Cal Processes Research Articles

Aluminum-enhanced Ca-based CO2 sorbents: Core-shell assembly and the impact of stabilizer precursors

Lately, Ca-based sorbents with a core–shell structure have been effectively produced to augment the sorbent’s capabilities. However, modifying the pristine core of Ca-based pellets with a core–shell structure notably influences the performance of the synthesized sorbent, and research in this domain remains scarce. Here, two categories of Al-stabilized, Ca-based pristine cores were produced using Ca(OH)2 mixed with Al-based stabilizer precursors of insoluble aluminum oxide and soluble aluminum nitrate, respectively, through the extrusion-spheronization technique. Due to the impact of mechanical extrusion, soluble aluminum nitrate can accumulate in-homogeneously in the Ca-based pristine core, leading to its expansion and rupture during the high-temperature calcination stage because of the decomposition of aluminum nitrate. The oxide-form aluminum stabilizer precursor can be uniformly distributed throughout the Ca-based pristine core pellets, demonstrating notably superior cyclic CO2 sorption capability and mechanical strength. The Al-fortified, core–shell structured Ca-based sorbent pellets demonstrated a peak CaO carbonation conversion rate of 54.8 % after 100 cycles when the Ca:Al molar ratio was precisely set to 85:15, which is about 2.1 times higher compared to the core–shell Ca-based sorbent pellets composed of a pure CaO core. This is primarily due to the formation of an evenly distributed inert Ca12Al14O33 within the pristine core, which effectively reduces high-temperature sintering. Hence, core–shell Ca-based sorbent pellet assembled with an Al-stabilized pristine core, could be a promising candidate for application in the CaL process for CO2 capture.

RCNN with Swallow Swarm Optimization for Liver Disease Detection and Classification

One of the most serious medical conditions that can endanger a person's life and health is liver disease. The second-leading cause of death for men and sixth-leading cause of death for women, respectively, is liver cancer. In 2008, liver cancer claimed the lives of almost 750,000 people, killing 960,000 of them. The segmentation and identification of CT images produced by computer tomography has emerged as a major topic in medical image processing. There are few choices for liver segmentation due to the enormous amount of time and resources necessary to train a deep learning model. As part of this research, we created the Region utilizing Convolutional Neural Network, a novel way of extracting the liver from CT scan images (RCNN). The suggested CNN approach, which employs softmax to isolate the liver from the background, contains of three convolutional layers and two entirely associated layers. In the CapsNet and CAL layers, there are class dependencies and an efficient mechanism to connect CAL and subsequent CapsNet processing. Finally, the classification is carried out using the SSO-CSAE model, an approach known as the swallow swarm optimization that is based on the Convolutional Sparse Autoencoder (CSAE) The MICCAI SLiver '07, 3Dircadb01, and LiTS17 benchmark datasets were used to validate the proposed RCNN-SSO approach. When compared to other frameworks, the proposed framework performed well in numerous categories.

Evaluation of the effect of injectionsof both platelet-rich plasma and hyaluronic acid in patients with early knee osteoarthritis via the concentration of interleukin-1β in serum

Background Early knee osteoarthritis, which causes the degeneration of articular cartilage and subchondral bone, is a disease that worsens with time and is a major contributor to physical disability. Several inflammatory cy- tokines released by chondrocytes work in concert to trigger the production of enzymes that break down cartilage. A pro-inflammatory cytokine called interleukin-1β (IL-1 β ) accelerates cartilage breakdown after trauma, re- duces matrix production, and results in chondrocyte death. Dendritic cells and macrophages are the main sources of IL-1β. On the other hand, os- teoblasts, periodontal ligament cells, and gingival fibroblasts have the abil- ity to release IL-1β. Treatment pure- platelet rich plasma (P-PRP) effec- tiveness of transforming growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, type I insulin-like growth factor, and the vascular endothelial growth factor is thought to be related to their release. Because of their capacity to increase matrix formation, growth factors have been widely researched for OA and cartilage regeneration. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a glycosaminoglycan poly- mer composed of N-acetyl glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid disaccharide molecules. Early embryonic development, inflammatory, wound repair, cell differentiation, and viscoelasticity are all affected by HA, and other biologi- cal processes. Materials and Methods Elabscience kits were used to assess the serum IL-1β level. The experimental investigation included 18 control groups, 10 HA injections, and 21 pure PRP injections. age ranged from 30 to 80. The study was excluded all individuals with advanced osteoarthritis in the knee, COVID-19, diabetes, and autoimmune diseases. the time frame running from November 2021 until June 2022. Other variables in our research were age, gender, family history, use of antihypertensive medications or medica- tions for other disorders, and body mass index (BMI). Results The findings of this study demonstrate elevated IL-1β levels in patients with early KOA before treatments injection compared with the healthy control. After treatments injection, the level of IL-1β was decreased compared with before injection. Conclusions IL-1β could be one of the prognostic signs of early KOA

AI-SUPPORTED PROCESSING OF HANDWRITTEN TRANSCRIPTIONS FOR HUNGARIAN FOLK SONGS IN A DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT

My research focuses on creating an AI-supported Digital Research Environment (DRE) that helps analysing and systematizing folk music tunes with the help of the latest information theory and database management results. The study may be ex- tended to the entire source material accumulated by researchers so far, thus inte- grating Hungarian ethnomusicology results of the last hundred years. In this way, new dimensions of structural analysis open up and a large amount of information can be processed that already exceeds the limits of human musical memory. Previous computerized music analysis experiments in Hungary have inadequate- ly defined the role of artificial intelligence. In our case, the AI-supported digital en- vironment that is the subject of the research does not work independently, because the researcher’s scientifically abstract thinking, preferences, and the recognition of characteristic melodic elements cannot yet be replaced by computer data processing. Crucial goal of the research is to precisely define the researcher’s role in musi- cal data processing. Thus the attitude of researchers rejecting software support may 1 The institute previously belonged to the Hungarian Academy of Science, currently it belongs to the ELKH (Eötvös Lóránd Research Network). 2 List of publications: MTMT. Hungarian Scientific Bibliography. URL: https:// m2.mtmt.hu/gui2/?type=authors&mode=browse&sel=10063399 (Access: 23.10.2022). https://doi.org/10.33398/2523-4846-2022-18-1-65-82 66 change in favour of actually using our digital framework. For the first time in Hungar- ian folk music research history, a detailed and documented digital research environ- ment can be created, integrating the useful, relevant software tools. We can map out data entry problems and define the standard format of the musical data suitable for mass input and analysis. If possible, we will replace the previously widely used op- tional data with scalable data to have a broader range of parametrization and search options, and their free combination allows us to study new scientific models. With DRE, the validity range of the previous scientific musical classification can be more precisely specified and the processing as well as classification of unreported melodies and the process of type creating can be significantly accelerated. The most significant debate in the previous research has been the dataset speci- fication of analyses. I am convinced that only similarly processed tune-data-elements can be compared, so one of the most critical tasks is to determine the input data’s standard format and information density. As a first step, the digital conversion of the musical manuscript needs to be solved. International research has mainly led to results in the recognition of printed music, some of which can be used in the project, but many new developments are also needed. Keywords: AI-supported Digital Research Environment (DRE), Optical Music Recognition (OMR), Musical Manuscripts, Hungarian Folk Songs, scientific musical classification, ethnomusicology, digital archives, folklore database.

AI-SUPPORTED PROCESSING OF HANDWRITTEN TRANSCRIPTIONS FOR HUNGARIAN FOLK SONGS IN A DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT

My research focuses on creating an AI-supported Digital Research Environment (DRE) that helps analysing and systematizing folk music tunes with the help of the latest information theory and database management results. The study may be ex- tended to the entire source material accumulated by researchers so far, thus inte- grating Hungarian ethnomusicology results of the last hundred years. In this way, new dimensions of structural analysis open up and a large amount of information can be processed that already exceeds the limits of human musical memory. Previous computerized music analysis experiments in Hungary have inadequate- ly defined the role of artificial intelligence. In our case, the AI-supported digital en- vironment that is the subject of the research does not work independently, because the researcher’s scientifically abstract thinking, preferences, and the recognition of characteristic melodic elements cannot yet be replaced by computer data processing. Crucial goal of the research is to precisely define the researcher’s role in musi- cal data processing. Thus the attitude of researchers rejecting software support may 1 The institute previously belonged to the Hungarian Academy of Science, currently it belongs to the ELKH (Eötvös Lóránd Research Network). 2 List of publications: MTMT. Hungarian Scientific Bibliography. URL: https:// m2.mtmt.hu/gui2/?type=authors&mode=browse&sel=10063399 (Access: 23.10.2022). https://doi.org/10.33398/2523-4846-2022-18-1-65-82 66 change in favour of actually using our digital framework. For the first time in Hungar- ian folk music research history, a detailed and documented digital research environ- ment can be created, integrating the useful, relevant software tools. We can map out data entry problems and define the standard format of the musical data suitable for mass input and analysis. If possible, we will replace the previously widely used op- tional data with scalable data to have a broader range of parametrization and search options, and their free combination allows us to study new scientific models. With DRE, the validity range of the previous scientific musical classification can be more precisely specified and the processing as well as classification of unreported melodies and the process of type creating can be significantly accelerated. The most significant debate in the previous research has been the dataset speci- fication of analyses. I am convinced that only similarly processed tune-data-elements can be compared, so one of the most critical tasks is to determine the input data’s standard format and information density. As a first step, the digital conversion of the musical manuscript needs to be solved. International research has mainly led to results in the recognition of printed music, some of which can be used in the project, but many new developments are also needed. Keywords: AI-supported Digital Research Environment (DRE), Optical Music Recognition (OMR), Musical Manuscripts, Hungarian Folk Songs, scientific musical classification, ethnomusicology, digital archives, folklore database.

ANALYSIS OF PARADIGM OF EDUCATION IN THE MODERN EDUCATION SYSTEM

Shaping a person as personalities requires from the society of constant and conciously organizined improvements of public education system. Such practice of transformation of the established forms of unbringing impossible without full tilts on scientifically - theoretical psy chological knowledge of regularities of development of child. Essence really humanistic rela tions to unbringing a child denominated in the thesis of its activity as enjoying full rights, rather then object of process of education. Consequently, it is important so build a pedagogi cal process to managed child activity, organizining its active by completion of independent and responsible actions The Teacher can and obliged to help a grow person to pass this - always unique and independent- a way morally and social development Education presents itself not adjustment a children, teenagers, to available forms sociality, not tailoring under the certain standard.

Культуральные особенности образа ролевой структуры в диаде «отец-ребенок»

Objective. Study of the cultural characteristics of the image of the role structure in the father-child dyad in Russian and Italian men. Background. The dynamic transformation of modern society, of necessity, entails significant changes in the structure and functions of the family as a social group, since its adaptability is sup¬ported by the effective implementation of all functions in the aggregate. However, the dominant fam¬ily function is a phenomenon that determines the main direction of the evolution of the family system. Studies by domestic and foreign authors show that in different countries, different functions can be distinguished as dominant. However, all over the world it is recognized that the process of upbringing and development of children is extremely important, in which not only mothers, but also fathers take part. Currently, in the context of the transformation of ideas about the role of the father in the family, the problem of conscious parenting arises, in particular, the father’s understanding of the specifics of his parental role, the role of his child, the translation of adaptive methods of communication in the family environment. Study design. In this work, the study of the character and power of interrelation between the im¬age of oneself as a “future father” and the image of one’s role in childhood in relation to the father in Russian and Italian men was carried out. The presence and nature of the relationship was checked using methods of mathematical statistics (correlation analysis and analysis of the significance of differences). Participants. The study involved 282 men (145 Russians and 137 Italians) 21—22 years old (M=21.5), who were brought up in two-parent families, with incomplete higher education, not being officially married and having no children. Methods. The author’s technique of E.N. Vasilyeva, A.V. Orlov “Social Roles of the Child”. Statisti¬cal processing of the obtained data was carried out with the SPSS 23.0 for Windows. The used criteria were T-test for independent sample, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient and F-test. Results. A comparative analysis of the data obtained showed the existence of cultural differences in the interrelation between the image of oneself as a “future father” and the image of one’s role in child¬hood in relation to the father in Russian and Italian men aged 21-22. Conclusions. The specificity of the integral image of the role of the “father” in the opinion of Rus¬sian and Italian men, as well as the relationship between the images of roles in childhood in relation to the father (“children’s roles”) and the images of the roles of their “future child” in Russian and Italian young men are revealed.

Dirichlet problem with measurable data for quasilinear Poisson equations

The study of the Dirichlet problem with arbitrary measurable data for harmonic functions in the unit disk $\mathbb D$ goes to the famous dissertation of Luzin, see e.g. its reprint \cite{L}. His result was formulated in terms of angular limits (along nontangent paths) that are a traditional tool for the research of the boundary behavior in the geometric function theory. Following this way, we proved in \cite{GNR1} Theorem 7 on the solvability of the Dirichlet problem for the Poisson equations $\triangle\, U=G$ with sources in classes $G\in L^p,$ $ p>1$, in Jordan domains with arbitrary boundary data that are measurable with respect to the logarithmic capacity. There we assumed that the domains satisfy the quasihyperbolic boundary condition by Gehring--Martio, generally speaking, without the known $(A)-$condition by Ladyzhenskaya--Ural'tseva and, in particular, without the outer cone condition that were standard for boundary-value problems in the PDE theory. Note that such Jordan domains cannot be even locally rectifiable. With a view to further development of the theory of boundary value problems for semi-linear equations, the present paper is devoted to the Dirichlet problem with arbitrary measurable (over logarithmic capacity) boundary data for quasilinear Poisson equations in such Jordan domains. For this purpose, it is first constructed completely continuous operators generating nonclassical solutions of the Dirichlet boundary-value problem with arbitrary measurable data for the Poisson equations $\triangle\, U=G$ with the sources $G\in L^p,$ $ p>1$. The latter makes it possible to apply the Leray-Schauder approach to the proof of theorems on the existence of regular nonclassical solutions of the measurable Dirichlet problem for quasilinear Poisson equations of the form $\triangle\, U(z)=H(z)\cdot Q(U(z))$ for multipliers $H\in L^p$ with $ p>1$ and continuous functions $Q: \mathbb R\to\mathbb R$ with $Q(t)/t\to 0$ as $t\to \infty$. As consequences, we give applications to some concrete quasilinear equations of mathematical physics, arising under modelling various phy\-si\-cal processes such as diffusion with absorption, plasma states, stationary burning etc. These results can be also applied to semi-linear equations of mathematical physics in anisotropic and inhomogeneous media.

Tensile strength and compressibility of fine [formula omitted] powders. Effect of nanosilica addition.

In the last years the CaL process has come into scene as a promising alternative to molten salts for storing energy in concentrated solar power (CSP) plants through the calcination/carbonation reaction of CaCO3/CaO. Natural CaCO3 resources such as limestone are wide available, very cheap and non-toxic. A caveat however is that fine CaCO3 powders must be used (particle size below ∼50μm) to avoid multicycle deactivation by pore plugging. In this study we analyze a key aspect of the CaL-CSP integration so far unexplored, namely the detrimental effect on flowability that posses the cohesive intrinsic nature of such fine CaCO3 powders. Our experimental results show that, for consolidation stresses up to ∼5kPa, both the tensile strength and compressibility for CaCO3 powders are notably increased as particle size is decreased from ∼30μm to ∼4μm, as reported elsewhere for other powders subjected to larger consolidations. We have also investigated how to promote CaCO3 powders flowability by the addition in small amounts of nanosilica. Contrary to other procedures reported in the specialized literature, simple and easily scalable dry mixing by means of a rotating drum is an effective technique to coat uniformly CaCO3 particles by SiO2 nanoparticle aggregates. Moreover, the use of this additive also enhances the multicycle chemical activity of limestone by improving its thermal stability, as previous works have demonstrated. A theoretical analysis of the results obtained suggests that plastic deformation at the particle-particle contact governs interparticle forces. Thus, modifying key physical properties at the contact level, and especially mechanical hardness, has a notable effect on the powder bulk properties that are crucial to powder flow.

Preparation of CaO-based sorbent from coal fly ash cenospheres for calcium looping process

With the aim to synthesize an inexpensive and high-stable sorbent for CO2 capture processes, an industrial waste-product derived from coal-fired power plant, the so-called coal fly ash (CFA) cenospheres, was employed as inert supporting material. The CaO-based sorbent derived from CFA cenospheres (mainly composed of mullite and quartz) was prepared via a solution-based citric acid method. The obtained slurry was decomposed at 500 °C in air for 2 h. From the XRD results the CaO-CFA500 sorbent was mainly composed of Ca12Al14O33 (mayenite) and Ca(OH)2 along with trace of γ-Al(OH)3 and CaCO3 and starting SiO2. A further air-heating at 900 °C was conducted because the CO2 sorbent is submitted at high temperature for regeneration. The CaO-CFA900 sorbent was made of free-CaO and two crystalline calcium-alumino-silicate phases, namely gehlenite (Ca2Al2SiO7) and anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8). The optimized mesopore size particles belonging to CaO-CFA900 was reflected in a high stability over multiple cycles of carbonation/calcination. The initial CO2 capture capacity of the sorbent was 0.33 g CO2 g−1 sorbent, which was about three times the value of pure CaO (0.11 g CO2 g−1 CaO), and reduced to 0.22 g CO2 g−1 sorbent after 20 cycles remaining then stable over 200th cycles. From the present results it can be argued that CaL process could be easily scalable by re-using a coal-fired plant waste-product.

Techno-economic analysis of calcium looping processes for low CO2 emission cement plants

The scope of this work is to perform a techno-economic analysis of two Calcium Looping processes (CaL) for CO2 capture in cement plants. Both tail-end CaL system with fluidized bed reactors and integrated CaL system with entrained flow reactors have been considered in the analysis. The calculation of the heat and mass balances and the economic analysis are consistent with the methodology defined in the framework of the H2020 Cemcap project.The analysis shows that the assessed CaL systems (especially the tail-end configuration) involve a significant increase of fuel consumption compared to a reference cement kiln without carbon capture. However, a large part of this additional energy input is exploited in a heat recovery steam cycle, which generates the electric power required to satisfy the consumption of the CO2 capture auxiliaries (i.e. the power absorbed by the air separation and CO2 compression and purification units). The integrated CaL process features a lower rise of equivalent fuel consumption (+59% compared to the reference) and a larger reduction of direct CO2 emission (-93% compared to the reference). The specific primary energy consumption for CO2 avoided (SPECCA), which takes into account also the indirect fuel consumption/savings and indirect emissions/avoided emissions due to electricity exchange (import/export) with the grid, ranges between 3.17–3.27 MJLHV/kgCO2 for the integrated system vs. 3.76–4.42 MJLHV/kgCO2 for tail-end cases, depending on the scenario considered for the grid electricity mix.The economic analysis highlights that CaL processes are capital intensive, which involve, roughly, a doubling of the Capex of the whole cement plant with CCS compared to a greenfield conventional cement plant. However, the obtained cost of CO2 avoided is competitive with alternative technologies and ranges between about 52 €/tCO2 of the tail-end configuration and 58.6 €/tCO2 of the integrated one.

The bionic as a strategy for the development of sustainable products

El papel de la Biónica en el desarrollo de productos sustentables se establece a partir de la relación intrínseca de dos áreas del conocimiento humano, la biología y la tecnología. Como disciplina del diseño contempla las experiencias gene- radas por los fenómenos en la naturaleza, y de los procesos tecnológicos surgidos del pensamiento humano, como una suma sinérgica que le permite entender la evolución y la transformación del entorno, para encontrar la esencia de los problemas planteados y para que de esa manera se generen las posibles soluciones. El entorno se convierte en un reto, el compromiso en la conservación y la recuperación del capital natural que todavía per- siste en nuestro medio. La visión del desarrollo de productos se ha modificado sustancialmente; en estos tiempos los factores sustentables no son una moda, sino una necesidad, lo cual ha venido a transformar la visión en el desarrollo de productos. Este proceso lleva la responsabilidad más allá de considerar solo la producción y que esta llegue al usuario. Actualmente la responsabilidad comprende los factores de producción, desde la extracción de la materia prima hasta la eliminación en el término de su ciclo de vida.

ПОВЫШЕНИЕ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ПРИ ВОЗНИКНОВЕНИИ АВАРИЙНЫХ ГАЗОВЫХ ВЗРЫВОВ И РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИИ УДАРНЫХ ВОЗДУШНЫХ ВОЛН В ПРОТЯЖЕННЫХ СООРУЖЕНИЯХ

Purpose. Development and research of shock air waves damping schemes in extended structures, due to constructive and planning solutions, provided that the technological section of the channels and workings is maintained. Substantiation of the parameters of numerical simulation in CFD models of a discontinuous internal flow of a gas stream. Methodology. The studies were carried out on the basis of the search and analysis of publications on the topic of work, the analysis of the object of study was used fo r the mathematical formulation of the problem and the substantiation of the boundary conditions and parameters of numerical simulation. To substantiate the rational configurations of chambers for damping waves, an analytical evaluation of the interaction of the fr ont of a shock air wave with a reverse step and the wall of the chamber was performed. By numerical modeling, physi cal processes of shock air waves damping have been studied. Findings. Analysis of the physical processes occurring during the propagation of shock air waves through the system of chambers for damping waves revealed a number of qualitative and quantitative patterns of motion of the wave front along the backward ledge directly in the chamber and along its wall. The reasons for the low efficiency of previously used expansion chambers with cross sections that significantly exceed the cross sections of the channels are shown. For effective damping of strong shock air waves with an excess pressure of more than 0.1 MPa, it is necessary to use a series of short chambers for damping waves of small reduced width. This type of camera significantly increases the wave resistance of the extended channel due to multiple reflection of a part of the shock wave front on the closing surfaces of the camera. At the exit from the camera system for damping waves of this type, the shock air wave is transformed into a subsonic compre ssion wave, with a decrease in the amplitude of the wave front by 50-80% relative to the baseline. The results of numerical simulation have allowed to establish that such an effect occurs only in chambers for damping waves with a symmetrical arrangement of the wings of the chamber. Originality. The parameters of numerical simulation of the propagation of a shock air wave through a system of cameras for damping waves in the flowVision simulation environment are substantiated. An analytical evaluation of the wavefront parameters is made with the flow around the reverse ledge directly in the chamber for damping waves and moving along its wall. The dependence of the efficiency of dampin g a shock air wave on the size and number of chambers, taking into account th e excess pressure at the wave front, has been established. Practical value. Reasonable rational parameters of wave damping chambers allow increasing the efficiency of personnel protection against the effects of air shock waves in extended structures of civil defense and mining facilities.

The mOxy-CaL Process: Integration of Membrane Separation, Partial Oxy-combustion and Calcium Looping for CO2 Capture

CO2 capture and storage (CCS) is considered as a key strategy in the short to medium term to mitigate global warming. The Calcium-Looping process, based on the reversible carbonation/calcination of CaO particles, is a promising technology for post-combustion CO2 capture because of the low cost and non-toxicity of natural CaO precursors and the minor energy penalty on the power plant in comparison with amines capture based technologies (4-9 % compared to 8-12 %). Another interesting process to reduce CO2 emissions in power plants is oxy-combustion, which is based on replacing the air used for combustion by a highly concentrated (~95 % v/v) O2 stream. This work proposes a novel process (mOxy-CaL) for post-combustion CO2 capture based on the integration of membrane separation, partial oxy-combustion and the Calcium-Looping process. An oxygen-enriched air stream, which is obtained from air separation by using highly permeable polymeric membranes, is used to carry out partial oxy-combustion. The flue gas exiting partial oxy-combustion shows a CO2 concentration of ~30 % v/v (higher than 15 % v/v typical in coal power plants). After that, the flue gas is passed to the CaL process where the CO2 reacts with CaO solids according to the carbonation reaction. Thermogravimetric analysis show that the multicycle CaO conversion is enhanced as the CO2 concentration in the flue gas stream is increased. Process simulations show that the mOxy-CaL process has a high CO2 capture efficiency (~95%) with lower energy consumption per kg of CO2 avoided than previously proposed post-combustion CO2 capture technologies. Moreover, the overall system size is significantly lower that state-of-the-art CaL systems, which allows for an important reduction in the capital cost of the technology.

Mekan Tasarımında Değişen Ölçek Anlayışı ve Yok-Yerler İle İlişkisi


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ölçek, temelde insan ile dünya arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesine yönelik bir kavram
 olarak açığa çıkmıştır. Kavram özünde Lahoud (2012)’un ifadesiyle “niteliksel olarak belirleyici olan şey’ler arasında, ilişki kurma kapasitesi olan bir tür çerçeve oluşturmaktadır”. Buna karşın , tarihi süreçte algılanma biçiminde değişim gösteren ölçek, birey ve
 endüstri arasındaki ilişkilerin belirlenmesinde kullanılır hale gelmiştir. Bu çerçevede ele
 alınan çalışma, ölçek kavramına ilişkin değişen yaklaşım biçiminin ve sonuçlarının ortaya konulmasını amaçlamaktadır. Burada “Yok-Yerler” ölçek kavramının algılanış biçiminde yaşanan değişimin en görünür sonuçlarından biri olarak değerlendirilmektedir.
 Temel hedef, tasarım eğitiminde çoğunlukla teorik sorgulamalarının ihmal edildiği ölçek
 kavramının gerçekte ne olduğunun ve de ne olmaması gerektiğinin ortaya konulmasıdır. 
 
 
 

CO2 Capture by Calcium Looping at Relevant Conditions for Cement Plants: Experimental Testing in a 30 kWth Pilot Plant

Calcium looping technology has a high potential for capturing CO2 in cement plants as the CaO-rich purge from the calciner can be used to replace a sizable fraction of the CaCO3 used as feedstock. Integrating the CaL process into the cement plant requires the carbonator reactor to operate under new conditions (i.e., a higher carbonator CO2 load, a more active sorbent, smaller particle sizes). This work analyzes the impact of some of the new CaL operating conditions on the performance of the carbonator in a retrofitted 30 kWth testing facility as there is little experimental information available nowadays. A wide range of sorbent activities has been tested, including those corresponding to very large makeup flows of limestone that would be characteristic of CaL applications in cement plants. The results have been interpreted using a basic reactor carbonator model that required little modification of previous versions developed for power plants.

On the relevant role of solids residence time on their CO2 capture performance in the Calcium Looping technology

The multicycle CO2 capture performance of CaO derived from natural limestone and dolomite has been investigated by means of thermogravimetry under realistic Calcium-Looping conditions, which necessarily involve high CO2 concentration and high temperatures in the calcination stage and fast transitions between the carbonation and calcination stages. Natural dolomite allows reducing the calcination temperature as compared to limestone while high calcination efficiency is maintained. This could help reducing the energy penalty of the CaL process thus further enhancing the industrial competitiveness for the integration of this technology into fossil fuel power plants. Importantly, the CO2 capture capacity of the sorbents is critically affected by the solids residence time in the carbonation and calcination stages within the feasible range in practice. Thus, carbonation/calcination residence times play a critical role on the multicycle CO2 capture performance, which has been generally dismissed in previous studies. A main observation is the enhancement of carbonation in the solid-state diffusion controlled phase, which is against the commonly accepted conception that the only relevant phase in the carbonation stage is the fast reaction-controlled stage on the surface of the solids. Thus, the CO2 capture efficiency may be significantly enhanced by increasing the solids residence time in the carbonator.

Comparison of probabilistic performance of calcium looping and chemical solvent scrubbing retrofits for CO2 capture from coal-fired power plant

Carbon capture and storage technologies are seen as crucial for decarbonisation of the power sector because large-scale deployment of these technologies is expected to reduce wholesale electricity prices and decarbonisation costs significantly. An emerging calcium looping process (CaL) was found to be a promising alternative to the amine scrubbing process, as its retrofit has the potential to reduce the efficiency penalty and increase the net power output of the integrated system. Process modelling is often utilised in the development of novel low-carbon power generation systems, but the deterministic nature of the process models does not provide a definitive representation of the actual system’s performance. This study provides a framework for comparison of the probabilistic performance of a coal-fired power plant (CFPP) in CO2 capture retrofit scenarios. Having compared the probabilistic performance of the CFPP retrofitted with the mature MEA scrubbing process and emerging CaL process, it was found that the most probable values for the efficiency penalties are 9.5% and 11.5% points in the CaL and MEA retrofit scenarios, respectively. Also, the net power output in the CaL retrofit scenario was found to be 40% higher than that of the reference CFPP and two times higher than that in the case of the MEA retrofit scenario, even considering higher uncertainty in the operating conditions of the CaL process. Finally, the probabilistic approach was found to be capable of producing valuable information on the equipment operating envelope that would help designers assessing the number of equipment trains and their operating limits. Therefore, the probabilistic framework for comparison of CO2 capture retrofit scenarios would provide valuable input to the investment decision-making process, as by considering the impact of uncertainty on the process performance, it generates information that could serve as valuable input to the probabilistic economic analysis and process design.

SCREENING STUDIES OF ANTIAMNESIC AND ANTIHYPOXIC ACTIVITIES FOR SOME NEW 7,8-DISUBSTITUTED THEOPHYLLINE

SUMMARY. The results of the study antiamnesіc and antіhypoxіc activity of some new 7,8-d і substіtuted theophylline havebeen developed. An iamnesіc actvity of org¡nal derviatives of 1,3-d imethylxanth іпє stud і ed on the model of retrograde(hypoxi c ^jury) amnes і a conservat і on reflex of pa ss Me avo і dance cond і t і oned response. As a n exper mental model for thestudy of antі hypoxb act Мі ty was cons і dered acute patholog і cal process that occurs іп anmals іп an enclosed space. Installedsome patterns іп the ser ies«structure of matter - bilogіcal actvіty».KEY WORDS: hypoxa, a nt oXdant propert і es, convent bnal pass Me avo idance react і on, 7,8-d isubstituted theophyll іпє, p mceta^i,pentoxifyll іпє.

Estuarine soundscapes: distinct acoustic characteristics of oyster reefs compared to soft-bottom habitats

Different types of benthic habitats likely produce distinct soundscapes due to differences in the physical and biological contributors to ambient sound. Despite their potential importance to ecologi- cal processes such as larval settlement, the sound- scapes of most coastal and estuarine habitats have not been characterized. We investigated whether an es- tuarine soundscape is a reliable indicator of habitat type by measuring the sounds of oyster reefs and nearby off-reef soft-bottom areas in Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, USA. Acoustic sampling in 3 areas across the estuary revealed distinct acoustic patterns in oyster reef habitats compared to surrounding off- reef areas, with reef soundscapes dominated by snap- ping shrimp sounds and the vocalizations of reef- dwelling fish species. Compared to soft-bottom habitat, oyster reefs had significantly higher sound pressure levels in the 2−23 kHz frequency band and higher acoustic diversity index values at each concurrent sampling event. Spectral differences between adja- cent reef/off-reef habitats were present throughout the summer and fall sampling season and across 2 sampling years, but the acoustic signal strength dif- fered between reef sites. Passive sound propagation surveys found that the distinct acoustic characteristics of oyster reefs within the 2−23 kHz frequency band were highly localized, with effective source levels of 108.8 to 120.0 dB re 1 μPa @ 1 m and transmission loss approximating a cylindrical geometric spreading model. This soundscape characterization study sug- gests that spatial heterogeneity in ambient sound could serve as a reliable indicator of habitat type and potentially convey habitat quality information to dis- persing organisms.