Cal Problem Research Articles

Priklon referenci : Terminološke pripombe jezikoslovca v zvezi s skrivnostnim pojmom

Prispevek se posveča številnim primerom lingvi- stičnega branja termina “referenca” na področju semantike in filozofije jezika. Pri tem razlikuje med razširitvijo in skrčenjem ter opozarja na po- men koncepta v okviru teorije jezikovnega akta. Nadalje se posveča številnim različicam »reference« v sodobnem spektru lingvističnih disciplin. Konč- no preide besedilo od lingvističnih postopkov k njihovi uporabi znotraj muzikološkega problem- skega področja.

Cerebrovascular accidents in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Cerebrovascular accident (CA) is a nowadays widely spread, highly incapacitating and often lethal event that poses a prominent clini- cal problem. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) ? an ?epidemic? of the century, ? are known to be its primary risk factors. Hyperglycemia promotes CA risks by induction of protein glycosylation, elevation of blood plasma atherogenic potential, activation of coagulation system with higher risk for thrombosis and disturbance of microcirculation on tissue and organ lev- els. Influence of hyperglycemia on severity and extent of neurologic damage is still under evaluation. Development of macroangiopathy is thought to be associated with media calcification, distal polyneuropathy and renal disorders, all of which are cardiovascular risk factors. Application of so-called metabolic drugs resulted in certain disillusionment, as these agents failed to prove their efficacy during clinical trials. Incidence of pulmonary edema in patients with ischemic CA and T2DM is important as it dictates the necessity for use of loop diuretics. Incidence and severity of heart failure and its correlation with degree of glycemic disorders, incidence of pulmonary em- bolism, as well as tactics of management and prognosis in patients with ischemic CA and T2DM, remains a relevant research problem.

Still Life: A User's Manual

Still life, Norman Bryson has declared, the world minus its narratives or, better, the world minus its capacity for generating narrative interest (60). Bryson links that narrative capacity to the human subject, which is evacuated by this genre devoted to objects: Opposing the anthropomorphism of the 'higher' genres, it as saults the centrality, value and prestige of the human subject (60).l Of course, still life might equally well be seen as an assault on the object, on the vexed philosophi cal problem of the thing-in-itself?an assault that must always fail, filtered as it is by perception and representation. In either case, the end of still life is silence: the object is mute, and narrative, it seems, must shatter against it. This sense of the stillness of still life is involved with another sense of the word, a lack of motion that Bryson argues is fatal to narrative: law of narrative is one of change: characters move from episode to episode, from ignorance to knowledge, from high estate to low or from low to high. Its generative principle is one of discontinuity: where states are continuous, homeostatic, narrative is helpless. But still life pitches itself at a level of material existence where nothing exceptional occurs: there is wholesale eviction of the Event (61). These assumptions demand to be questioned, and with them the absolute sever ance of still life from narrative that they entail. It is far from self-evident, for one thing, that objects do not move through changes in time?we recall that Hans Chris tian Andersen's tin soldier, darning needle, and bottle neck take long, eventful jour neys. And even if an object is viewed as motionless, there is a paradoxical connection to event in that very viewing. The minimalist sculptor Robert Morris as

Second-order necessary optimality conditions via directional regularity

In thi s pap er , new directional regularity conditions a re introduced for a general inclusion system involving locally Lipschitz multifunctions. Some sufficient co nditio ns for dir ectional regulariti es a re deri ved in Hilbert spaces. Second -ord er necessa ry co ndit ions rUI a ll optimi zation pro blem involving locall y Lipschitz mul tifunct ion s a re present ed in terms of dir ect ional regular ity conditions and seco nd-o rder dire ctional derivatives. An applica tion of the second-o rde r conditions to a mathemati cal programming prob lem is presented a nd some num erical examples are given to illustrate the results.

A solution to the lottery paradox

It may happen that the basic terms that are involved in a philosophi cal problem are ambiguous. If this occurs, then it will often be difficult to find a satisfactory solution to the problem, unless the ambiguity is taken into account. It seems that one of the reasons, perhaps the main reason, why the lottery paradox has shown to be a difficult one is related to this point. In the paradox, the terms 'to believe' and 'to accept' play a central role. Yet, these terms are highly ambiguous both in ordinary language and in our informal scientific discourse.1 This suggests that in order to find a satisfactory solution to the paradox it will be necessary to first identify those meanings of the terms that are relevant to the paradox. Only after this has been achieved can one try to solve the paradox. This idea underlies the present paper. First, I analyze the assump tions that give origin to the lottery paradox. The analysis makes it possible to characterize two notions of uncertainty that will be called Humean and evidential uncertainty. With the help of these notions, I then distinguish between three meanings of 'to believe' and 'to accept' which are directly relevant to the paradox. Finally, I examine the validity of the so called conjunction principle with respect to these meanings. Our discussion will suggest that whereas with respect to the first two meanings the principle is valid, this is not the case with respect to the third meaning. These results can be considered as a satisfactory solution to the lottery paradox.

Cavitation in Bearings

Cavitation is the disruption of what would otherwise be a continuous liquid phase by the presence of a gas or vapour or both. The phenomenon has been examined by scientists and engineers for a century or more, and although this review concentrates on cavitation in bearings, there have been many studies outside the field of lubrication. Most of these have been concerned with aqueous systems, and the erosive damage to surfaces bounding a cavitating flow has received much attention. Com­ ponents that have proved susceptible to cavitation erosion damage include pump impellers, valves, marine propelle rs, pipes, and cylinder liners. Another nont ribologi cal problem

Psychophysiological and behavioral effects of phenothiazine administration in acute schizophrenics as a function of premorbid status

DUPING the last 15 years, research on the effects of phenothiazine administration on schizophrenic patients has been primarily concerned with the issue of clinical effectiveness. Since this research has generally confirmed the clinical effectiveness of these drugs in dampening schizophrenic symptoms, there has been increasing interest in exploring the mechanisms through which these drugs achieve their effects. It is clear that the characterization of these phenothiazines as agents which solely act to calm and tranquilize excited or boisterous patients represents a gross over-simplification. I A variety of behavioral changes follow phenothiazine administration, but the mechanisms by which these changes occur are still poorly understood. To some extent, this is a pharmacological problem in which sites of action and the physiology of drug action must be explored. However, it is also a psycho-pharmacolo~cal problem in which basic parameters of human performance are studied as a function of drug administration to determine which behavioral factors are likely to be involved in the attenuation of psychotic behavior. Our current research represents an attempt to provide some evidence regarding the behavioral mechanisms underlying the action of drugs of the phenothiazine group. Various hypotheses have been offered concerning how these drugs achieve their effect. The most prominent is that of autonomic attenuation which states that the medication dampens autonomic nervous system responsivity and that this dampening permits more normal behavior to reappear. In ~t previous study on chronic schizophrenic patients, 2 it was demonstrated that when a drug group was compared with a matched placebo group there was indeed a greater attenuation of peripheral indicators of autonomic responsivity to tension-arousing films.

An Automated System of Test Production

A CENTRALIZED test development facility of fers many advantages to educational or training ac tivities such as military service schools or in dustrial training centers. The major advantages are the development of better quality measuring instruments, tighter control over test administra tion, and sounder interpretation and use of test re sults. These advantages are made possible by the employment of a staff of professional test construc tion specialists, with supporting statisticians and clerical personnel, to perform all test development functions for the training activity. However, a centralized system does present some administrative problems. Probably the most critical problem is the development of procedures which will prevent the introduction of error into tests during the mechanical collation and reproduc tion phases of test production. Still another criti cal problem is the development of techniques for maintaining the currency and appropriateness of test items under conditions of constant curriculum change and frequent shifts in the sequence of in struction. The system of test development used until re cently in the United States Army Security Agency Training Center and School followed standard pro cedures. Test items were constructed in accord ance with a preliminary test plan, checked for con tent validity and technical accuracy, and adminis tered on a trial basis. The difficulty and discrim inating power of items were determined by item analysis and used as a basis for item revision. The final test was then constructed in accordance with a revised test plan, specifying the desired content coverage, level of difficulty, and other selected criteria to satisfy the evaluation requirement. The professional task of item selection is time consuming, and the processes of typing test items on cards for filing, on mock-ups for coordination, and on masters for duplication or printing are not only time-consuming but, of greater import, fre quently result in the introduction of error. That is, no matter how carefully the selecting, collating, and transcribing procedures are handled, and re gardless of the number of checks built into the sys tem, a manual method produces error. Any error in a test, of course, reducesthe validity, reliability and objectivity of the instrument. But of equal im portance, the inevitable consequence of error ridden tests is a lowering of student and faculty confidence in the worth of the tests.

XII International Congress of Dermatology.

The exotic examples of dermatological curiosities which can be collected for an international congress of dermatology are illustrated graphically in this collection which illustrates in black-and-white photographs the major aspect of the patient's dermatologi- cal problem, gives description of the photograph in four languages, and has on the opposite page a synopsis of the history, clinical, laboratory, and histologic findings. This little book illustrates both the valuable points of such an effort and its shortcomings. It must be selective and synoptical. It depends upon the material at hand. Suitability of black-and-white photography for demonstrating dermatologic lesions varies conspicuously; in some instances the reproductions are excellent and in others almost a total loss. Its value for the internist will be enhanced if he is well versed in dermatology.