Mixture Of Calcium Hydroxide Research Articles

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY TEST OF CALCIUM HYDROXIDE AND MAULI BANANA (Musa acuminata) STEM EXTRACT GEL MIXTURE AGAINST Enterococcus faecalis

Background: The use of calcium hydroxide as an intracanal medicament has several weaknesses that can cause side effects, including chronic inflammation in the periapical tissue and resistance to several bacteria, one of which is Enterococcus faecalis. The bacteria are the most resistant microorganism to calcium hydroxide due to a high pH tolerance capability. This weakness is the reason for finding alternative materials that can combine with calcium hydroxide. Mauli banana stem has bioactive compounds such as tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and flavonoids which have antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, combined with calcium hydroxide may exhibit good characteristics as an intracanal medicament. Purpose: To analyze the antibacterial activity of the calcium hydroxide and mauli banana (Musa acuminata) stem extract gel mixture against Enterococcus faecalis. Methods: The research is a pure experimental study with a post-test only with control group design that uses 4 treatment groups, including calcium hydroxide and mauli banana stem extract gel mixture at a concentration of 25%; 37,5%; 50%; and control with each of 9 replications. The parameter measured was the diameter of the inhibition zone that formed on Mueller Hinton Agar. Result: One Way Anova and Bonferroni Post Hoc tests showed significant differences between each treatment group. Conclusion: The mixture of calcium hydroxide and mauli banana stem extract gel had antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis. The mixture of calcium hydroxide and mauli banana stem extract gel at 50% concentration obtained the highest inhibition zone. Keywords: Antibacterial activity, Calcium hydroxide, Enterococcus faecalis, Musa acuminata

Sandblasted/Acid-Etched Titanium Surface Modified with Calcium Phytate Enhances Bone Regeneration in a High-Glucose Microenvironment by Regulating Reactive Oxygen Species and Cell Senescence.

Hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes affect osteoblast function, leading to abnormal bone metabolism and implant failure. Adequate bone volume surrounding an implant is essential for osseointegration, which can be improved by implant surface modifications. In this study, titanium surfaces were hydrothermally treated with a mixture of phytic acid (PA) and calcium hydroxide to produce a calcium-decorated surface. The control group comprised pure titanium with a sandblasted/acid-etched (SLA) surface. The elemental composition, hydrophilicity, surface roughness, and morphology of the titanium surfaces were examined. Evaluation of in vitro osteogenic differentiation ability in a high-glucose environment using alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, ALP activity assays, Alizarin Red S staining, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and immunofluorescence staining revealed that Ca-PA-modified SLA titanium surfaces can promote osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs). Evaluation of oxidative stress and aging using reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and β-galactosidase staining revealed that Ca-PA-modified SLA titanium surfaces can reduce ROS production and ameliorate oxidative stress damage in hBMSCs. In vivo assessment of osteogenesis in a diabetic rat model revealed that Ca-PA coating promotes peri-implant osseointegration. Ca-PA-modified SLA titanium surface is a candidate for improving implant osseointegration in patients with diabetes.

CREATION OF A POZZOLANIC MATERIAL FROM WASTE CALCIUM HYDROXIDE AND RECYCLED GLASS POWDER

The use of consumer and industrial waste as supplementary cementitious materials is one solution to the development of sustainable Portland cement. This research studied the partial replacement of cement with a pozzolanic mixture of recycled soda-lime glass powder (GP) and waste calcium hydroxide (CH). The optimal weight ratio of CH and GP was selected from five ratios between 30/70 to 70/30 (CH/GP), using thermal gravimetric analysis and X-ray diffraction. It was found that CH deficient ratios contained residual glass powder, while CH rich ratios contained residual calcium hydroxide and had undesirable carbonation of the CH. The 60/40 pozzolan was selected due to the large amount of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel that was formed, the absence of residual GP and a minimum of excess CH. Portland cement (PC) specimens with 20 to 40 wt.% replacement by the 60/40 pozzolan were characterized for porosity and compressive strength at aging times from 3 to 28 days. The PC with 20 to 40 wt.% pozzolan had slightly increased porosity due to an increased amount of unreacted water from the batch. The porosity decreased with increased aging time. The PC with 30 wt.% pozzolan had a compressive strength equal to the reference PC, but only after 7 days or longer of aging. This was likely due to the slower reaction rate of the pozzolan. The 60/40 CH/GP pozzolan appears to be a viable partial replacement for PC when used at 30 wt.%.

Comparative Evaluation of Novel Calcium Hydroxide-hydrogel with Calcium Hydroxide-iodoform as Obturating Material: A Protocol for an In-vitro Study

Introduction: Pulpectomy is one of the extensively done procedures in clinical practice, in which the pulp is extirpated, and the canal is filled with an obturating material. Modalities of pulp therapy in primary teeth are subtly different from that of permanent teeth, and so are the obturating materials. Calcium hydroxide has an optimum antimicrobial effect on the root canal of teeth. The success rate for Ca(OH)2 -iodoform paste ranges from 84% to 100%. A mixture of calcium hydroxide with iodoform is conventionally used due to its strong antibacterial property, but, high resorptive activity leads to increased periapical radiolucency in the long term. Chitosan, a hydrogel, is antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. Aim: To prepare, optimise and characterise novel calcium hydroxide-hydrogel as an obturating material and compare it with conventional calcium hydroxide-iodoform. Materials and Methods: The present in-vitro study will be carried out at Sharad Pawar Dental College, Wardha, Maharashtra, India. Chitosan-calcium hydroxide hydrogel will be formulated by soaking commercially available chitosan in 2% acetic acid solution. Calcium hydroxide will be added to this base in different concentrations for each sample and mixed in a magnetic stirrer. Twenty samples of calcium hydroxidehydrogel will be formulated and divided into three groups with concentration of 0.1, 0.55 and 1% w/v respectively and a control group with calcium hydroxide-iodoform will also be evaluated. Calcium ion release shall be checked through infrared spectroscopy techniques and pH through pH meter at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. To evaluate, an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by post- a hog test will be used. Expected Results: Various composition of Calcium hydroxidehydrogel might prove to be better obturating material when compared to conventional Calcium hydroxide-iodoform paste. Conclusion: Within the scope of this study, Calcium hydroxidehydrogel can be a potential alternative to the available obturating materials for primary teeth.

Anti-Microbial Efficacy of Gingerols and Calcium Hydroxide Mixture Versus Metapex on Microorganism of Infected Root Canal of Primary Teeth

Anti-Microbial Efficacy of Gingerols and Calcium Hydroxide Mixture Versus Metapex on Microorganism of Infected Root Canal of Primary Teeth

An integrated investigation of the crystalline, rheological and physical properties of corrosion products in cementitious materials

This paper discusses the behaviour of the rheological behaviour of corrosion products (produced in the laboratory) in a high alkaline environment to understand hydraulic-induced fracture by corrosion products in reinforced concrete. A mixture of iron powder, sodium chloride, calcium hydroxide, and water was used to produce corrosion products. The development of corrosion products was studied at 2, 4, 6, and 8-week intervals. Imaging techniques, along with rheological characterization methods, were conducted to understand the viscoelastic flow behaviour of corrosion products. The results show that corrosion products exhibited different rheologic properties throughout the corrosion process. Three iron oxide phases (Magnetite, Goethite, and Lepidocrocite) were detected throughout the initiation and propagation stages of corrosion in the laboratory. The corrosion products obtained for each study period behaved as colloidal materials, demonstrating all the characteristics of shear-thinning materials. As a result of chemical and particle disintegration, the viscosity of corrosion products decreased with the applied shear rate. In addition, the experimental data showed that the density and particle size of corrosion products decreased with time. These results can be used to understand the progress of corrosion's damage in reinforced concrete.

Hydration re-initiation of borated CSA systems with a two-stage mixing process: An application in extrusion-based concrete 3D printing

Enhanced structural build-up and strength development are crucial for various construction processes, especially in extrusion-based concrete 3D printing. However, controlling the stiffening process could be quite challenging as there are conflicting requirements during the pumping and deposition phase. We present a study to enhance the structural build-up of a calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement-based system using a two-stage mixing method. A borated CSA cement mixture having a long open time (> two hours) was intermixed near the nozzle/print head of the 3D printer with a mixture of limestone and calcium hydroxide having an indefinite open time. The hydration and the early-age mechanical behaviour of the different combinations of these two mixtures were investigated by isothermal calorimetry, XRD analysis, unconfined compression tests, and ultrasonic pulse wave velocity tests. The results indicate that in the presence of calcium hydroxide, the borated phase (ulexite) covering the ye'elimite and being responsible for the long open time, rapidly destabilizes and the hydration reaction re-initiates. The hydration progresses rapidly, resulting in enhanced pore segmentation and a rapid increase in mechanical properties (compressive strength and elastic modulus), significantly faster than what is reported for conventional 3D printable concrete. Finally, a 1.5 m tall column was printed with this two-stage mixing method in a time period of <10 min – demonstrating the feasibility of the developed mixture for 3D printing applications.

Pintomyia evansi (Diptera: Psychodidae) larvae susceptibility to hydrated lime under laboratory conditions

This study evaluated the effect of Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2 Mg(OH)2) on third stages Pi. evansi larvae mortality under experimental laboratory conditions. Three treatments containing a mixture of phlebotomine natural breeding soil (substrate) and Calcium hydroxide at different concentrations were used: Treatment 1 (T1), 1 kg of substrate mixed with 56.2 g of lime; Treatment 2 (T2), 1 kg of substrate mixed with 62.5 g of lime; and Treatment 3 (T3), 1 kg of substrate mixed with 70 g of lime. in addition, a sample of substrate without lime was used as a control for each treatment. The mortality in T1 was 1% at 24 h and 12% at 48 h, reaching a maximum of 56% at 72 h of exposure. For T2, mortality was progressive, starting with 12% at 12 h, 36% at 24 h, 52% at 48 h, and 100% at 72 h; while T3 showed mortality percentages of 94% and 100% between 12 and 24 h of exposure. Therefore, T3 was the most effective to according to the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. This study showed that treatments over 62 g of Calcium hydroxide per 1 kg of substrate offer a starting point for immature stage control under laboratory conditions. With these results, we propose to evaluate the cost-effectiveness and feasibility of the application, of the latter concentration, under field conditions in urban environments for its application in vector control programs.

Apexification of an infected untreated immature tooth with calplus (Calcium hydroxide paste with Iodoform)

Apexification is a method to induce a calcific barrier across an open apex or the sustained apical development of an incomplete root in teeth with necrotic pulp. Apical closure occurs approximately three years after eruption. Apexification is a treatment option that is done with the aim of apical repair by formation of hard tissue barrier through apex. Conventionally, a calcified barrier is inducted using a calcium hydroxide mixture. Various materials that can be used for apexification include Calcium hydroxide, MTA, Tricalcium phosphate, Dentin chips, Calcium phosphate ceramics and hydroxyapatite and bone morphogenetic proteins. Calcium hydroxide is the most common and traditional material employed for inducing apexification. Multi visit technique requiring 6-24 months to complete by using calcium hydroxide paste with Iodoform.

Effect of silicate-modified calcium oxide-based expansive agent on engineering properties and self-healing of ultra-high-strength concrete

At an early age, ultra-high-strength concrete (UHSC) exhibits a large autogenous shrinkage, which easily leads to matrix shrinkage and cracking. This poses a significant threat to the service life of a building structure. In this study, the effects of silicate-modified calcium oxide-based expansive agents (SCEAs) on the engineering performance and self-healing of UHSC were systematically investigated. SCEA was used as a self-healing promoter for early cracked UHSC, and the compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and surface resistivity were determined. Moreover, the water permeability of the cracked samples and the healing degree of the surface cracks were tested. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy, and other microscopic analyses were used to characterize the chemical composition of the healing compounds. The experimental results showed that the compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and surface resistivity of UHSC showed decreasing trends with an increase in SCEA doping. Furthermore, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy tests showed that the addition of SCEA increased the amount of calcium ion penetration into the UHSC during the healing process. The UHSC doped with SCEA showed more visible crack width healing than the control group, and the reductions in permeability were especially obvious. The results of X-ray diffraction, FTIR, and other microscopic analyses indicated that the main composition of the UHSC healing compounds was a mixture of calcium (aluminate) silicate hydrate, calcium hydroxide, and calcite.

Rapid fabrication of frescoes using a geomimetic ceramic formation process

Frescoes were developed as religious paintings in medieval Europe before the rise of oil paintings. When coloring with natural pigments on a slaked lime plaster, calcium carbonate gradually forms a coating on the pigments at the surface of the plaster over a period of decades to a hundred years. Many frescoes have been maintained for hundreds of years and have become part of historic heritage. However, the making of frescoes is rarely selected as a general art painting method because it takes a lot of time for complete carbonation to occur. This study demonstrated that a geomimetic ceramic hardening technique using calcium hydroxide and calcium carbonate, followed by subsequent acceleration of carbonation at the surface of the calcium hydroxide with supercritical carbon dioxide, could assist in forming frescoes in a short time. The immobilization of the pigment used on the base calcium hydroxide body was evaluated by a scratch test with emery paper, and pigment color differences were measured by a colorimeter. Furthermore, the micromorphology of the resultant frescoes fabricated by the geomimetic technique in a short time was investigated to evaluate the progress of carbonation. As a result, frescoes could be fabricated in a short time by combining a geomimetic technique and carbonation with supercritical carbon dioxide using a novel pigment that is a mixture of pigment and calcium hydroxide. The pigment in the final sample was completely fixed to the base calcium hydroxide body, and the pigment color was brighter than the original pigment color due to the densification of calcium carbonate after supercritical carbon dioxide treatment.

Development and characterization of lime-based stucco for modern construction and restoration applications based on ancient stuccoes from the “El Cerrito” pyramid, Querétaro, Mexico

This work studied the physical-chemical characteristics of two lime-based stucco samples extracted from the “El Cerrito” archeological site in Querétaro, Mexico. Their compositional analyses are consistent with calcite, labradorite (clay mineral), sand size quartz and volcanic lithics, and organic compounds. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images confirmed the use of micro and submicron natural fibers. Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy semi-quantitative analysis (EDS-SEM) showed Al, Mg, Ca, C, Si, K, and O as the major element components. Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) quantitative analysis found Ca, Al, Fe, Mg, and K as the major components, and Ba, P, S, Sr, Mn, Cr, and V, as minor and trace elements that produce a compelling fingerprint. X-ray diffraction patterns reveal that these stuccoes are formed by calcite and labradorite crystalline phases. These analyses were used to develop and reproduce a new stucco formulation that can be used to conserve and restore archeological buildings and as modern wall finishing. The new stucco is a heterogeneous mixture of calcium hydroxide, pozzolan (alunite-kaolinite), fine quartz sand, and volcanic lithics as an aggregate, and soluble and insoluble natural fibers obtained from nopal pads as additives. A step-by-step methodology to prepare and apply the newly formulated stucco in a modern house as a wall finishing is reported. Pozzolan, calcium hydroxide, and water react to produce the pozzolanic effect acting as a non-hydraulic cement, while calcium hydroxide reacts with the atmospheric CO2 to form calcium carbonate. Portlandite conversion to calcite and the pozzolanic effect to obtain labradorite were shown by X-ray analysis and high-resolution SEM images of the newly applied stucco.

The correlation of dentin elastic moduli and pH after exposed to combination of calcium hydroxide-propolis-propylene glycol.

Previous research states that adding propolis to powdered dental materials can increase the mechanical strength of the material. To analyze the differences and correlation of dentin elastic moduli and pH value after the exposure of calcium hydroxide, a mixture of propolis and calcium hydroxide, also a mixture of propylene glycol (PG), calcium hydroxide, and propolis. The dentine of bovine incisors was exposed into various compositions of a mixture of propolis, PG, and calcium hydroxide. The measurement of pH value and dentin elasstic moduli was performed after 7 days. To find difference among groups, one-way ANOVA was used, and Honestly significant difference (HSD) Tukey to compare each groups, followed by Pearson to define the correlation. A statistically meaningful difference was recorded between the groups (P < 0.05), and there was correlation between dentin elastic moduli and pH value. The more alkaline the environment, the more rigid the dentin.

Study on the Influence of Alkali Activator Solutions on Strength Improvement of Pozzolan Calcium Hydroxide Binders

Alkali activated binder, commonly known as geopolymer cement, has replaced Portland cement in the production of mortar and concrete globally over the past few years. The density, particle size distribution, and specific surface area (SSA) are important physical parameters affecting strength and durability of alkali activated binders. This study carried out tests for physical and chemical properties of the natural pozzolan and calcium hydroxide and then determines the influence of alkali solution (sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide) on strength development of natural pozzolan calcium hydroxide binders. The particle size distribution (PSD), relative densities (RD), and specific surface areas (SSA) of powder natural pozzolan and calcium hydroxide materials and for the mixture of natural pozzolan and calcium hydroxide were determined by using Blaine air permeability apparatus. The optimum proportion of 75% natural pozzolan and 25% calcium hydroxide was obtained which produces the compressive strength of 7.5 MPa at 28 days cured paste. The mixture of natural pozzolan and calcium hydroxide were further grinded at three different finenesses and the particle size gradation, specific densities, specific surface areas and mean particles sizes for the mixture were determined. The compressive strength of alkali activated binders increased with increasing curing period and fineness. The maximum compressive strength for 28 days cured specimens was 26.1 MPa which was obtained at a solution of 8 moles sodium hydroxide concentration. The test results showed that natural pozzolan materials can be used to make geopolymer binders for mortars and concretes. The geopolymer binders for mortars and concretes reduce green gas emission from cement factory but also it can be used to produce durable mortar and concrete with comparable strengths with mortars and concrete made from conventional Portland cement.

Comparative evaluation of cerium oxide nanoparticles and calcium hydroxide as intracanal medicament against Enterococcus faecalis on tooth substrate: An in vitro study

Aim: The aim of this study is to compare the antibacterial efficacy of cerium oxide nanoparticles and calcium hydroxide as intracanal medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis on tooth substrate – an in vitro study.Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted in three stages. In Stage 1, antibacterial susceptibility test of three test materials, cerium oxide nanoparticles, calcium hydroxide, and vancomycin against E. faecalis was done using disc diffusion method. In Stage 2, determination of minimal inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of the cerium oxide nanoparticles was done by tube dilution method. In Stage 3, determination of CFU was carried out using dentinal blocks at 1-day and 5-day intervals at two different dentinal depths (200 μm and 400 μm) for calcium hydroxide (Group 1), cerium oxide nanoparticle dispersion (Group 2), a mixture of calcium hydroxide and cerium oxide nanoparticles (Group 3), and sterile water (Group 4).Results: The reduction of E. faecalis achieved by cerium oxide nanoparticles dispersion on day 5 was 66.9% as against 46.7% as shown by mixture of the two medicaments and 34.8% by calcium hydroxide paste alone on day 5 at 400-μm depth.Conclusion: Cerium oxide nanoparticles show a significantly higher antibacterial efficacy when compared to calcium hydroxide and its combination.

PEMILIHAN BAHAN OBTURASI PADA PERAWATAN PULPEKTOMI GIGI DESIDUI

Introduction: Pulpectomy is the procedure of taking the entire pulp tissue from all the roots and corona of a tooth. There are several materials for obturation / root canal fillers in deciduous teeth, namely zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE), calcium hydroxide and iodoform paste a mixture of calcium hydroxide. A 6 year old boy patient came to RSGM with his parents seeking for treatment a tooth with a large cavity in the upper left posterior region and had been pain before. Intraoral examination revealed deep caries in the occlusal tooth 65 which reaching the pulp, percussion (-), palpation (-), mobility (-), vitality (-). Radiographic examination of tooth 65 showed a radiolucent image that had reached the pulp and the root canals had not yet undergone resorption. The diagnosis of this case was pulp necrosis at tooth 65. Case management: The treatment plan to be carried out was non-vital pulpectomy on tooth 65 and used technique non-vital pulpectomy because the tooth had already necrosis. Discussion: The filler used is ZOE. The reason for choosing this material was because it was indications for the use of ZOE material for teeth with necrosis. Conclussion: ZOE has anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties that can reduce pain

Residual antibacterial effects of a mixture of silver nanoparticles/calcium hydroxide and other root canal medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis

Background/purposeIntracanal medicaments with high residual inhibition effects are used to achieve successful endodontic treatment and prevent reinfection. This in vitro study aimed to assess antimicrobial residual effects of different intracanal medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) in root dentin one week after drug therapy. Materials and methodsSeventy human teeth were standardized to have 15 mm of length and were prepared by ProTaper rotary system. The teeth were randomly divided into six experimental (n = 10) and two control (n = 5) groups and subjected to drug therapy as follows; group CHX: 2% chlorhexidine gel, group CH: calcium hydroxide paste, group CH/CHX: mixture of calcium hydroxide and 2% CHX, group TAP: triple antibiotic paste, group DAP: double antibiotic paste, group CH/AgNPs: mixture of CH paste and silver nanoparticle suspension. After one week, the medicaments were removed from the root canals and E. faecalis was inoculated into the canals. The teeth were incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. Using a size 40 hedstrom file, dentin chips were collected and number of colony forming units were counted. ResultsThe difference between all experimental groups was statistically significant in this regard (P < 0.05) except for DAP and TAP groups, in which, no bacterial colony was noted after culture. After DAP and TAP, the lowest colony count was noted in CH/AgNPs, CH/CHX and CHX groups. The highest colony count was noted in CH group. ConclusionOur results showed favorable residual antibacterial effects of TAP, DAP and CH/AgNP medicaments after one week of application.

Comparison of ratios combination calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 with red pine (Pinus densiflora) of viscosity

Background: Calcium hydroxide is a gold standard for root canal sealing material. However, there are many defects in calcium hydroxide that have prompted many researchers to look for alternative materials, including natural origin ingredients. Red pine (Pinus densiflora) is often used in dentistry for its antioxidant and antibacterial properties. The mixture of calcium hydroxide and red pine has never been achieved before. One of the criteria for material sealing is that the channel should be fully sealed with high flow ability and low viscosity. Therefore, this research is performed to analyze the viscosity value of the mixture of calcium hydroxide and red pine (Pinus densiflora). Purpose: Knowing the difference in viscosity of the combination of calcium hydroxide and red pine with a ratio of 1:1, 1:1.5, and 1:2. Methods: This study used four treatment groups, with each group consisting of 8 replications. Group 1 was a combination of calcium hydroxide and red pine with a 1: 1, group 2 the ratio was 1: 1.5, group 3 had the ratio 1: 2, and the positive control group used calcium hydroxide and a sterile aquadest. Calcium hydroxide in powder form and an extract of red pine in liquid form are mixed according to the ratio. The viscosity value is measured using a viscosity tester, namely the Brookfield Viscometer. Results: The control group had a lower viscosity than group 3, group 3, and group 2 than group 1. Conclusion: Combination of calcium hydroxide and red pine with a ratio of 1:2, the lowest viscosity was obtained compared to the ratio of 1: 1 and 1: 1.5

Comparative evaluation of 5% sodium hypochlorite and Nd:YAG laser in reducing endotoxins level from infected root canals – An in vivo microbiological study

Objectives: Endodontic infection is one of the most challenging aspects of dental treatment which is primarily caused by Gram-negative anaerobic bacterial species. The primary objective in the management of endodontic treatment is eradication of bacteria, as well as elimination of endotoxin. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of 5% sodium hypochlorite, a mixture of calcium hydroxide+2% chlorhexidine (CHX) gel and Nd:YAG lasers for decreasing the level of endotoxin in infected root canals. Material and Methods: Forty four patients in the age group of 18–50 years were carefully chosen for the study and divided into control (Group 1, n = 11) and experimental group (Group 2, n = 33). Experimental group was further split into three subgroups according to the medicaments used. Samples were collected after the access opening (pre-operative specimens), after the biomechanical preparation (intermediate samples), and after the application of intracanal medicament for 15 days. The concentration of endotoxin in each sample was measured using quantitative chromogenic limulus amebocyte lysate assay. The data collected were statistically analyzed using SPSS for Windows (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, Inc., Chicago, IL,) Version 15.0 Statistical Analysis Software. The level of significance was set at 0.05 for all tests. Results: Pretreatment endotoxins level observed was 6.783EU/ml in Control group and 7.261EU/ml, 6.963EU/ml, 7.247EU/ml in experimental subgroups. After biomechanical preparation and use of medicaments endotoxins level reduced to 3.919EU/ml in Control group and 0.5222EU/ml (sodium hypochlorite) 1.164EU/ml (calcium hydroxide+chlorhexidine), 0.841EU/ml (laser). Conclusion: This study concluded after analyzing the data that use of 5% sodium hypochlorite and Nd:YAG laser was effective in decreasing the level of endotoxins and use of intracanal medicament (2% CHX+ calcium hydroxide) for 15 days further helps to reduce the endotoxin level.

Comparison of ratios combination calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 with red pine (Pinus densiflora) of viscosity

Background: Calcium hydroxide is a gold standard for root canal sealing material. However, there are many defects in calcium hydroxide that have prompted many researchers to look for alternative materials, including natural origin ingredients. Red pine (Pinus densiflora) is often used in dentistry for its antioxidant and antibacterial properties. The mixture of calcium hydroxide and red pine has never been achieved before. One of the criteria for material sealing is that the channel should be fully sealed with high flow ability and low viscosity. Therefore, this research is performed to analyze the viscosity value of the mixture of calcium hydroxide and red pine (Pinus densiflora). Purpose: Knowing the difference in viscosity of the combination of calcium hydroxide and red pine with a ratio of 1:1, 1:1.5, and 1:2. Methods: This study used four treatment groups, with each group consisting of 8 replications. Group 1 was a combination of calcium hydroxide and red pine with a 1: 1, group 2 the ratio was 1: 1.5, group 3 had the ratio 1: 2, and the positive control group used calcium hydroxide and a sterile aquadest. Calcium hydroxide in powder form and an extract of red pine in liquid form are mixed according to the ratio. The viscosity value is measured using a viscosity tester, namely the Brookfield Viscometer. Results: The control group had a lower viscosity than group 3, group 3, and group 2 than group1. Conclusion: Combination of calcium hydroxide and red pine with a ratio of 1:2, the lowest viscosity was obtained compared to the ratio of 1: 1 and 1: 1.5.