Calcium Carbonate Filler Research Articles

Enhancing thermo-mechanical properties of additively manufactured PLA using eggshell microparticle fillers

Polylactic acid (PLA) is a widely studied polymer for potential biomedical applications and is one of the most commonly used polymers for additive manufacturing or 3D printing. Additive manufacturing (AM) technology is a fast-rising method of fabrication of polymer parts compared to other traditional fabrication techniques. In recent years, natural plant-based and animal-based fibers have shown immense potential to be used as fillers or reinforcements for polymer composites. In this study, chicken eggshell particles (ESP) have been used as inorganic calcium carbonate fillers to enhance PLA's mechanical properties. Four different concentrations (0 wt%, 1 wt%, 3 wt%, and 5 wt%) of PLA/ESP composite filaments have been extruded using a single screw extruder. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses were used to determine the chemical composition of eggshell powder, showing peaks matching with that of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis show the effect of the filler on the PLA composite's thermal stability, indicating that pristine PLA has the highest melting temperature of 152 °C while the 5 wt% has the lowest melting temperature of 147 °C. The addition of eggshell particles slightly enhanced the compressive strength and dynamical mechanical properties of the PLA/ESP composites. The eggshell powders enhanced the dynamic mechanical property of PLA, with the 3 wt% concentration having the highest storage modulus at room temperature, with 5.2 % and 3.6 % increase for the filament and 3D printed samples respectively. Finally, the eggshell particles did not have much effect on the tensile and flexural strength of the composite, however, it enhanced the compressive strength of PLA with the 5 wt% sample having an average strength of 66.50 MPa and modulus of 2.27 GPa, respectively.

Evaluation of Rutting, Cracking, and Fatigue Characteristics of Unmodified and ABS-Modified HMA Mixtures Involving Calcium Carbonate and Blowdown Fillers

Evaluation of Rutting, Cracking, and Fatigue Characteristics of Unmodified and ABS-Modified HMA Mixtures Involving Calcium Carbonate and Blowdown Fillers

Impact of Nanocarbon-Coated Calcium Carbonate on Asphalt Rutting: Experimental and Numerical Analyses

Rutting is a significant form of pavement distress that arises from irreversible strains accumulating along wheel paths, directly impacting pavement safety. This research investigates the effectiveness of nanocarbon-coated micronized calcium carbonate powder as a modified filler to mitigate rutting, utilizing numerical methods via finite element software. The study specifically examines the addition of 5% by weight of this modified filler to the asphalt mix. To validate the numerical results, laboratory wheel-tracking tests were conducted on samples incorporating both conventional and modified fillers. The findings reveal that the modified calcium carbonate filler enhances the asphalt’s resistance to rutting, with the 5% inclusion demonstrating a marked improvement in durability and performance. The study also underscores the necessity of characterizing the elastic and visco-plastic properties of materials through rigorous testing methods, such as elastic modulus and dynamic creep tests, to better understand their behavior under load. Numerical analysis based on linear elastic conditions was prioritized over viscous conditions to effectively compare the results of these specialized materials. The strong correlation between the numerical simulations and laboratory results reinforces the effectiveness of finite element methods in predicting pavement behavior and optimizing asphalt mixtures.

Effects of xylan-modified precipitated calcium carbonate filler on the properties of paper

Abstract The use of mineral-based fillers tends to reduce the mechanical properties of paper, which can limit their application. The filler surface modification is a significant treatment to overcome this limitation. This research aims to offer a novel modified mineral-based filler to provide its industrial application. The surface of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) was modified with xylan (XS), which is a type of hemicellulose, a polysaccharide consisting mainly of xylose residues. It is used as a filler at different filler dosage levels in paper pulp. Modified PCC(MPCC) was characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Field-emission scanning electron microscopy analyses. The analysis demonstrated that the MPCC filler surface was coated with XS successfully. The effect of PCC and MPCC-filled hand-sheet paper physical, chemical and optical properties were studied. The experimental results showed that the mechanical (tensile, burst, tear strength) and optical (brightness, opacity) of hand-sheet paper filled with MPCC were significantly improved compared with unmodified PCC-filled paper at the same ash content. The filler retention of PCC and MPCC fillers in paper was investigated, and the MPCC filler showed better filler retention properties in paper stock than the PCC filler.

Stretch-Induced Spin-Cast Membranes Based on Semi-Crystalline Polymers for Efficient Microfiltration.

Microfiltration membranes derived from semi-crystalline polymers face various challenges when synthesized through the extrusion-casting technique, including the use of large quantities of polymer, long casting times, and the generation of substantial waste. This study focuses on synthesizing these membranes using spin-casting, followed by stretch-induced pore formation. Recycled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and virgin polyethylene powder, combined with a calcium carbonate filler, were used as the source materials for the membranes. The influence of the polymer-filler ratio with and without stretching on the morphology, tensile strength, and water flow rate was investigated. Optimal conditions were determined, emphasizing a balance between pore structure and mechanical integrity. The permeable membrane exhibited a water flow rate of 19 mL/min, a tensile strength of 32 MPa, and a water contact angle of 126°. These membranes effectively eliminated suspended particles from water, with their performance evaluated against that of commercially available membranes. This research, carried out utilizing the spin-casting technique, outlines a synthesis route for microfiltration membranes tailored to semi-crystalline polymers and their plastic forms.

Preparation of nanocellulose-based flexible calcium carbonate to improve filler retention and combustion performance of cigarette paper

The addition of calcium carbonate to cigarette paper can enhance its combustion performance and apparent properties. However, it does come at the cost of reduced paper strength. In this study, a flexible calcium carbonate (FCC) was developed through the in-situ formation of calcium carbonate on nanocellulose surfaces. The incorporation of FCC into cigarette paper offered the potential to improve filler retention and combustion performance while maintaining high paper strength. The results of the study demonstrated that when compared to the addition of 30% precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC), the filler retention rate in cigarette paper increased by 31.5% when 30% FCC was used. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that only a minimal number of inorganic particles were observed between the fibers in the FCC-containing paper, indicating appropriate air permeability and fiber-fiber bond strength. Furthermore, when compared to PCC-containing paper, the FCC-containing paper exhibited an 8.8% increase in tensile strength and a 7.5% increase in folding resistance. Additionally, thermogravimetric analysis of the cigarette paper revealed that the incorporation of flexible calcium carbonate effectively lowered the thermal decomposition temperature, leading to a 10.3% increase in the combustion rate of FCC-containing paper. The inclusion of FCC into paper fibers has the potential to enhance air permeability and regulate cigarette burning performance. Consequently, the FCC developed in this study holds promise as a substitute for traditional calcium carbonate fillers in cigarette paper applications.

Impact of ambient and vacuum pressure on the physico mechanical properties of flexible polyurethane foam reinforced withCaCO3

AbstractThis study investigates the effects of variable pressure conditions (550 and 1013 mbar) on the physico‐mechanical and structural properties of flexible polyurethane foam, incorporating different compositions of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) filler. The objective is to achieve sustained mechanical and structural properties of flexible polyurethane foam while reducing costs through variable pressure foaming technology. With CaCO3filler concentrations ranging from 20 to 100 parts per hundred (pphp) of polyol, it was found that foam produced at low pressure (550 mbar) demonstrated improved resilience and durability, particularly with CaCO3compositions up to 100 pphp. Conversely, foam produced at standard atmospheric pressure (1013 mbar) using compositions up to 100 pphp did not exhibit significant enhancements in physico‐mechanical properties. The study employs various characterization techniques, including mechanical testing, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermal gravimetric analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis, to assess the flexible polyurethane foam. It provides a detailed examination of the effects of variable pressure on cellular structure, cell size, filler distributions, mechanical properties, and thermal stability of flexible polyurethane foam using CaCO3filler.

Research on the brightening effect of miscible wetting additives on fly ash coatings

Abstract The resource utilization of fly ash has always been a popular topic in the field of solid waste recycling. This paper is based on the three-phase reaction system of “fly ash (s)-[Ca(OH)2–H2O/ethanol] (l)-CO2 (g)”, using the bubble carbonization method to carry out heterogeneous phase reaction with fly ash as the core crystallized to form a fly ash-based calcium carbonate composite with higher brightness. The composite material is used in the filling of paper instead of calcium carbonate filler. Based on the previous research of our team, we focused on exploring the addition of miscible wettability additives (ethanol and acetone) to improve the wettability of the reaction system, thereby improving the whitening and modification effect of fly ash. The results showed that the addition of ethanol and acetone can significantly improve the coating effect of fly ash, however, acetone is slightly toxic, more volatile, and expensive than ethanol, so ethanol is more suitable as a wetting agent to be added to the reaction system. Under the optimal coating conditions, when the ratio of ethanol and water is 1:1, the brightness of fly ash can reach 71.62 % ISO, which is 17.29 % ISO higher than that without ethanol.

Processing and Tensile Properties of Natural Rubber Filled with Calcium Carbonate or Silica in the Presences of Lauryl Alcohol

The processing and tensile properties of the compounds of natural rubber (NR) filled with calcium carbonate (CaCO3) or silica filler in the presence of lauryl alcohol have been investigated. The NR was filled with each of those fillers at a fixed concentration, i.e., 30 phr, and they were compounded with lauryl alcohol as a filler dispersant with varied concentrations on a laboratory mill by applying the semi-efficient vulcanization recipe. A typical oscillating disc rheometer (ODR) was utilized for the determination of processing properties. From the results, it was observed that CaCO3 or silica with lauryl alcohol had increased the rate coefficient of vulcanization (RV) of the filled NR compounds with a reduction in viscousness or minimal torsion. The results also showed that the lauryl alcohol additions have enhanced the tensile properties of obtained filled NR compounds. The greater the lauryl alcohol concentration, the greater the rate coefficient of vulcanization and tensile strength of both types of filled NR. The overall results have indicated that the lauryl alcohol performance in enhancements of processing and tensile properties was more pronounced on calcium carbonate than silica.

Hot Compression of Calcium Chloride and Sodium Carbonate Modifies Wood for Tsoongiodendron odorum

To enhance the density and properties of Tsoongiodendron odorum and expand its range of applications, the physical and mechanical characteristics, such as density and hardness, were investigated after impregnating a solution of sodium carbonate and calcium chloride to generate calcium carbonate filler within the wood, followed by thermal compression. The results showed that the surface density of wood was significantly increased by 86.4%. The rate of weight gain gradually increased with sodium carbonate concentration, reaching a maximum of 55.67%. Hardness increased by 85.3%. The optimal treatment process is a compression rate of 5%, a pressing temperature of 170 °C, and a hot-pressing time of 30 min. Microscopic observations revealed that the calcium carbonate was predominantly distributed on the surfaces of wood, while the surface cells exhibited deformation upon compression. Conversely, the cells in the innermost region of the wood remained largely unaltered, thereby achieving a stratified compression effect. Impregnation and compression treatment increases the hardness and bending strength of Tsoongiodendron odorum, but spring-back may occur, and the dimensional stability measures necessitate further investigation and analysis.

PHYSICAL-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PINEAPPLE LEAF FIBRE REINFORCED IN UNSATURATED POLYESTER RESIN FILLED WITH CALCIUM CARBONATE

Using natural fibres is often recommended as polymer composite materials owing to their potential to reduce the pollution of synthetic material waste. This study aimed to obtain the physical properties of unsaturated polyester resin matrix composite containing calcium carbonate fillers of 15 and 30 parts per hundred weights of the resin and natural pineapple leaf fibre of the amount 20% and 30% of the composite weight. The composite samples were three millimetres thick, with the pineapple leaf fibres arranged in one longitudinal direction. Some parameters observed included density, water absorption, response to fire, hardness, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and impact strength. The results showed that adding calcium carbonate filler into the matrix increased the density, water absorption, hardness, and modulus of elasticity of the composite. However, it reduced the flame propagation rate, tensile strength, and impact strength. Also, the use of pineapple leaf fibre contributed to increased water absorption, rate of flame propagation, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and impact strength of the composite, but it reduced the density and hardness. As these samples use economical materials, they are likely valuable for building materials that do not require high mechanical properties, especially guttering materials.

THE EFFECT OF SHRINKAGE CONTACT STRESSES ON THE ADHESION STRENGTH OF THE WATERPROOFING COMPOSITION AND THE «OLD» CONCRETE

The paper is devoted to the study of the effect of shrinkage contact stress on the bonding strength of the waterproofing composition of fine-grained cement concrete and «old" concrete. In order to obtain a strong contact when adhering old and new concrete, it is necessary to minimize the amount of internal stress in it. The cause of concrete shrinkage during the initial curing period is the reduction of the cement stone gel, the amount of free water that is consumed by evaporation and hydration of the cement. The semi-bound water (film water) surrounding the gel particles is then consumed. This causes the gel particles to come closer together and shrink further. In addition, the capillary pressure in the pores is very significant and increases with decreasing pore size. Since the micropores are scattered in the cement stone in different directions, the pressure, balancing each other, acts as a comprehensive compression, which also causes volumetric deformation. With further drying of the concrete, the moisture gradient decreases, the growing crystal growths provide more and more resistance to internal pressure and the shrinkage deformation gradually subsides. Thus, the more intensive the hydration processes in the waterproofing coating and the more crystalline hydrates are formed at earlier curing times, the earlier the resistance to comprehensive compression in the coating will be, and as a result, the crack resistance of the coating and the strength of its adhesion to the «old» concrete will increase. As a result of the research carried out in this work, it was found that the compaction of the waterproofing composition, which helps to reduce internal stresses during curing and thus increases the amount of its adhesion to old concrete, is achieved by introducing a finely ground calcium carbonate filler and a complex of chemical water-soluble additives of the second class. The mineral filler and chemical additives allow for the additional synthesis of etringite, calcium hydrocarbonate and calcium hydrochloraluminate, low-base calcium hydrosilicates, and calcite during cement hydration in its pores and capillaries. The developed permeable waterproofing composition in the form of a mortar has high adhesion strength to old concrete and can be used in repair, restoration and protection of building structures, buildings and structures from external influences related to the water environment.

Exploring the synergistic effect of inorganic and organic particulates in polyvinyl chloride composites through comparative analysis and accelerated weathering

AbstractPoly(vinyl chloride) based composite materials with two distinct reinforcements, namely calcium carbonate (CC) and marble waste (MW), along with bamboo sawdust (BSD), were made through melt processing. The experimental findings revealed that the MW filled composite exhibited higher tensile strength than conventionally used CC filled composites. Composites with CC and MW have almost similar densities and MW filled composite absorbed only 0.46% more water than unfilled PVC, and CC filled composite absorbed 0.26% less water. Accelerated weathering altered composite surface, confirmed by optical microscopy and FT‐IR analysis of weathered samples revealed UV‐induced breakdown products. Composites with MW and CC fillers along with BSD in it showed less reduction in strength (5.2 and 5.8 MPa respectively) after going through accelerated weathering as compared to those with only MW (7.2 MPa) and CC (6.3 MPa) fillers. This study stablishes MW's usability as a sustainable filler in PVC composites, with comparable performance to CC, even along with cellulosic fibers.Highlights Marble waste filled composite has higher tensile strength than calcium carbonate. Both composites had similar densities and MW absorbed only ~1% more water than CC. Composite with bamboo sawdust performed slightly better after accelerated weathering. MW can be used as a sustainable filler in PVC, with comparable performance to CC.

Evaluating the use of different fillers and Kaowax additive in warm mix asphalt mixtures

The existing concerns about the global warming have prompted many researchers to study the warm mix asphalt (WMA) mixtures. Although WMA enjoys several advantages over the hot mix asphalt (HMA), it suffers from certain flaws such as moisture susceptibility and low temperature cracking. Therefore, it is important to enhance the performance of WMA, and one way of doing it is to use suitable fillers in the asphalt mixtures. The study aim is to evaluate the impact of the Portland cement type-II, fly ash, and the calcium carbonate as filler, on the WMA performance that made with Kaowax additive. We performed the semi-circular bending (SCB) test at low temperature, the four-point bending fatigue test, the indirect tensile strength (ITS), resilient modulus tests at medium temperature, and the dynamic creep test at high temperature. According to the obtained results, the presence of Kaowax increased resilient modulus and the rutting strength of the asphalt mix. The WMA samples containing the fly ash filler had good moisture susceptibility. The use of cement filler in the WMA resulted in improved rutting resistance. The calcium carbonate filler increased the performance of the WMA mixtures at all temperatures.

Application of polysaccharide based modified ground calcium carbonate in wet‐end of papermaking

AbstractTo enhance the ash in paper without reducing its strength property, ground calcium carbonate (GCC) filler was modified using polysaccharide prior to its addition at wet‐end of papermaking. Till now, modification of GCC filler using chitosan acetate (CH.A) is not explored. The novelty lies in showing the effect of CH.A as GCC filler modifier and its application in papermaking. The results showed that ash of paper get increased by around 18%, 53% and 63% after adding GCC modified using cationic starch (C.S) @ 20 kg/t of GCC, CH.A @ 5 kg/t of GCC and CH.A @ 10 kg/t of GCC respectively, in comparison to that attained by paper using unmodified GCC at the same dose at wet‐end of papermaking. The breaking length, burst factor and tear factor of paper having 11% ash (made using unmodified GCC) was found to be 2485 m, 21.73 and 47.63, respectively. The paper having 18% ash (made using GCC modified by CH.A 10 kg/t of GCC) showed breaking length, burst factor and tear factor as 2364 m, 22.24 and 46.72, respectively. This approach of using CH.A in papermaking will help the papermaker to improve profit and quality of paper.

Sustainable Bioplastics for Food Packaging Produced from Renewable Natural Sources.

It is crucial to find an effective, environmentally acceptable solution, such as bioplastics or biodegradable plastics, to the world's rising plastics demand and the resulting ecological destruction. This study has focused on the environmentally friendly production of bioplastic samples derived from corn starch, rice starch, and tapioca starch, with various calcium carbonate filler concentrations as binders. Two different plasticizers, glycerol and sorbitol, were employed singly and in a rich blend. To test the differences in the physical and chemical properties (water content, absorption of moisture, water solubility, dissolution rate in alcohol, biodegradation in soil, tensile strength, elastic modulus, and FT-IR) of the produced samples, nine samples from each of the three types of bioplastics were produced using various ratios and blends of the fillers and plasticizers. The produced bioplastic samples have a multitude of features that make them appropriate for a variety of applications. The test results show that the starch-based bioplastics that have been suggested would be a better alternative material to be used in the packaging sectors.

Development of Microporous Breathable Polyethylene Film Using Different Types of Linear Low-Density Polyethylene with Calcium Carbonate as Filler

In order to improve the conformity of the glove wearers, the microporous breathable polyethylene gloves are developed using Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE), Ziegler-Natta Linear-Low Density Polyethylene (ZNLLDPE), Metallocene Linear-Low Density Polyethylene (MLLDPE) and calcium carbonate filler (CC). In this study, LDPE/ZNLLDPE/CC and LDPE/MLLDPE/CC microporous films were prepared to investigate the influence of ZNLLDPE and MLLDPE on the film breathability and elongation. The microporous films were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis and Particulate Filtration Efficiency (PFE) analysis, Water Vapor Transmission Rate (WVTR) testing and mechanical properties testing. Based on the result, LDPE-MLLDPE film yielded film breathability of 335.73 g/m2 ∙ day which is 95.3% higher than LDPE-ZNLLDPE film due to the higher LDPE-MLLDPE film crystallinity and prominent dewetting behaviour between CC and LDPE/MLLDPE matrix. Moreover, the high degree of tie molecules in MLLDPE enabled the film to stretch further upon film elongation. Therefore, LDPE-MLLDPE film showed up to 207.2% comparatively better film elongation than LDPE-ZNLLDPE film. The improved film breathability and film elongation render the mixture of LDPE/MLLDPE/CC as a better material for breathable polyethylene glove production.

Degradation of Polyester Composite Reinforced E-Glass Fiber with Calcium Carbonate Filler in Seawater

This research is concerned with composite materials that use CaCO3 as a reinforcing material in construction, especially subsea panels and buildings. Composite materials are solids composed of two or more materials that have their own properties and improve their properties when combined. In this experiment, glass fiber and CaCO3 were mixed in a certain composition and tested to evaluate the water absorption and mechanical strength of the composite. The results show that increasing temperature can increase water absorption, while the addition of CaCO3 has a significant effect on water absorption due to its hydrophilic properties. Water absorption in polyester composites is influenced by aging temperature and Calcium Carbonate powder filler, affecting tensile and bending strength. As aging temperature increases, mechanical strength decreases, composite having the highest tensile strength. Bending tests show debonding and splitting fault patterns due to glass fiber arrangement. With a deeper understanding of how CaCO3 affects composite materials under various conditions, this research can provide valuable insights for developing more durable composite materials suitable for construction applications, especially in corrosive environments such as subsea buildings.In this research, it proposes theoretically model to controlling on half-wave voltage of modulator, in which it uses studying the factor of effective of refractive index difference, this using analysis distribution of refractive index for LN material before and after voltage is applied (i.e., with and without applied voltage), and uses analysis a factor of propagation constant difference ??, before and after voltage is applied where it depends on the wavelength, these leads to it controls on the half-wave voltage V? using a reduction half-wave voltage up to 1V. Also, it achieves an excellent solution for solve the fundamental optical mode with effective factor is neff. Finally, the modulator with an effect effective refractive index difference have lower applied voltage up to 10V, and with an effective propagation constant difference the operating voltage is from value of 20V.

Degradation of Kapok Fiber-Reinforced Polyester Composites with Calcium Carbonate Filler in Seawater

This research investigates the development of polyester composites reinforced with kapok fiber and CaCO3 filler to reduce environmental impact. Natural fibers, valued for their lightweight, fire resistance, cost-effectiveness, and biodegradability, are commonly used in composites. However, synthetic fibers, despite their superior mechanical properties, raise environmental concerns. The study focuses on the composites' performance, stability, and endurance in harsh conditions. Kapok fibers were manually extracted, and CaCO3 powder was sieved to 80 mesh. Composite samples were created with varying volume fractions of CaCO3 powder and kapok fibers, using polyester as the matrix. Tensile and bending tests, according to ASTM D3039 and ASTM D790 standards, were conducted on these samples. Additionally, water absorption was assessed gravimetrically, and mechanical strength degradation was studied via immersion in artificial seawater at different temperatures. Results indicated that water absorption increased with higher fiber volume fractions in the composite, primarily due to the water-absorbing capabilities of natural fibers and CaCO3 particles, surpassing that of polyester resin. Increased immersion temperatures accelerated water diffusion, impacting interactions between water molecules, polymer chains, and natural fibers. Furthermore, an increase in the CaCO3 filler volume fraction negatively affected the mechanical strength of kapok polyester-fiber composites. This was attributed to the agglomeration of CaCO3 powder, disrupting the polyester resin's viscosity and damaging the bond between kapok fiber and the matrix. The composites exhibited their highest tensile strength with 10% CaCO3 filler before immersion, but this strength decreased following exposure to high temperatures.

Investigation on mechanical behaviour of calcium carbonate and groundnut shell filler added cocos nucifera fiber reinforced polyester composites

Natural fiber-reinforced composites have become superior materials due to their potential to replace synthetic fibers, because of their low density, lightweight, low-cost biodegradability, and high specific strength. This study finds out the mechanical properties of coir fiber-reinforced polyester matrix composites with the addition of filler content. The composites were fabricated using a compression molding machine with a dimension of (300x300x3) mm. Totally 6 laminates were fabricated with variations in fiber and filler content. The fabricated composites were cut the different types of ASTM standards. The mechanical properties of the calcium carbonate and groundnut shell-filler added coconut fiber- reinforced polyester composites were studied. The maximum tensile, flexural, and impact strength was achieved by 29.6 MPa, 56.8 MPa, and 34.8 kJ/m2 respectively. The addition of fillers in composite increases the mechanical strength. Fractography studies were used to analyze the fracture behaviour in fiber-reinforced composites. Coir fiber-reinforced composite materials are applicable for low load-bearing applications