Calcium-deficient Diet Research Articles

Integrated transcriptomics and untargeted metabolomics reveal bone development and metabolism of newly weaned mice in response to dietary calcium and boron levels.

Epidemiological and animal studies have indicated that calcium and boron are essential for bone development and metabolism. However, limited information is available regarding the effects of boron supplementation on bone development and metabolism in newly weaned infants with either calcium deficiency or calcium sufficiency. This study assessed the effects of dietary boron supplementation (0 and 3 mg kg-1) on bone development and metabolism, in a newly weaned mouse model, under both calcium deficiency and sufficiency feeding conditions. The results show that mice fed a calcium sufficient diet exhibited lower fat percentage and final body weight than those fed a calcium deficient diet. Boron supplementation reduced the serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level and up-regulated the mRNA levels of FABP3, PPAR-γ, and CaMK in the intestinal mucosa. Importantly, boron supplementation increased the tibial weight in mice on a calcium-sufficient diet and enhanced the tibial volume in those on a calcium-deficient diet. Metabolomic analysis highlighted calcium and boron's impact on metabolites like carboxylic acids and derivatives, fatty acyls, steroids and steroid derivatives, benzene and substituted derivatives, organonitrogen compounds, organooxygen compounds, and phenols, and were related to lipid metabolism and the neural signaling pathway. Transcriptomic analysis corroborated the role of calcium and boron in modulating bone metabolism via the JAK-STAT, calcium signaling, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory pathways. Multi-omics analysis indicated a strong correlation between calcium signaling pathways, lipid metabolism signaling, and dietary calcium and boron contents. This research provides insights into these complex mechanisms, potentially paving the way for novel interventions against calcium and boron deficiencies and bone metabolism abnormalities in clinical settings.

The Effect of Selenase on Inflammatory and Cytoprotective Markers in Experimental Chronic Generalized Periodontitis

Epidemiological studies in recent decades have revealed a significant increase in the number of patients with periodontal diseases leading to tooth loss. Modern realities require improvement of drug treatment of periodontitis. The antioxidant Selenase, selenium derivative, is an interesting treatment strategy for periodontitis. The study was carried out with the aim to evaluate the healing effectiveness of Selenase in rats with chronic generalized periodontitis (CGP) by its effect on markers of inflammation and cytoprotection. Experimental CGP was modulated in Wistar rats by a calcium-deficient diet with the inclusion of a prooxidant. Selenase (50 mcg/kg) and Mexidol (ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate, 250 mg/kg) were administered intragastrically for 30 days. Levels of IL-1β, HIF-1α, HSP70, and TNF-α were determined in the blood after treatment using the enzyme immunoassay method. Experimental CGP was characterized by the development of hyperemia, swelling, and bleeding of the gums; mobility of teeth; and gingival pockets up to 8 mm against the background of increased inflammatory markers (IL-1β, TNF-α), and molecular markers of cytoprotection (HIF-1α, HSP70) in the blood, indicating a homeostatic response of the periodontium in response to inflammation and subsequent hypoxia. Administration of Selenase to rats with CGP produced pronounced healing effects: the reduction in the depth of periodontal pockets by 42.55 %, cessation of bleeding, and disappearance of swelling against the background of a decrease of inflammatory markers: IL-1β – by 44.6 %, and TNF-α – by 65.9 % (p < 0.05). HIF-1α increased by 36.8 %, and HSP70 – by 71.1 % compared to those of the control group, which was not given the treatment (p < 0.05). The results obtained suggest a significant influence of Selenase on HSP70-dependent mechanisms of endogenous cytoprotection. The results of the study found that the use of Selenase in experimental CGP is more effective than Mexidol.

Association between dietary calcium and pregnancy induced hypertension

Background: Pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) is one of the major complications of pregnancy. Inadequate calcium (Ca) intake is considered a public health problem in some vulnerable groups, especially pregnant women. A balanced diet during pregnancy with adequate Ca should be the ideal solution, and to proceed in this direction, evidence is required on the nature and extent of Ca deficiency in the diet of PIH mothers. Objectives: To assess the dietary intake of Ca in PIH (compared to non-PIH) mothers and to explore the factors affecting the intake of those nutrients. Methods: Under an observational case-control design, we recruited 300 Bangladeshi pregnant women in two groups (150 with and 150 without PIH), aged between 20-40 years (from 3 hospitals in Dhaka) at the 3rd trimester of pregnancy. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect the data. The first part of the questionnaire was allocated to general socio-demographic and clinical characteristics. Secondly, a food frequency questionnaire was used to estimate individual dietary Ca intake. Results: The dietary Calcium intake [(mg/day), median (range)] was significantly lower [265(111-487)] (p<0.001) in the PIH compared to the non-PIH [350(201-984) ;(p<0.001)] group. On bivariate analysis, the dietary Calcium intakes had a significantly negative correlation with mean blood pressure which was considered an indicator of the severity of PIH (r=-0.276; p<0.001) for Ca. On regression analysis, PIH was found to be significantly associated with a lower intake of Ca (b=-0.009; p<0.001) when the effects of age, family history of HTN and family income were adjusted. Conclusion: Dietary consumption of Calcium during pregnancy is much lower than those recommended in our population, PIH seems to have an association with dietary deficiency of Calcium in pregnant women. Bioresearch Commu. 10(2): 1612-1618, 2024 (July)

Markers of bone turnover and biomechanical properties of the third metacarpal bone of growing pigs subjected to the different dietary phosphorus and calcium content

Abstract Eighteen weaned piglets were subjected to deficiency, adequate or excess of dietary phosphorus and calcium (group C−50, C and C+50, respectively) during growth from 33 to 110 day of age. However, the ratio of calcium/digestible phosphorus in all feeds was the same and consistent with the nutritional recommendation. Performance, bone growth, concentration of osteocalcin (OC) and carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-I), densitometry, geometry and mechanical properties of the 3rd metacarpal bone were measured. Growth rate and final body weight did not differ between C and C+50 animals, however, they grew approximately 5.9% faster and were heavier by about 4.0% than C−50 pigs. In turn, mass and length of bones were similar in C−50 and C+50 groups, however, they were approximately 11% lighter and 4% shorter compared to C pigs. Serum content of OC took the following order: C−50 < C < C+50 group (P<0.01). Content of CTX-I did not differ between C and C+50 animals, however they were lower by 36% (P<0.01) than in the C−50 pigs. All measured geometry parameters (cortical wall thickness, cross section area and cortical index) did not differ between C and C+50 pigs and were higher than in C−50 pigs (P<0.01). Bones of C−50 pigs contained less minerals than bones of the C and C+50 pigs (5.24 g vs mean 6.14 g, P<0.01). The 3rd metacarpal bone mineral density (g/cm2) was the lowest in pigs in group C−50, higher in pigs in group C, and the highest in animals in group C+50 (0.398, 0.431 and 0.475, respectively, P<0.01). Maximum strength of bones was similar in the C and C+50 pigs, however it was 13% greater (P<0.01) compared to C−50 animals. In turn, elastic strength and elastic deflection did not differ between the C and C−50 animals and were over 20% lower (P<0.01) than in the C+50 pigs. Whereas, there was no significant difference between groups in bone stiffness (mean 27.13 mm). The results of the present study proved that even a strong excess of phosphorus and calcium content in the diet for growing pigs is inadvisable and does not improve performance and bones parameters. While excessively lowering the dietary phosphorus and calcium concentration (e.g. to reduce environmental pollution) may adversely affect growth rate and bone characteristics.

"Effects of a Calcium-Deficient Diet and Resistance Exercise on Bone in Male and Female Rats of Different Biological Maturity"

"Effects of a Calcium-Deficient Diet and Resistance Exercise on Bone in Male and Female Rats of Different Biological Maturity"

The influence of HDBA organic complex with vitamin D and calcium on the effectiveness of medical rehabilitation of patients with osteoporosis

Objective. To study the effect of basic pathogenetic therapy of osteoporosis and nutritional support using HDBA organic complex with vitamin D and calcium on the effectiveness and duration of maintaining the effect of medical rehabilitation, bone mineral density and the incidence of falls in patients with osteoporosis. Material and methods. The study included 119 patients aged 50 to 80 years, admitted to the inpatient stage of medical rehabilitation and diagnosed with osteoporosis according to one of the three diagnostic criteria formulated in the clinical recommendations of the Russian Ministry of Health, which were randomized in 3 groups. Patients in group 1 (n=41) were prescribed pathogenetic antiresorptive therapy for osteoporosis (bisphosphonates or denosumab) for 12 months, depending on the severity and clinical features of osteoporosis, contraindications to various types of therapy and the patient’s preferences regarding the frequency and mode of administration of the drug for the treatment of osteoporosis, in combination with nutritional support of the dietary supplement Osteomed Forte, containing an organic HDBA complex with vitamin D and calcium. Patients in group 2 (n=39) were prescribed only nutritional support with the dietary supplement Osteomed Forte in the same dosage. Patients of the third group made up the comparison group (n=39), in which patients did not receive any interventions. A control examination was carried out after completion of the rehabilitation course – 20 days after inclusion in the study, as well as 6 and 12 months after the start of treatment. Results. Long-term nutritional support of patients with osteoporosis using HDBA organic complex with vitamin D and calcium helps maintain muscle strength values achieved during rehabilitation for up to 6 months, indicators of quality of life and balance for up to 12 months after completion of rehabilitation, as well as significant increase in bone mineral density after 12 months compared to the baseline: in combination with pathogenetic therapy for osteoporosis – by 4.2% in the spine, by 3.0% in the femoral neck and by 2.7% in the proximal femur, without antiresorptive therapy – by 1.8% in the spine. Conclusion. Nutritional support in the form of correction of dietary calcium deficiency and vitamin D deficiency and the prescription of pathogenetic therapy for osteoporosis should be a mandatory part of complex rehabilitation measures in patients with osteoporosis to increase bone mineral density, improve efficiency and long-term maintenance of the results of medical rehabilitation.

Enhancing the Production Performance and Nutrient Utilization of Laying Hens by Augmenting Energy, Phosphorous and Calcium Deficient Diets with Fungal Phytase (Trichoderma reesei) Supplementation

A ten-week trial was conducted to evaluate the enhancement of production performance and nutrient utilization of laying hens through augmenting energy, phosphorous, and calcium deficient diets with fungal phytase (Trichoderma reesei) supplementation. 720 Hy-line Brown hens aged 28 weeks were randomly divided into 5 groups; each group had 8 replicates of 18 hens. Five experimental diets were prepared and fed to corresponding groups. A positive control (PC) diet contained 3.50% of calcium (Ca), 0.32% of non-phytate phosphorus (NPP), and apparent metabolic energy (AME) of 11.29MJ/kg, while a negative control (NC) diet contained 3.30% of Ca, 0.12% of NPP, and lower AME of 300 kJ/kg. The other three diets were supplemented with 250 FTU/kg phytase (PHY-250), 1000 FTU/kg phytase (PHY-1000), and 2000 FTU/kg phytase (PHY-2000) in addition to a regular NC diet. Results indicated that the positive control (PC) diet group had higher body weight gain, egg weight, and average daily feed intake. However, laying rate, egg mass, and FCR were most improved in the PHY-2000 group, followed by the PHY-1000 and PHY-250 groups (p < 0.05). Improved yolk color was most notable in laying hens fed the diet with PHY-1000 as opposed to the PC and NC groups (p < 0.05), but no overall difference was found among all of the phytase treated groups. The apparent availability of dry matter, energy, phosphorus, and phytate P was significantly higher in the PHY-2000 group than in the PC and NC groups (p < 0.05). Compared to the PC group, nitrogen retention was significantly higher in the PHY-1000 group, while calcium availability was higher in the PHY-250 group. The results suggested that the addition of phytase to diets with low P, Ca, and AME improved laying performance and apparent availability of dietary nutrients. Thus, it was concluded that the laying hen diet could be supplemented with 1000–2000 FTU/kg phytase for improving laying production and nutrient availability and mitigating the negative impact of reduced nutrient density in laying hen diets.

Effects of dietary minerals deficiency and supplementation on different parts of muscle minerals content in grazing Mongolian sheep.

The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of dietary deficiency and supplementation of calcium, zinc, copper, cobalt, manganese or selenium on minerals content in the longissimus dorsi (LD), biceps femoris (BF) and triceps brachii (TB) of grazing Mongolian sheep. We randomly divided 98 sheep into 7 treatment groups and fed them specific diets for 60 days: a total mineral nutrition diet (LCG), a calcium deficiency diet (LCa), a zinc deficiency diet (LZn), a copper deficiency diet (LCu), a cobalt deficiency diet (LCo), a manganese deficiency diet (LMn) and a selenium deficiency diet (LSe). Then 7 sheep from each group were slaughtered and samples of LD, BF and TB were collected for mineral content analysis. The remaining sheep in each group were subsequently fed specific diets for an additional 41 days: a total mineral nutrition diet (SCG), a calcium supplementation diet (SCa), a zinc supplementation diet (SZn), a copper supplementation diet (SCu), a cobalt supplementation diet (SCo), a manganese supplementation diet (SMn) and a selenium supplementation diet (SSe). Afterward, all sheep were slaughtered, and muscle samples were collected and analyzed. Significant findings emerged that LCa decreased sulfur (S) content in BF and increased Ca content in LD and BF, while SCa increased S and Ca content in BF and TB, respectively (P < 0.05). LZn decreased Zn, S, and potassium (K) content in LD and BF, while SZn increased Zn and S content in LD and BF, respectively (P < 0.05). LCu decreased Cu and iron (Fe) content in LD and TB, while SCu increased Fe content in TB (P < 0.05). LCo decreased phosphorus, S, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn content in LD (P < 0.05). LMn decreased Mn content and increased K content in TB, while SMn decreased K content in BF and TB (P < 0.05). LSe and SSe decreased and increased Se content in LD, BF, and TB, respectively (P < 0.05). Dietary mineral levels have varying effects on lamb meat minerals content. It is important to ensure an adequate intake of minerals in the diet to enhance the mineral nutrition of lamb meat.

Caffeine and Ovariectomy Debilitate Bone Health in Rats on Calcium-deficient Diet.

This study investigated the effects of ovariectomy and caffeine intake on bone health in rats on calcium-deficient diet. Forty adults female Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups in a 2x2 factorial design: Ovary (OVX/SHAM) and Caffeine (placebo/caffeine). The animals were housed in individual cages for 8 weeks, receiving 18-20g of AIN-93M diet per day, containing 50% of the daily recommended intake of calcium. The rats underwent ovariectomy (OVX) or laparotomy (SHAM) surgery. Caffeine groups received 6mg of caffeine/kg/day. After euthanasia, the tibia and femur were dissected to determine the calcium content and bone fracture strength, respectively. Blood sample was collected to determine serum Ostase. 24-hour urine was analyzed for excreted calcium and NTx. Reduced bone fracture strength and calcium content were observed in OVX and Caffeine groups. When observed separately, OVX group showed increased urinary NTx and lower bone weight, blood ostase, and urinary calcium. Caffeine groups showed elevated urinary calcium. There was a positive correlation between bone fracture strength and calcium content. NTx correlated negatively with bone calcium, fracture strength and thickness. In conclusion, both OVX and caffeine intake debilitate bone health in rats on calcium-deficient diet.

Low-molecular-weight fucoidan ameliorates calcium-deficient-diet–induced bone loss and osteoarthritis via CaSR level regulation

Fucoidans—sulfated and fucosylated polysaccharides extracted from brown seaweed—reportedly accelerate bone growth and prevent osteoarthritis (OA) progression. In this study, we examined the effects of low-molecular-weight fucoidan (LMF) on the molecular mechanism of extracellular calcium concentration in vitro and in vivo. In MG63 cells, LMF significantly increased the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and expression of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) under low- and normal-[Ca+2]0 conditions, but only decreased the expression of receptor activator of the nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) under normal-[Ca+2]0 conditions. In the calcium-deficient diet model, LMF significantly increased body length, growth rate, bone-specific ALP secretion, trabecular number, and CaSR protein expression, without body weight changes. In the OA model, LMF significantly increased bone volume and CaSR protein expression and reduced joint inflammation. Overall, our results indicate that LMF reduced calcium-deficient-diet–induced bone loss and OA via CaSR level regulation.

255 Evaluation of Growth Performance and Bone Mineral Density in Grower Pigs Fed Phosphorus, Calcium, and Vitamin D Deficient Diets

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of phosphorus, calcium and vitamin D deficient diets on growth performance and bone mineral density (BMD) in grower pigs. In two replicates, a total of 80 mixed sex pigs (26.7 kg BW) were allotted by BW and sex into individual pens across 5 dietary treatments (16 pigs/trt) for 28 days. Diets were: 1) Positive control (PC) diet containing monocalcium phosphate and no phytase, 2) PC diet containing phytase 1,500 FTU of Optiphos 2500, 3) Diet deficient in phosphorus (no monocalcium phosphate or phytase), 4) Calcium deficient diet (as diet 2 with no limestone), and 5) Diet deficient in vitamin D as diet 2 containing no added vitamin D. All diets were formulated to 3,297 kcal/kg ME, 1.15% SID Lys and contain the same AA:Lys ratios. Total Ca was formulated to be 0.76, 0.53, 0.45, 0.20 and 0.53%, with available P at 0.32, 0.32, 0.07, 0.32 and 0.32% respectively, for Treatments 1-5. Vitamin D was formulated to be at 154 IU/kg diet for Treatment 1-4. Pig BW and feed disappearance were recorded at the start and end of the study to calculate ADG, ADFI and G: F. On day 28, serum was collected, and all pigs euthanized to determine whole body bone, foot, rib, femur, and tibia BMD via dual x-ray absorptiometry. Data were analyzed with pen as experimental unit, fixed effect of dietary treatment, sex and their interaction, and initial BW block and repartition as random effects. Diet by sex interactions not observed (P &amp;gt;0.05). Compared with either Treatment 1 and 2, P and Ca deficient diets reduced ADG (0.96, 1.01, 0.80 and 0.91 kg/d, respectively (P &amp;lt; 0.001). The ADFI did not differ across dietary treatments. Vitamin D deficient pigs did not differ from either control treatments. Feed efficiency was different between treatments 1-4 (0.51, 0.53, 0.47 and 0.50, respectively, P &amp;lt; 0.001). Whole body BMD was reduced in the P and Ca deficient diets compared with Treatment 1 and 2 (0.582, 0.678, 0.803 and 0.758 g/cm2, respectively, P &amp;lt; 0.001). Similar results for 10th rib, femur, and tibia bones (P &amp;lt; 0.001). Vitamin D deficient diets reduced whole body and tibia BMD compared with Treatment 1 by 1.5% (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Gilts had greater whole body (0.762 vs. 0.703 g/cm2) and tibia (0.448 vs. 0.408 g/cm2) BMD compared with barrows (P &amp;lt; 0.05). In conclusion, dietary phytase provided similar performance and BMD to that of non-phytase control diet. Feeding P and Ca deficient diets for 28 days reduced pig growth and bone density, with P diets having more severe reductions. Further, while there was a slight reduction in growth there were no detrimental effects on bone mineralization in pigs fed vitamin D deficient diets.

Inulin Supplementation Modulates the Hepatic Transcriptome, Metabolome, and Ferritin Content in Ovariectomized Rats.

Liver is an important metabolic organ regulating whole-body homeostasis. This study aims to investigate how prebiotic-induced changes in the metabolic activity of the gut microbiome (GM) and dietary calcium depletion modulates the hepatic metabolome and transcriptome. The serum metabolome, liver metabolome, and transcriptome are determined on samples from ovariectomized (OVX) rats fed a control diet (Control, n = 7), a control diet supplemented with 5% w/w inulin (Inulin, n = 7), or a calcium-deficient diet (CaDef, n = 7). Inulin fortification is associated with higher serum concentrations of acetate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, and reduced concentration of dimethyl sulfone, revealing that changes in the metabolic activity of the GM are reflected in circulating metabolites. Metabolomics also reveal that the inulin-fortified diet results in lower concentrations of hepatic glutamate, serine, and hypoxanthine while transcriptomics reveal accompanying effects on the hepatic expression of ferric iron binding-related genes. Inulin fortification also induces effects on the hepatic expression of genes involved in olfactory transduction, suggesting that prebiotics regulate liver function through yet unidentified mechanisms involving olfactory receptors. Inulin ingestion impacts hepatic gene expression and is associated with an upregulation of ferritin synthesis-related genes and liver ferritin content.

A patient with rickets and alopecia totalis

Abstract Rickets is a disorder of bone mineralisation. Common causes of rickets are dietary calcium and Vitamin deficiency. Mutations in vitamin D activity are known to cause Vitamin D-resistant rickets (VDRRs). Various types of VDRRs have been identified – type I and type II along with their subtypes. They present with the typical features of rickets such as bowing of legs and rachitic rosary. They are differentiated by certain clinical and biochemical parameters from the common causes. Further molecular testing is required to evaluate various types of VDRRs. Most cases of VDRRs are diagnosed based on clinical and biochemical features commonly described in the literature, but genetic studies are required to characterise various subtypes. Such cases require life-long treatment of calcium and vitamin D supplementation. We present a case of VDRRs type II, evaluated, treated and followed up at regular intervals, and it has shown improvement in biochemical parameters, clinically as well as radiologically.

Evaluation of calcium intake levels and sources among pregnant women in a Chengdu hospital in 2017

Investigate and evaluate the levels and sources of calcium intake of pregnant women in Chengdu during three trimesters. Use the data of a cohort study in Chengdu in 2017. The healthy singleton pregnant women with 8-14 weeks of pregnancy in an obstetrical clinic of a maternal-and-child health care institution in Chengdu were selected as the object of the study. Data on maternal demographic characteristics and the use information of calcium supplements in the past month of each trimester were collected by questionnaire investigation. The dietary intakes data of pregnant women in each trimester was collected by the 3-day 24-hour dietary recall method. The dietary calcium intake and the contribution of calcium from different foods were calculated based on the Chinese Food Composition Table(2018). The total calcium intake was obtained by adding the dietary calcium and supplement calcium intake. The calcium intake was evaluated with reference to the Chinese Dietary Nutrient Reference Intakes(2013). Valid samples of 1653 cases in early pregnancy, 1024 cases in middle pregnancy and 1017 cases in late pregnancy were finally included. The median intake of total calcium was 523.3, 1280.5 and 1491.3 mg/d in three trimesters, respectively. The adequate rate of total calcium intake was 16.3%, 63.2% and 67.1%, the insufficient rate was 69.0%, 15.7% and 11.2%, the excess rate was 0.2%, 9.1% and 14.4%, respectively. The median intake of dietary calcium was 453.0, 613.0 and 723.0 mg/d in three trimesters respectively. The dietary calcium adequate rates were 7.1%, 9.7% and 16.2%, the dietary calcium deficiency rates were 82.0%, 75.0%, 62.6%, respectively. The main food sources of dietary calcium in each pregnancy were dairy foods, vegetables, tubers and grains. The contribution of dairy foods to the dietary calcium was 33.8%, 37.7% and 40.2%, respectively. The median intake of milk was 125.0, 235.3 and 250.0 g/d, respectively. Among all pregnant women, the calcium supplement use in three trimesters was 36.2%, 93.4% and 91.7%, respectively; the median intake of supplement calcium was 0.0, 625.0 and 750.0 mg/d, respectively. Among pregnant women who met the dietary calcium standard, the use of calcium supplements in the three trimesters was 38.1%, 95.0% and 94.5%, respectively; the median intake of supplemental calcium was 0.0, 725.0 and 750.0 mg/d, respectively. The insufficient and excessive total calcium intake coexisted among pregnant women in Chengdu, with the insufficient dietary calcium intake prominent in all trimesters. The use of calcium supplements was common in middle and late pregnancy.

Effect of calcium lactate in standard diet on selected markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in ovariectomized rats

Abstract The effectiveness of calcium depends on its source, i.e., salt it is supplied with. This study aimed to determine the effects of calcium lactate in diet on inflammation and oxidative stress markers in ovariectomized rats. A total of 40 female Wistar rats were included in this study, which were divided into four groups. The control group was fed a standard diet, whereas the remaining three groups were ovariectomized and provided a standard diet containing calcium carbonate (OVX), a calcium-deficient diet (OVX_DEF), or a diet containing calcium lactate (OVX_CaL). The nutritional intervention lasted for 12 weeks, and then, the rats were sacrificed. Tissue and blood samples were taken and evaluated for cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1), cyclooxygenase 2, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance contents in the liver and serum, and total antioxidant status and lipoxygenase 1 contents only in the serum using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Differences were observed in the effects of calcium carbonate and calcium lactate on the COX-1 content in the serum of ovariectomized rats: a lower COX-1 concentration was observed in the case of the calcium lactate diet. No significant differences were observed for the other parameters.

The burden of vitamin D deficiency in household members of children presenting with symptomatic vitamin D deficiency

BackgroundMicronutrient deficiencies are common among household/family members due to shared lifestyle and dietary habits. The extent of biochemical abnormalities in household members of children presenting with symptomatic vitamin D deficiency remains unknown.AimInvestigate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and biochemical osteomalacia in the mothers and siblings of children presenting with symptomatic vitamin D deficiency.MethodsAll mothers and sibling of children referred to a single tertiary endocrine centre between January 2018 and December 2021, with symptomatic vitamin D deficiency were investigated prospectively for vitamin D deficiency [defined as 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) < 30nmol/L] and biochemical osteomalacia [vitamin D deficiency and elevated alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and/or parathormone (PTH)] as per clinical guidelines.ReultsNinety-seven family members (68 siblings and 29 mothers) of 29 index cases (median age 1.7 years, 55.5% male) were investigated. The majority (65.5%, n=19) were of Asian ethnic background. The mean (SD) 25OHD levels of the index, maternal and sibling cohorts were 15 (10), 15 (7) and 20 (10) nmol/L respectively. Vitamin D deficiency was noted in 93% of the maternal and 79% of the sibling cohorts. Biochemical osteomalacia was present in 72% of the maternal and 79% of the sibling cohorts. Mothers of infants had significantly lower mean 25OHD levels compared to mothers of older children [11 (n=12) vs 18 nmol/L (n=17) respectively, p=0.006)], most of whom were symptomatic (66.6%, n=8/12). None of the mothers had hypocalcaemia. Among the 10% (n=7) of the siblings with hypocalcaemia, 86% (n=6/7) had concurrent dietary calcium deficiency and 71.4% (n= 5/7) reported symptoms in retrospect. Hypocalcaemic siblings had significantly lower 25OHD (7 vs 15 nmol/L, p<0.001), higher PTH (175 vs 58 ng/L, p<0.001) and ALP (846 vs 318 IU/L, p<0.001), respectively compared to normocalcaemic siblings.ConclusionsIn view of the substantial morbidity uncovered in household/family members of children diagnosed with symptomatic vitamin D deficiency, we recommend universal supplementation of all risk groups. Biochemical testing and treatment is indicated to replenish stores only in those at highest risk such as mothers of infants, individuals with concurrent dietary calcium deficiency and those with clinical symptoms.

Defective bone repletion in aged Balb/cBy mice was caused by impaired osteoblastic differentiation.

This study was undertaken to gain mechanistic information about bone repair using the bone repletion model in aged Balb/cBy mice. onemonth-old (young) mice were fed a calcium-deficient diet for 2weeks and 8month-old (adult) and 21-25month-old (aged) female mice for 4weeks during depletion, which was followed by feeding a calcium-sufficient diet for 16days during repletion. To determine if prolonged repletion would improve bone repair, an additional group of aged mice were repleted for 4 additional weeks. Control mice were fed calcium-sufficient diet throughout. In vivo bone repletion response was assessed by bone mineral density gain and histomorphometry. In vitro response was monitored by osteoblastic proliferation, differentiation, and senescence. There was no significant bone repletion in aged mice even with an extended repletion period, indicating an impaired bone repletion. This was not due to an increase in bone cell senescence or reduction in osteoblast proliferation, but to dysfunctional osteoblastic differentiation in aged bone cells. Osteoblasts of aged mice had elevated levels of cytosolic and ER calcium, which were associated with increased Cav1.2 and CaSR (extracellular calcium channels) expression but reduced expression of Orai1 and Stim1, key components of Stored Operated Ca2+ Entry (SOCE). Activation of Cav1.2 and CaSR leads to increased osteoblastic proliferation, but activation of SOCE is associated with osteoblastic differentiation. The bone repletion mechanism in aged Balb/cBy mice is defective that is caused by an impaired osteoblast differentiation through reducedactivationof SOCE.

Nutrient Strength and Dissolution Test Results of Nationally Representative Prescription Prenatal Multivitamin/Mineral (RxP MVM) Supplements

ObjectivesUS pregnant women are at risk of dietary deficiencies of iron, folate, calcium and vitamin D and take Rx or non-Rx MVM supplements to optimize their nutritional status. The efficacy of a MVM is determined not only by its ingredient content but also by the ability of tablets and capsules to properly disintegrate and release nutrients. The goals of this Dietary Supplement Ingredient Database study were to measure micronutrients in RxP MVMs and to assess dosage form adherence to the United States Pharmacopeial (USP) dissolution standards.MethodsMultiple lots of 24 RxP MVMs, representing 61% of the market were tested by commercial laboratories. We compared the content with Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) and Upper Tolerable Intake Levels (ULs). The MVMs were tested for folic acid, iron, riboflavin, and retinol dissolution. To pass, at least 75% of the labeled amount must be released in 1 hour.ResultsThe means of daily intakes provided by most RxP MVMs were below 20% RDAs for calcium and magnesium, at about half of the RDA for iodine, at or slightly above RDAs for iron and copper, and almost twice the RDA for zinc. The mean amounts of daily intakes of vitamins A, C, D, E, niacin, and thiamin provided by most MVMs were 70–160%RDAs, although some products contained thiamin, vitamins C or D at 170–240% of RDAs. All MVMs provided amounts of folic acid exceeding the RDA (mean %RDA ± SD; 334 ± 49). Average measured contents of vitamins and minerals exceeded labeled amounts, including those labeled with amounts above ULs. However, none of the 15 tablet and 4 soft gel products passed dissolution testing for all ingredients required by USP. None of 7 products passed the test for retinol. Only 55% of 11 MVMs in tablets with fast releasing iron sources passed dissolution tests for iron, folic acid and riboflavin. For at least one of those three ingredients, 80–93% of 12–15 tablets passed dissolution, and only 1 of 4 soft gels passed the test with pepsin added to the testing media.ConclusionsAlthough RxP MVMs contained several micronutrients significantly exceeding RDAs that might help to close nutrient gaps, the sample of nationally representative RxP MVMs failed to meet all USP standards for ingredient dissolution. This is a concern for pregnant women because nutrients in failed products might not be available for absorption and utilization.Funding SourcesNIH ODS and the USDA.

63 Effects of Dietary Calcium and Phosphorus Deficiency on Growth Performance and Subsequent Recovery of Bone Mineralization in Replacement Gilts

Abstract This study was performed to test the hypothesis that after a depletion period that renders replacement gilts more efficient in their use of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P), they can recover bone mineralization when fed a repletion diet. To this end, 24 gilts were fed according to a 2-phase feeding program (60–95 kg BW and 95–140 kg BW, respectively), corresponding to the period of depletion and repletion in Ca and P, respectively. The experimental diets for the first phase were a finisher control diet (D100; 2.1 g digestible P/kg) providing 100% of estimated Ca and P requirements or a finisher low-P diet (D60; 1.2 g digestible P/kg) providing 60% of estimated Ca and P requirements. In the second phase, one-half of the gilts from each finisher diet were randomly assigned to either a control (R100) diet or a high-P diet (R160; 3.5 g digestible P/kg) according to a 2 × 2 factorial design, resulting in 4 treatments: D60R100, D60R160, D100R100 and D100R160. Whole-body bone mineral content (BMC) and body composition of pigs were measured on each gilt at 2-week intervals by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Diets did not influence the growth performance throughout the experiment. At 95 kg, gilts fed D60 had reduced BMC and BMD (-9% vs D100; P &amp;lt; 0.001). At 140 kg, no significant effect of depletion diets was observed on BMC. These results show the high potential to limit dietary digestible P concentration during the growing period without causing any detrimental effects to gilts at mating, and they confirm the ability of replacement gilts to recover their BMC at 140 kg BW by increasing BMC deposition and their dietary Ca and P efficiency. Finally, high-digestible P content from 95-140 kg BW allowed gilts to increase BMC further, but required the use of dietary phosphates.

Calcium deficiency worldwide: prevalence of inadequate intakes and associated health outcomes.

Dietary calcium deficiency is considered to be widespread globally, with published estimates suggesting that approximately half of the world's population has inadequate access to dietary calcium. Calcium is essential for bone health, but inadequate intakes have also been linked to other health outcomes, including pregnancy complications, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. Populations in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) are at greatest risk of low calcium intakes, although many individuals in high‐income countries (HICs) also do not meet recommendations. Paradoxically, many LMICs with lower calcium intakes show lower rates of osteoporotic fracture as compared with HICs, though data are sparse. Calcium intake recommendations vary across agencies and may need to be customized based on other dietary factors, health‐related behaviors, or the risk of calcium‐related health outcomes. The lack of standard methods to assess the calcium status of an individual or population has challenged efforts to estimate the prevalence of calcium deficiency and the global burden of related adverse health consequences. This paper aims to consolidate available evidence related to the global prevalence of inadequate calcium intakes and associated health outcomes, with the goal of providing a foundation for developing policies and population‐level interventions to safely improve calcium intake and status where necessary.