounds have recently received significant attention due to their intrinsically low lattice thermal conductivities. However, the influence of microstructure regulation and halogen doping on their thermoelectric properties has been scarcely studied. In this work, we systematically investigated the anisotropic thermoelectric transport properties of pristine SnSb2Te4 compounds with varied microstructures manipulated by ball milling. With the help of thermoelectric transport models, the optimal ball milling time is estimated based on the calculation of quality factor. Furthermore, the remarkably improved Seebeck coefficient is achieved by the introduction of halogen elements into Te sites, which is attributed to reduced carrier concentration and converged carrier pockets. As a result, a maximal zT ∼0.4 at 725 K is achieved in SnSb2(Te0·94I0.06)4 sample aligned with the SPS pressure direction with a ball-milling time of 1 h, which demonstrates a 35 % enhancement over the pristine sample. This work provides an insightful guide to elevate the thermoelectric properties of layered IVVI2Te4-based compounds.

A Shared Method of Metal Object Detection and Living Object Detection Based on the Quality Factor of Detection Coils for Electric Vehicle Wireless Charging

High power alternating magnetic fields can cause lesions and pathological changes in living object bodies entering the wireless charging area. Also, as for metal objects, the eddy effect can cause the security risks such as fire and ignition hazards. Hence, metal object detection (MOD) and living object detection (LOD) are the necessary functions for a wireless power transfer (WPT) system. A shared method of MOD and LOD based on the quality factor of detection coils for electric vehicle wireless charging was proposed in this paper to realize the dual functions by the same detection coil array. Firstly, the effect of metal objects and living objects on the detection coil quality factor was analyzed in detail. Secondly, a method of real-time calculation of quality factor was proposed to detect whether the foreign object exists. Then, a distinction algorithm based on the phase variation trend of resonant capacitor voltage was designed to classify the type of foreign objects. Finally, a 3.3 kW experimental prototype, including a foreign object detection (FOD) system, was established to verify the validity. The advantage of the quality factor as the core indicator for FOD was analyzed in detail. Under the condition of an iron wafer, aluminum wafer, and beef chunk placed on the detection coil, the quality factor calculation results of the detection coil in contrast to those without foreign objects decreased by 80.8%, 50.5%, and 69.9%, respectively. Meanwhile, the phase difference of the excitation relative to the resonant capacitor voltage changed -61.3°, -74.6°, and 49.4°, respectively.

A WSN Node Fault Diagnosis Model Based on BRB with Self-Adaptive Quality Factor

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) operate in complex and harsh environments; thus, node faults are inevitable. Therefore, fault diagnosis of the WSNs node is essential. Affected by the harsh working environment of WSNs and wireless data transmission, the data collected by WSNs contain noisy data, leading to unreliable data among the data features extracted during fault diagnosis. To reduce the influence of unreliable data features on fault diagnosis accuracy, this paper proposes a belief rule base (BRB) with a self-adaptive quality factor (BRB-SAQF) fault diagnosis model. First, the data features required for WSN node fault diagnosis are extracted. Second, the quality factors of input attributes are introduced and calculated. Third, the model inference process with an attribute quality factor is designed. Fourth, the projection covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (P-CMA-ES) algorithm is used to optimize the model’s initial parameters. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed model is verified by comparing the commonly used fault diagnosis methods for WSN nodes with the BRB method considering static attribute reliability (BRB-Sr). The experimental results show that BRB-SAQF can reduce the influence of unreliable data features. The self-adaptive quality factor calculation method is more reasonable and accurate than the static attribute reliability method.

Characterization of glass fiber felt and its performance as an air filtration media

The glass fiber felt made through flame blowing process was characterized on morphology and its filtration performance. Fiber diameter has been measured through SEM and BET methods. Theoretical calculations on pressure drop and filtration efficiency were developed and compared with the experimental measurement. The discrepancy between the calculated results and measurement on filtration efficiency is derived from the presence of fine fiber (<0.5µm) in the glass fiber felt, which contributes to the actual high filtration efficiency in measurement. The multiple micro-layered structure in glass fiber felt, which improves the dust holding capacity and enables glass fiber felt as a depth filter. Glass fiber felt showed a longer duration of the slow increase region for pressure drop build-up comparing to other filter materials with lower averaged pressure drop through its filtration service life. Furthermore, quality factor calculation has been developed for prediction on the energy cost performance of the filters based on the pressure drop, separation efficiency and dust holding capacity.

Innovative approach to aesthetical medicine services quality assessment.

Recently, both doctors and patients pay particular attention to aesthetic medical services quality and efficacy of aesthetic adjustment implemented. It is essential to ensure research, analysis, and improving of botulinum toxin therapy quality and provide patients' orientation on the adjustment schedule, which includes long-term observation period, in order to accomplish the expected goals and increase degree of satisfaction. Injections of medication such as botulinum A toxin are highly demanded in many types of aesthetic treatment. However, practically, sufficient cosmetological effect may not always be achieved, and moreover, complications are possible. This article presents an attempt to evaluate botulinum toxin therapy efficacy using computer program, with calculation of integral quality factor (IQF) and plotting injection modeling visual diagram in long-term observation period. In 3 selected clinical examples, aggregate IQF figure makes: in case of static forehead wrinkles 91.67%, for dynamic forehead wrinkles 76.67%; in case of static eyebrow wrinkles 96.67%, for dynamic eyebrow wrinkles 85%; as applied to static wrinkles of the outer corned of the eye 91.67%, whereas applied to dynamic wrinkles of the outer corner of the eye 73.33%. Although the benchmark is thought to be 100% of remodeling result, the procedures outcome still meets patients' expectations. At the same time, present approach demands further discussion and collection for the purpose of development of procedural basis for aesthetic services quality assessment and interpretation of findings.

Amplitude anisotropy of shear-wave splitting and fluid detection in thin-layer reservoir

Thin interbeds are typical reservoirs in eastern China. Thin layers and fractures bring huge challenge to fluid identification in anisotropic reservoir. This study focuses on thin-fractured reservoirs and amplitude attributes of shear-wave splitting, and consequently predicted fluid type in fractured reservoir based on the response of fast and slow S-waves to fluids. 3D HTI viscoelastic equation was employed to analyze amplitudes of split S-waves through fluid-filled and fractured media, including oil- and water-saturated synthetic models. Similar to velocity anisotropy, amplitude anisotropy was proposed to avoid the calculation of S-wave quality factor. Amplitude ratio and substation derived from amplitude anisotropy were used to identify fluid type. Example from the Luojia area of Shengli oilfield was used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the inversion method. Results show that amplitude ratio and amplitude subtraction are useful to distinguish fluids, while the former works better than the latter.

Development of an IAEA phase-space dataset for the Leksell Gamma Knife® Perfexion™ using multi-threaded Geant4 simulations

This study was conducted to develop a phase-space dataset in the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) format for Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of the Leksell Gamma Knife® (LGK, Elekta Instrument AB, Stockholm, Sweden) Perfexion™ (PFX). An open-source MC code, namely, the Geant4 toolkit with a recently updated multi-threaded mode, was used to maximize the efficiency of the developed IAEA phase-space dataset. The absorbed dose profiles for single shots of the LGK PFX were calculated using the developed dataset and compared with those from radiochromic film measurements and Leksell GammaPlan® version 11.0.3 (LGP, Elekta Instruments) for verification. The mean relative absorbed dose differences in all single shots were less than 3.6% compared with the films and less than 4.0% compared with LGP. The collimator output factors were also calculated for all single shots and compared with the LGP results. The simulated collimator output factor was 0.816 ± 0.003 for a 4-mm shot and 0.903 ± 0.001 for an 8-mm shot in a spherical water phantom. The efficiency of the developed dataset was evaluated by comparing the times required for various simulations. Simulations with the phase-space dataset ran 25, 8.2 and 3.2 times faster than simulations without the phase-space dataset for 4-, 8-, and 16-mm shots, respectively. Using the dataset developed in this study, MC simulations of the LGK PFX can be performed more efficiently for various purposes, such as treatment plan verification and beam quality factor calculations.

DETERMINATION OF CODA WAVE ATTENUATION CHARACTERISTIC OF THE ARMUTLU PENINSULA AND ITS SURROUNDINGS (MIDDLE MARMARA REGION, TURKEY).

The Armutlu Peninsula, is located in a geologically complex system on the North Anatolian Fault Zone and inside the high populated Marmara Region. Due to its location and importance, the Marmara Region has been subject to various studies in the past; now, this study is aimed to determine the local attenuation characteristic of the Armutlu Peninsula. In this study, 75 earthquake data that were recorded between 2013-2014, were analyzed by 9 seismic stations. The magnitudes (Ml) and the focal depths of the earthquakes vary from 1.5 to 3.3 and 0.9 to 16.9 km, respectively. A single back-scattering model was used for calculation of the coda wave quality factor. The lapse times were determined between 20 and 40 s at intervals of 5 s and they were filtered at central frequencies of 1.5, 3, 6, 9 and 12 Hz band-pass designed filter. Minimum 5 signal/noise ratio and 0.7 correlation coefficient data used to obtain reliable results. The CODAQ subroutine integrated in the SEISAN software was used for data processing. For each station, low values of the quality factor at 1 Hz ( Q o ) and high values of the frequency dependent parameter ( n ) were determined. In the Armutlu Peninsula and its surroundings, Q c =51f 0.91 for 20 s and Q c =112f 0.72 for 40 s window lengths were calculated by using 9 stations. There is a tendency between increasing Q o and decreasing n parameters. Otherwise, for station TRML, located near the geothermal hotspot, these parameters are in direct proportion with each other, as Q c =46f 0.97 for 20 s and Q c =74f0 1.06 for 40 s window lengths. These parameter changes are directly connected with the geothermal activity.

A Maturity Assessment Procedure Model for Realizing Knowledge-Based Maintenance Strategies in Smart Manufacturing Enterprises

The digital transformation of manufacturing industries currently re-invents conventional production paradigms through the creation of cyber-physical production systems (CPPS) and smart manufacturing networks. Novel knowledge-based maintenance (KBM) strategies and models are regarded as a key enabler in order to manage the increasing complexity and automatization of CPPS. Thus, securing and improving machine availability and process stability are accomplished. Although industrial decision makers are willing to invest in renovating and enhancing their companies’ maintenance strategy, they lack knowledge regarding their readiness levels in realizing and deploying KBM. In particular, they doubt whether their companies hold fundamental competence and capacity (i.e. appropriate methods for data analytics and systematic guidance) towards realizing KBM. In this paper, the authors present a holistic procedure model that assesses a company´s individual status quo in KBM and enables the identification of strengths and weaknesses on operative, tactical and strategic level following a multidimensional analytical approach. The model thereby builds on the assessment of more than 35 quality indicators assigned to a maintenance execution and data management dimension. The indicators feed into a mathematical calculation of data, information, knowledge and maintenance quality factors. The authors present the model’s development and content. Applying the model to an Austrian manufacturing company, its KBM readiness and maturity level for the creation of a predictive maintenance strategy under the premise of supporting prompt and efficient decision making is assessed. Feedback and validation of the results reveals both scientifically valuable, systematic and transparent applicability in real production environments.

Analysis of Plasma Loaded Conventional and Coaxial Cavity With Wedge-Shaped Corrugations on the Insert

Mathematical analysis of plasma loaded coaxial cavity with wedge-shaped corrugations on the insert has been undertaken. Ideally, inside gyrotron cavity, there should be a perfect vacuum. However, such an absolute vacuum condition is never achieved as scant amount of gas is always left in the cavity, which leads to the creation of plasma. This makes plasma analysis necessary for gyrotron interaction structure design. In a plasma-loaded waveguide, three families of modes can propagate-space charge modes, cyclotron modes, and waveguide EH and HE modes. The presence of magnetized plasma leads to the coupling of two families of modes. In gyrotron cavity, the desired HE mode couples with the cyclotron mode. In this paper, field analysis of plasma-loaded corrugated coaxial cavity is undertaken without ignoring the coupled cyclotron mode. This coupling leads to shift in eigenvalues of the modes. Considering the plasma coupling effect inside gyrotron cavity, diffractive quality factor of the desired mode is calculated for the coaxial case and also for the conventional case. The conventional case is included to provide a better understanding of quality factor calculation for coaxial case and present a generalized conclusion for the effect of plasma on gyrotron operation. The results predict that the diffractive quality factor and the frequency of oscillation in a plasma cavity reduce as compared to the vacuum case.

The observation and prediction of constant quality factors of LnAlO3 doped Ba6-3xLn8+2xTi18O54 (Ln = Nd, Sm, La) ceramics

Usually, the quality factor of a binary-phase ceramic will increase if the volume molar ratio of the high quality factor component increases, and vice versa. However, the quality factor of the Ba6-3xLn8+2xTi18O54 - LnAlO3 (Ln = Nd, Sm, La) ceramics keeps a constant (~ 2200 ± 200 at 4GHz) as the volume molar ratio of LnAlO3 (~ 9000 at 7GHz) increases. While previous studies reported the importance of microstructure variation, here by fitting the dielectric constant, via definition we derived a quality factor calculation formula that can precisely determine the quality factor as the volume molar ratio changes, which is of great significance for guiding the ceramic manufacturing.

A novel formula for the quality factor calculation for the multiphase microwave dielectric ceramic mixtures

Microwave dielectric ceramics are pillar materials in the microwave applications, for example, resonators. However, because most ceramics possess non-zero temperature coefficients, two or more ceramics, with temperature coefficient of opposite signs, are always mixed as a multiple phase system to obtain a zero temperature coefficient ceramic. While the dielectric constant can be calculated by the Maxwell-Wagner based formula, the quality factor (Q) is usually hard to be precisely calculated by the conventional method. In this paper, basing on the classical dispersion theory, we derive a new formula for the Q calculation for the ceramic mixtures. The deviation between the calculated and reported Q, of several typical ceramic systems, is around ±5%, for the example of two phases ceramic mixtures.

The dielectric constant and quality factor calculation of the microwave dielectric ceramic solid solutions

The dielectric constant of the microwave dielectric ceramic solid solution is usually predicted by the Clausius-Mosotti equation but the quality factor (Q) cannot be precisely calculated. In this paper, it finds that the dielectric constant of the solid solutions also could be well calculated by the Maxwell-Wagner formula, and that the Q of solid solutions can be precisely calculated, by assuming a solid solution as a two or more materials’ mixture.

Introducing a radial absorbing boundary condition for the calculation of quality factor of whispering gallery resonators

ABSTRACTA one dimensional radial absorbing boundary condition (ABC) is introduced for the analysis of low order Whispering Gallery Mode (WGM) microresonators. Because the radiation of WGM is mostly in the form of radially outgoing waves, the employed ABC assumes that the absorbing material is anisotropic only in the radial direction. This formulation enables us to precisely calculate both the resonance frequency and quality factor of the WGMs. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:1065–1068, 2016

RESONATORS OF MECHANICALLY TUNABLE WAVEGUIDE FILTERS FOR TROPOSPHERIC COMMUNICATION

The class of resonators which allows building mechanically tunable waveguide bandpass filters with near constant bandwidth in overall a wide tuning frequency range has been investigated. The concept comprising in a successful combining inductive and capacitive discontinuities to obtain near constant quality factor of resonators in wide frequency variation range is implemented. It is proved that the most technologically advanced solution can be obtained by using the waveguide connections containing double ridged sections for compensation of phase shifts in resonators appearing because of frequency variation. Adequatemathematical models of the resonators based on generalized scattering matrix approach are obtained. The diffraction problems for doubled discontinuities, such as doubled ridged sections in rectangular waveguide, have been solved by the integral equation method. The calculation of resonance frequencies and quality factors of resonators are carried out in wide dimension range variations. Due to near constant quality factors over wide tuning frequency range, the developed waveguide resonators open new possibilities in realization of high efficient and cost effective frequency tunable filters of transmit tropospheric stations and various telecommunication systems for tropospheric communication.

MULTI-DIMENSIONAL QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF PHOTOGRAMMETRIC AND LIDAR DATASETS BASED ON A VECTOR APPROACH

Abstract. The production of 3D city models requires the reconstruction of individual 3D building models. As the performance of data acquisition methods improves, the quality evaluation of building models in 3D has become an important issue. The main objective of the presented work is to introduce a multi-dimensional approach for assessing the quality of 3D building vector models. This approach performs assessments in 1D, 2D and 3D by comparing calculated building models to their reference. For 1D assessment, homologous points in two buildings to be compared are analyzed. For 2D assessment, homologous planes enter in the evaluation process. Quality of the planes under study is assessed by calculating a set of indices in vector format. For 3D assessment, building models are considered as one object. Quality of the buildings is assessed by calculation of vector volumetric quality factors. These factors require the not trivial calculation of vector intersection volumes which calculation is presented in the paper. Intersection volume is defined by superimposing the building model to be tested with the reference one. The multi-dimensional vector assessment approach has been applied to evaluate the building models produced with three different reconstruction processes created from different types of datasets. The datasets are obtained by photogrammetry (UltraCam-X and Zeiss LMK cameras), by LiDAR, and also by integration of photogrammetric and LiDAR datasets. The 1D, 2D or 3D assessment approach allows highlighting the source of deviations in the tested buildings. The error budget affecting the final product is not only composed of errors due to the reconstruction algorithm. Also errors due to the quality of the raw data, the processing of LiDAR data, of aerial data and the shape of the produced buildings should be considered.

The finite element method applied to the study of two-dimensional photonic crystals and resonant cavities

A critical assessment of the finite element (FE) method for studying two-dimensional dielectric photonic crystals is made. Photonic band structures, transmission coefficients, and quality factors of various two-dimensional, periodic and aperiodic, dielectric photonic crystals are calculated by using the FE (real-space) method and the plane wave expansion or the finite difference time domain (FDTD) methods and a comparison is established between those results. It is found that, contrarily to popular belief, the FE method (FEM) not only reproduces extremely well the results obtained with the standard plane wave method with regards to the eigenvalue analysis (photonic band structure and density of states calculations) but it also allows to study very easily the time-harmonic propagation of electromagnetic fields in finite clusters of arbitrary complexity and, thus, to calculate their transmission coefficients in a simple way. Moreover, the advantages of using this real space method in the context of point defect cluster quality factor calculations are also stressed by comparing the results obtained with this method with those obtained with the FDTD one. As a result of this study, FEM comes out as an stable, robust, rigorous, and reliable tool to study light propagation and confinement in both periodic and aperiodic dielectric photonic crystals and clusters.

QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN THE PROJECTS OF RADIATION RESISTANT COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND COATINGS CREATION

The design of modern radiation resistant materials and coatings is a complex multi criteria task. To solve it, together with some other important elements is to develop mechanisms of these materials quality control. This article grounds the necessity of systematic approach for comprehensive assessment quality factor of modern radiation resistant composite materials and coatings. The article suggests the methods of comprehensive quality factor calculation at the early stages of new radiation resistant compositions, based on “material-property-material” statistic system behavior. The authors developed a cognitive model as a mechanism of designed materials quality control taking into account the dynamic of reciprocal action of both prescribed and technological system factors. The use of cognitive approach allows to significantly improve completeness, accuracy and adequacy of quality control management.

Calculation of quasi dispersion curves and quality factors of coupled resonator optical waveguides in photonic-crystal slabs

We propose a stabilization method to numerically calculate the dispersion relations and quality factors of optically confined finite structures. For the coupled resonator optical waveguide (CROW) made in a photonic-crystal slab (PCS) used as an example, the dispersion curve is normally not well defined due to the appearance of discontinuities, which do not occur in a two-dimensional CROW with infinite slab height. Therefore, there is less effort devoted to the calculation of quasi dispersion curves of the CROW in a slab. The dispersion relation of the PCS CROW can only be obtained by theoretical fitting to the experimental data under the tight-binding approximation. Here, we demonstrate the use of a stabilization method to calculate the quasi dispersion relation of a PCS CROW accurately. From the stabilization graph, we can calculate the quality factor for an eigenfrequency and properly choose the size of the simulation cell to avoid coupling the CROW modes with the unconfined modes and to accurately calculate the dispersion curve of the PCS CROW using the plane-wave expansion method. The proposed method and results not only provide important information for designing practical photonic devices such as slow-light optical waveguides and nonlinear photonic devices for the PCS CROWs but also can be applied to compute the quality factors and resonance frequencies of microcavities or nanocavities.

Embedded Processor’s Application to the Beam Quality Analyzer

Introduces the bus standard of an embedded processor named PC104, discusses the embedded laser beam quality analyzer software and hardware design based on the standards, and gives the test results of the instrument. It was shown that if the embedded technique was used for beam quality measurement, functional integration of the beam quality analyzing equipment can be achieved. That is the all in one system including the function of data acquisition and processing, beam quality factor calculation, results shown and the network communication, which has advantages such as small volume, powerful function, high reliability, good extension and so on. A better solution for application the beam quality analyzer into the industry field was provided in the paper.