Calcium Malate Research Articles

Physico-chemical characteristics of meat after dietary supplementation of lambs with essential oils and calcium malate

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a mixture of essential oils (EO), calcium malate (CM), or their combination (EO + CM) on the physico-chemical characteristics of lamb meat. A total of 36, two-month-old, 20 ± 3 kg live weight, male lambs were allocated to individual cages and randomly distributed into four treatment groups: 1, basal diet (BD); 2, BD + 150 g of EO ton-1 ; 3, BD + 2.5 kg of CM ton-1 ; and 4: BD + 150 g EO + 2.5 kg CM ton-1 . Feed and fresh water were available ad libitum to the lambs during the 56-day experiment. There was no difference in the chemical composition of the lamb meat although collagen was higher in the EO + CM treatment. The percentage of omega-3 and eicosapentaenoic acid was higher in the OE + CM group, but there were no differences in the total percentage of saturated or unsaturated fatty acids. The shear strength of raw meat was higher in the BD group, but the shear strength of cooked meat was lower in the EO group than in the BD or CM groups. There was no difference in water retention in raw meat or in water loss in cooked meat between groups. The colour of the meat was not affected by treatment. The EO and EO + CM groups had an increase in meat tenderness and the concentration of some unsaturated fatty acids, but this did not affect the colour or chemical composition of the lamb meat.

Effect of Tween 85 and calcium malate as hybrid inhibitors on the performance of alkaline aluminum-air batteries

The great potential application of aluminum-air (Al-air) batteries is due to their high safety and energy density. The downside is the severe self-corrosion of the Al anode. Herein, a novel additive package consisting of tween 85 (T-85) and calcium malate (CM) is developed to inhibit the hydrogen evolution of the self-corrosion of Al anode in alkaline Al-air batteries. In alkaline solutions, Ca2+ in CM preferentially forms Ca(OH)2 precipitates. It can adhere to the surface of Al alloy providing additional binding sites for [C4H4O5]2− adsorption at the solution/Al alloy interface. In addition, T-85 can also form a hydrophobic layer from its carbon chains. Al malate can be filled into the hydrophobic layer to form a bifunctional film on the anode. The utilization rate of the anode can reach 57.16 % and the efficiency of the corrosion inhibition can reach 76.23 %. This work provides a new reference for developing the full Al-air battery unit.

Fungal transformation of mineral substrata of biodeteriorated medieval murals in Saint Sophia's cathedral, Kyiv, Ukraine

Microbial activity following invasion of human-made structures and artifacts can have profound social and economic consequences including the permanent loss of cultural heritage. The unique frescoes in the 11th century Saint Sophia's Cathedral (Kyiv, Ukraine) have recently suffered from dark-spot biodeterioration. The aim of this work was to elucidate the microbial nature of biodeterioration and the biogeochemical processes occurring in the areas of the dark spots. Culture-independent approaches including scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), micro-X-ray diffraction and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis were used in this study. SEM and qPCR data demonstrated that the main agents of fresco biodeterioration were mycelial fungi, with bacteria unlikely to play a major role in the development of the dark spots. SEM-EDS results showed that fungi colonization of the dark spotted areas resulted in mechanical and chemical weathering involving dissolution of mineral components of the plaster (mainly calcite) and displacement of mineral grains, which compromise the stability of the plaster or fresco. SEM-EDS also detected fungal biomineralization of secondary mycogenic minerals: calcium malate, hydrated aluminium and ferric phosphates. Biomineralization of calcium malate by fungi, as found in this study, is a rare biogeochemical phenomenon, possibly linked to the presence of calcite and nitrogen limitation.

Ultrasound-assisted preparation of calcium malate and its absorption.

In this experiment, response surface methodology was used to study the preparation of malic acid calcium salt from bovine bones assisted by ultrasonication. The results showed that the optimum conditions for ultrasound-assisted preparation of calcium malate from bovine bone were as follows: solid-liquid ratio 1:15, solid-acid ratio 1:1.5, ultrasonic power 200 W, ultrasonic temperature 35°C, and ultrasonication time 17 min. The efficiency of calcium recovery was 66.16%, and the purity was 92.54%. After three ultrasonic treatments of 17 min each, the calcium malate conversion rate of bovine bone reached 95.73%. Animal experiments showed that feeding bovine bone-derived calcium malate significantly increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and bone calcium content, reduced tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity, and maintained the balance of serum calcium and phosphorus. These results indicated that the ultrasonic method effectively ionized calcium in bovine bone, which provides a reference point for the industrial production of calcium products with bovine bone as the raw material.

Decarboxylation of organic anions to alleviate acidification of red soils from urea application

Decarboxylation of organic anions in crop straw is recognized as one of the mechanisms for increasing pH in acidified soils. However, the effectiveness of specific compounds in alleviating soil acidification from nitrification has not been well determined. This study examined three organic anions commonly found in crop straws and their effect on soil acidity and N transformation processes following urea application to a red soil (Ferralic Cambisol). A 35-day incubation experiment was conducted using soil after receiving 26 years of two different nutrient treatments: (1) chemical nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilization (NPK, pH 4.30) and (2) NPK plus swine manure (NPKM, pH 5.88). Treatments included three rates (0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 g C kg−1) of calcium citrate, 0.5 g C kg−1 calcium oxalate, 0.5 g C kg−1 calcium malate, urea-only (control) soil, and a non-treated soil as a reference. Soil acidity, mineral N species, decarboxylation, and their correlations were determined. All three organic anions significantly increased pH in both soils and the effectiveness was positively correlated with application rate. The change in total exchangeable soil acidity was dominated by aluminum concentration in the NPK soil, but by proton concentration in the NPKM soil. At ≥ 0.5 g C kg−1, the anions decreased soil exchangeable acidity by 25–68% in NPK soil and by 63–88% in NPKM soil as compared with control. Oxalate was the most effective in increasing soil pH by 0.70 and 1.31 units and reducing exchangeable acidity by 3.79 and 0.33 cmol(+) kg−1 in NPK and NPKM soils, respectively, and also resulted in the highest CO2 production rate. Addition of organic anions led to a lower nitrification rate in NPKM soil relative to the NPK soil. These results imply that crop straws rich in organic anions, especially oxalate, would have a higher potential to alleviate soil acidification.

Synthesis of the Nanoscale Calcium Hydroxyapatite from Calcium Malate and Ammonium Hydrophosphate

Abstract—A new method for obtaining the nanoscale hydroxyapatite with low crystallinity from aqueous solution of calcium malate Ca(C4H5O5)2 and ammonium hydrophosphate (NH4)2HPO4 at room temperature, molar ratio Ca/P = 1.67, and pH 9 was proposed. After synthesis and drying, the sample was a transparent composite with a matrix from the by-product of the reaction of organic nature containing nanoscale particles of calcium phosphate. The phase composition of the sample after thermal treatment at 900°C was represented by calcium hydroxyapatite.

Синтез наноразмерного гидроксиапатита кальция из малата кальция и гидрофосфата аммония

Синтез наноразмерного гидроксиапатита кальция из малата кальция и гидрофосфата аммония

Evaluation of di-calcium malate, used as a novel food ingredient and as a source of calcium in foods for the general population, food supplements, total diet replacement for weight control and food for special medical purposes.

The present scientific opinion deals with the evaluation of the safety of di‐calcium malate (DCM) proposed as a novel food ingredient and as a source of calcium for use in foods for the general population, food supplements, total diet replacement for weight control and food for special medical purposes (FSMP), and with the bioavailability of calcium from this source. The structural formula of the proposed complex is based on expert judgement and not supported by any analytical data. On the basis of the available data, the Panel concluded that there was insufficient scientific evidence of a difference between the proposed novel food ingredient named as di‐calcium malate (DCM) and calcium malate already authorised as a source of calcium included in Annex II to Directive 2002/46/EC. Accordingly, the Panel was unable to assess the safety of DCM as a novel food ingredient. On the basis of the results provided, the Panel considered that DCM does not completely dissociate into calcium and malic acid. The Panel concluded that when DCM dissociates, calcium would be available following ingestion of DCM and the bioavailability would appear similar to values reported for other sources of calcium already permitted. Furthermore, the Panel concluded that on the basis of the information available it was not possible to calculate the exposure to DCM as a source of calcium to foods for the general population, food supplements, total diet replacement for weight control and FSMP.

Cloning and characterization of pyruvate carboxylase gene responsible for calcium malate overproduction in Penicillium viticola 152 and its expression analysis

In this study, a pyruvate carboxylase gene (PYC) from a marine fungus Penicillium viticola 152 isolated from marine algae was cloned and characterized by using Genome Walking method. An open reading frame (ORF) of The PYC gene (accession number: KM593097) had 3582bp encoding 1193 amino acid protein (isoelectric point: 5.01) with a calculated molecular weight of 131.2757kDa. A putative promoter (intronless) of the gene was located at −666bp and contained a TATA box, several CAAT boxes, the 5′-SYGGRG-3′ and a 5′-HGATAR-3′ sequences. A consensus polyadenylation site (AATAAA) was also observed at +10bp downstream of the ORF. The protein deduced from the PYC gene had no signal peptide, was a homotetramer (4), and had the four functional domains. Furthermore, PYC protein also had three potential N-linked glycosylation sites, among them, -N-S-T-I- at 36 amino acid, -N-G-T-V- at 237 amino acid, and -N-G-S-S- at 517 amino acid were the most possible N-glycosylation sites. After expression of the PYC gene of P. viticola 152 in medium supplemented with CSL and biotin, it was found that the specific pyruvate carboxylase activity in MA production medium supplemented with CSL was much higher (0.5U/mg) than in MA medium supplemented with biotin (0.3U/mg), suggesting that optimal concentration of CSL is required for increased expression of the PYC gene, which is responsible for high level production of malic acid in P. viticola 152 strain.

Enhanced malic acid production from glycerol with high-cell density Ustilago trichophora TZ1 cultivations.

BackgroundIn order to establish a cost-efficient biodiesel biorefinery, valorization of its main by-product, crude glycerol, is imperative. Recently, Ustilago trichophora TZ1 was found to efficiently produce malic acid from glycerol. By adaptive laboratory evolution and medium optimization, titer and rate could be improved significantly.ResultsHere we report on the investigation of this strain in fed-batch bioreactors. With pH controlled at 6.5 (automatic NaOH addition), a titer of 142 ± 1 g L−1 produced at an overall rate of 0.54 ± 0.00 g L−1 h−1 was reached by optimizing the initial concentrations of ammonium and glycerol. Combining the potential of bioreactors and CaCO3 as buffer system, we were able to increase the overall production rate to 0.74 ± 0.06 g L−1 h−1 with a maximum production rate of 1.94 ± 0.32 g L−1 reaching a titer of 195 ± 15 g L−1. The initial purification strategy resulted in 90 % pure calcium malate as solid component. Notably, the fermentation is not influenced by an increased temperature of up to 37 °C, which reduces the energy required for cooling. However, direct acid production is not favored as at a lowered pH value of pH 4.5 the malic acid titer decreased to only 9 ± 1 g L−1. When using crude glycerol as substrate, only the product to substrate yield is decreased. The results are discussed in the context of valorizing glycerol with Ustilaginaceae.ConclusionsCombining these results reveals the potential of U.trichophora TZ1 to become an industrially applicable production host for malic acid from biodiesel-derived glycerol, thus making the overall biodiesel production process economically and ecologically more feasible.

A study of calcium salt precipitation in solutions of malic and tartaric acid

Calcium salt precipitation was studied in solutions of L( + )tartaric acid and L( - )malic acid in both water and ethanol/water mixtures. Calcium tartrate and calcium malate precipitated separately in an interrelated process. Calcium malate crystallization was strongly dependent on seed crystals. Calcium malate and calcium tartrate act as seed particles for calcium malate precipitation. There was no evidence of a calcium malate-tartrate 'double salt' precipitation. The crystallization kinetics indicate that most of the calcium tartrate precipitated quickly in an initial third order followed by a later third order process. Calcium malate precipitated slowly in two stages like the tartrate but the second stage lasted for many days. The addition of seed crystals shifted the calcium malate precipitation to a first order mechanism. The rate constants were determined for these different stages. Calciumcarbonate provided faster crystallization than calcium hydroxide for both the tartrate and malate precipitations. Ethanol increased the rate of crystallization of calcium tartrate generally and that of the malate with calcium carbonate.

Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of malic acid and a mixture of sodium and calcium malate when used as technological additives for all animal species

Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of malic acid and a mixture of sodium and calcium malate when used as technological additives for all animal species

Calcium malate overproduction by Penicillium viticola 152 using the medium containing corn steep liquor

In this study, after screening of eight fungal strains for their ability to produce calcium malate, it was found that Penicillium viticola 152 isolated from marine algae among them could produce the highest titer of calcium malate. At the same time, it was found that corn steep liquor (CSL) could stimulate calcium malate production and 0.5 % (v/v) CSL was the most suitable for calcium malate production. Under the optimal conditions, a titer of calcium malate in the supernatant was 132 g/l at flask level. During a 10-l fermentation, a titer of 168 g/l, a yield of 1.28 g/g of glucose, and a productivity of 1.75 g/l/h were reached within 96 h of the fermentation, and 93.4 % of the sugar was used for calcium malate production and cell growth, demonstrating that the titer, yield, and productivity of calcium malate by this fungal strain were very high and the fermentation period was very short. After analysis of the partially purified product with high-performance liquid chromatography, it was found that the main product was calcium malate. The results demonstrated that P. viticola 152 obtained in this study was the most suitable for developing a novel one-step fermentation process for calcium malate production from glucose on a large scale.

Overproduction of poly(β-malic acid) (PMA) from glucose by a novel Aureobasidium sp. P6 strain isolated from mangrove system

After over 100 strains of Aureobasidium spp isolated from mangrove system were screened for their ability to produce poly(β-malic acid) (PMA), it was found that Aureobasidium sp. P6 strain among them could produce high level of Ca(2+)-PMA. Fourteen percent glucose and 6.5 % CaCO3 in the medium were the most suitable for Ca(2+)-PMA production. Then, 100.7 g/l of Ca(2+)-PMA was produced using Aureobasidium sp. P6 strain within 168 h at flask level. During 10-l batch fermentation, when the medium contained 12.0 % glucose, 98.7 g/l of Ca(2+)-PMA in the culture and 14.7 g/l of cell dry weight were obtained within 156 h, leaving 0.34 % reducing sugar in the fermented medium. When glucose concentration in the fermentation medium was 14.0 %, 118.3 g/l of Ca(2+)-PMA in the culture and 16.4 g/l of cell dry weight were obtained within 168 h, leaving 0.4 % reducing sugar in the fermented medium. After purification of Ca(2+)-PMA from the culture and acid hydrolysis of the pure Ca(2+)-PMA, analysis of HPLC showed that Aureobasidium sp. P6 strain only produced two main components of Ca(2+)-PMA and minor amount of calcium malate and that the hydrolysate of PMA was mainly composed of calcium malate. This is the first time to report that the novel yeast strain Aureobasidium sp. P6 strain isolated from the mangrove systems can produce such high amount of Ca(2+)-PMA.

High-level production of calcium malate from glucose by Penicillium sclerotiorum K302

In this study, after screening of 9 fungal strains for their ability to produce calcium malate, it was found that Penicillium sclerotiorum K302 among them could produce high-level of calcium malate. Under the optimal conditions, the titer of calcium malate in the supernatant was 88.6 g/l at flask level. During 10-l fermentation, the titer of 92.0 g/l, the yield of 0.88 g/g of glucose and the productivity of 1.23 g/l/h were reached within 72 h of the fermentation, demonstrating that the titer, yield and productivity of calcium malate by this strain were very high and the fermentation period was very short. After analysis of the partially purified product with HPLC, it was found that the main product was calcium malate. The results showed that P. sclerotiorum K302 obtained in this study was suitable for developing a novel one-step fermentation process for calcium malate production from glucose on large scale.

Assessment the levels of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) on mice fed with eggshell calcium citrate malate

Optimized conditions were obtained by one-factor-at-a-time test (OFAT) and ternary quadratic regression orthogonal composite design (TQROCD) respectively. By pulse electric fields (PEF) technology, the process of eggshell calcium citrate malate (ESCCM), eggshell calcium citrate (ESCC) and eggshells calcium malate (ESCM) were comprehensive compared. The levels of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and the bioavailability on mice fed with eggshell calcium citrate malate (ESCCM) treated by pulsed electric field (PEF) were evaluated. Results showed that the rates of calcium dissolution of the different acids studied can be arranged as ESCCM (7.90mg/mL)>ESCC (7.12mg/mL)>ESCM (7.08mg/mL) from highest to lowest rate of dissolution. At the same dose 133.0mgkg−1d−1, the levels of TRAP in the ESCCM treatment groups were significantly lower than those in ESCM and ESCC (P<0.05). Bone calcium content in the mice fed with ESCCM was generally higher than fed with ESCM and ESCC.

Effect of malate and starch source on digestibility and nutrient balance of growing-fattening lambs

The experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of malate supplementation (Rumalato, 160g/kg disodium malate and 840g/kg calcium malate) and starch source on digestibility and N and energy balances of fattening lambs fed concentrate and barley straw ad libitum. Four concentrates were prepared according to malate dose (0 versus 2g/kg) and starch source (wheat versus a manioc–barley mixture). Eight individually lodged male Manchega lambs, were used in a double 4×4 Latin square design to evaluate nutrient digestibility and energy and N balances. Treatments were: W (wheat without malate), W+M (wheat with malate), MNB (manioc–barley without malate) and MNB+M (manioc–barley with malate). Malate did not affect dry matter (DM) intake and balances of energy and N, but slightly decreased digestibilities of DM and organic matter (OM; P<0.05) and in a larger extent that of acid detergent fiber (P<0.001). Lamb performances did not vary by adding malate but average daily gain and feed conversion ratio were numerically greater in lambs fed with malate and wheat based diets. Interactions between malate and source of starch were observed in intakes (concentrate and total DM, OM, starch and malate; P<0.05), as well as in N balance fractions (ingested, fecal, digested and retained; P<0.05). Compared to lambs fed MNB, lambs fed W had greater intake of N and malate (P<0.05), and lower fecal pH and feces consistency (P<0.05), digestibility of DM (P<0.01) and OM (P<0.001), and a tendency (P<0.10) to lower digestibility of neutral detergent fiber. Lambs fed MNB or MNB+M excreted less urinary and total N (P<0.05), and retained greater (P<0.05) proportion of N than those fed W or W+M. As a consequence they had lower losses of urinary energy (P<0.05) and tended to have greater digestible energy (P<0.10). In conclusion, malate had negative effects on digestibility of DM, OM and acid detergent fiber, and inconsistent performance results, depending on starch source. Manioc diets were more efficient than wheat diets in terms of N retention and digestibility of DM and OM in growing-fattening lambs.

Optimized extraction of calcium malate from eggshell treated by PEF and an absorption assessment in vitro

Under optimized pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment for production of eggshell calcium malate (ESCM) by one-factor-at-a-time test and ternary quadratic regression orthogonal combination design (TQROCD), an absorption assessment of ESCM treated by the best conditions of PEF were performed in male mice with apparent calcium absorption rate (ACAR), serum alkalinity phosphatase (ALP), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), serum calcium and serum phosphorus, length of femurs and skeletal calcium content were studied. The highest dissoluble calcium malate content (7.075mg/mL) was obtained with the 6.0% malic acid, the electric field intensity of 20kV/cm, and pulse duration of 24μs. In vitro, ESCM prepared by the best conditions of PEF at doses of 133.0mgkg−1d−1 for 70d not only significantly improve the ALP activity, the femur length and calcium content of bone of the mice (P<0.05) but also decreased the levels of TRAP (P<0.05). The ratio of calcium and phosphorus was in the normal range. PEF could be taken as a highly effective, environmentally friendly and energy-saving method for preparation of ESCM, which treated by PEF could promote the absorption of calcium in vitro, extraordinary can promote bone development and a healthy bone.

Effects of malate on diet digestibility, microbial protein synthesis, plasma metabolites, and performance of growing lambs fed a high-concentrate diet1

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of malate supplementation on growth rate, feed efficiency, and diet digestibility in growing lambs. Twenty-four Merino lambs with a mean BW of 15.3 +/- 0.22 kg were divided into 3 homogenous groups. Each group was randomly allocated to 1 of 3 malate (16% disodium malate:84% calcium malate) levels: 0 (control), 4 (MAL-4), or 8 (MAL-8) g/kg of concentrate. Lambs were fed concentrate and barley straw ad libitum for 35 d. After a 20-d period, diet digestibility was determined, and microbial N flow at the duodenum was estimated from the urinary excretion of purine derivatives. Blood samples were taken on d 0, 20, and 35. On d 35, lambs were slaughtered and ruminal fluid samples were collected. There were no effects (P = 0.18 to P = 0.95) of malate on concentrate or straw intake, ADG, carcass yield, and apparent digestibility of OM, CP, NDF, or ADF. Malate supplementation did not influence (P = 0.80) the daily urinary excretion of total purine derivatives, and therefore there were no treatment effects (P = 0.77) on estimated microbial N flow at the duodenum. No differences (P > 0.05) among treatments were observed for plasma concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, urea-N, lactate, or VFA, but malate addition increased (P = 0.003) the molar proportion of butyrate in ruminal fluid (4.29, 6.14, and 5.45% of total VFA for control, MAL-4 and MAL-8, respectively). The use of malate as a feed additive under the conditions of the current study did not influence diet intake or digestion, and consequently did not improve lamb performance.

Thermal and infrared studies of calcium malate crystals grown in diffusion limited medium

AbstractSingle crystals of the title compound Ca (C4H5O5)2.10H2O are grown in silica gel using controlled chemical reaction method. Multifaceted single crystals of size up to 8 × 4 × 2 mm3 are obtained. Powder X‐ray Diffraction (XRD) pattern of the grown crystal and the Fourier Transform Infra‐Red (FTIR) spectrum in the range 400–4000 cm–1 are recorded. The vibrational bands corresponding to different functional groups are assigned. Thermal decomposition stages observed in the Thermo‐gravimetric (TG) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) studies are discussed. A six‐stage thermal decomposition scheme is proposed for the compound. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)