Cal Power Research Articles

Auctoritas and Sovereignty in Julius Caesar

This essay surveys the Roman concept of “auctoritas” as a supra-juridi cal power in Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar. Critics have contextualized the play within Shakespeare’s contemporary regicidal discourses, but, histori cally, Caesar’s official position before his death was as a dictator perpet uo, who could monopolize or silence the auctoritas of the Senate. In republican Rome, auctoritas signified the power of the Senate as fathers of the nation that could claim a justitium, the Roman version of the state of exception. The Senate’s declaration of senatus consultum ultimum sus pended existing political powers (potestas) by creating a juridical vacu um. This basic premise allows us to read the play as a conflict between two supra-juridical powers―the Senate’s auctoritas and the singular sov ereignty Caesar might claim. Seen from the perspective of sovereignty, Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar is a peculiar narrative as it shows a series of sovereign acts of violence and exceptional states that can hardly be con tained within juridical norms. The Lupercalia that foregrounds the main action of the play―the assassination of Caesar―demonstrates that Caesar is a wargus, a banned wolf. This is due to his sovereignty, a posi tion located outside the legal body. The following Forum scene and the Roman deaths that fill the stage show that the clash between the Senate’s auctoritas and singular sovereignty can cause extended constitutional vacuums and anomie states. However, the result of the clash is more than an anomie as it generates a new political order by ultimately forming the very foundation of a new nomos, Augustus’s sovereign Empire.

Energy harvesting from large force vibrations using a piezoelectric wafer-stack harvester

This paper presents a novel piezoelectric harvester to convert ambient vibrations into usable electrical energy. Unlike the normal cantilever beam structure, the piezoelectric harvester developed in this paper is based on the wafer-stack config- uration, which is appropriated for large force vibrations. Firstly, two electromechanical models (without and with a rectifier circuit), considering both the mechanical and electrical factors of the harvester, were built to characterize the harvested electri- cal power across the external load. Exact closed-form expressions of the electromechanical models have been given to analyze the maximum harvested power and the optimal resistance. It was shown that the harvested electrical power depends on the external vibration characteristics, the natural frequency, the mechanical damping factor, the normalized electrical load, the stiff- ness of the harvester and the overall electromechanical coupling coefficient of the harvester. Finally, a shake table experimental testing was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed piezoelectric wafer-stack harvester under standard sinusoidal loadings. Experimental results show that the harvester can generate a maximum 16 mW DC electrical power for sinusoidal loading with 3040 N amplitude and 2 Hz frequency, and the harvested electrical power is proportional to the strength of the exciting vibration.

Cable television transmission over a 1550-nm infrared indoor optical wireless link

We experimentally demonstrate transmission of cable television (CATV) radio frequency signals over a pointed indoor optical wireless link. The length of the optical link was 15 m. Collimators used at both the transmitter and the receiver sides required good alignment before sufficient opti- cal power could be received. The system was placed at a height of 2 m, which is more than average human height, so human movements throughout the room did not obstruct the link. The optical wireless propagation path was almost lossless. The originality in this experimental demonstration is the transmission of full range of CATV signals compared to other works in this area. This experiment of radio over free-space optics showed that point-to-point indoor optical wireless links can be utilized as an alternative means for transmission of multimedia data. © 2013 Society of Photo-Optical

<em>A Matter of “Knowledge in the Blood”? Unperforming Racial and Ethnic Prejudice in Tertiary Educational Spaces in South Africa</em>

Although the relatively new state of South Africa has been dubbed the rainbow nation by its iconic first president, Nelson Mandela, the much- anticipated shift from apartheid segregation to an inclusive constitutional democracy has been plagued by racial and ethnic prejudice, intermittent civil protests and violent crime. The shift in po liti cal power has not been accompanied by concomitant transformation towards a truly nonracial democratic state. Jansen (2011) singles out the institutional racism that has continued to corrode the social fabric of South Africa in schools, colleges, and universities. He further asserts that in order to deal with such prejudice, direct confrontation does not work, nor does the performance of truth and reconciliation narratives. This article argues that tackling racial and ethnic conflicts requires an understanding of what constitutes knowledge in the blood. The received knowledge embedded in people's minds and hearts through intergenera- tional transmission tends to trigger nostalgic memories that have hindered young South Af ri cans from moving towards a truly

Fiber nonlinear tolerance comparison between 112 Gb/s coherent transmission systems using quadrature-phase-shift-keying, offset quadrature-phase-shift-keying, and minimum-shift-keying formats

We numerically investigate the nonlinear transmission perfor- mance of 112 Gb∕s coherent transmission systems using polarization multiplexed quadrature-phase-shift-keying (QPSK), offset QPSK (OQPSK) and minimum-shift-keying (MSK) formats, and compare the fiber nonlinear tolerances of the three modulation formats. Simulation results show that in both single channel and wavelength-division-multi- plexed (WDM) systems, OQPSK is slightly more resistant to fiber nonli- nearities than QPSK, and MSK has the best fiber nonlinear tolerance. The advantage of MSK format over QPSK and OQPSK is particularly nota- ble in WDM systems. When digital back propagation (DBP) is used in the digital coherent receiver for intra-channel fiber nonlinearity compensation, system performance is improved with better Q-factor, enlarged input opti- cal power range and extended transmission distance. It is found that the use of DBP brings the largest performance improvement in QPSK system and the least performance improvement in MSK system although MSK system has better fiber nonlinear tolerance.©2012 Society of Photo-Optical

Determining Variability, Confidence, and Statistical Power in Aquaculture Experiments

This article deals with the lack of appreciation among marine biologists of basic statistics in aqua- culture experiments. Topics include calculation of sources of variation, the importance of true replication rather than pseudo-replication to test for treatment effects, estimation and visualization of the confidence of an experimental design used in feeding trials, and calculation of its statisti- cal power. An arbitrary example is used to illustrate how the described theory can be applied in practice. The approach demonstrates that nutritional experiments with a reduced number of tanks can be a valid strategy as long as certain experimental considerations are taken into account. In addition, it shows that information on the relative sizes of ‘between’ and ‘within’ sources of vari- ation can be used to design more efficient experiments by minimizing the effects of the stronger sources of variance. The approaches used in this article are applicable to large and small-scale experiments.

Guest Editor’s Introduction

Jerome Kohn Guest Editor’s Introduction Tell all the truth, but tell it scant— Success in Circuit lies —Emily Dickinson THE FIRST PART OF HANNAH ARENDT’S ESSAY “THE GREAT TRADITION ,” subtitled “Law and Power,” which was published in the previous issue of Social Research (74:3, Fall 2007), concluded with a discussion of Montesquieu’s decidedly nontraditional discoveries. In rising order, these included a new conception of the generation and nature of politi­ cal power; the different principles of action (or “virtues”) that move the different forms of government; the reflection of these principles in the laws established by each form of government; and the principles of action’s source in “a basic hum an experience of men living and acting together,” such as “love of equality” and “love of distinction” (725). At about this same time, the way that Arendt chooses to say why “an acting and speaking being existing in the singular cannot possibly be conceived” is noteworthy: Just as there exists no human being as such, but only men and women who in their absolute distinctness are the same, that is, human, so this shared hum an sameness is the equalitythat in turn manifests itself only in the absolute Copyright © Jerom e Kohn 2007. social research Vol 74 : No 4 : Winter 2007 xvii distinction of one equal from another.... If, therefore, action and speech are the two outstanding political activities, distinctness and equality are the two constituent elements of bodies politic (Arendt, 2005:61-62). And a few years later she characterizes hum an plurality itself, “the basic condition of both action and speech,” also in terms of equality and distinction: If men were not equal, they could neither understand each other and those who came before them nor plan for the future and foresee the needs of those who will come after them. If men were not distinct, each hum an being distin­ guished from any other who is, was, or will ever be, they would need neither speech nor action to make themselves understood (Arendt, 1958:175-176, emphasis added). W hat Arendt learned from Montesquieu, though it has received scant attention, is apparent in these quotations and throughout “The Great Tradition.”1 To due it justice, however, would require a threefold exer­ cise of the imagination: initially, to read Montesquieu as if for the first time, rather than as a thinker moored in the mentalité ofthe ancienrégime in pre-revolutionary France; then, to form one’s own images or mental re-presentations of Montesquieu’s unanticipated insights; and finally, to think for oneself the meaning of those images—just as Arendt did. Whereupon it would be possible to assess his influence on her impar­ tially, that is, aware of but not necessarily agreeing or disagreeing with her extensions, also highly imaginative, of the bond between them. For example, equality is not for Arendt a m atter of having been born or created equal, nor is it in any sense natural, and the deep relationship of equality to distinction is far from harmonious, as we will see. The second part of Arendt’s essay, subtitled “Ruling and Being Ruled,” which appears for the first time in this issue of Social Research, takes off on a new tack where the first part leaves off. In its whopper of xviii social research an opening sentence (still only half the length of the original) Arendt says in effect: In view of the importance of Montesquieu’s discoveries, let us now look at the tradition “from its beginning,” and not, as we have just done, from its development in the “common ground” of the structures of law and power in republican and hierarchical forms of government. Following Montesquieu’s lead, but going where he did not go, she discloses the basic human experiences of ruling and being ruled as mastery and slavery, which at least in antiquity were relegated to the private rather than the public realm. This concerns her greatly since from the beginning of the tradition of Western political thought the division between those who rule and those who are ruled deter­ mined the only three forms of government the tradition recognized— monarchy, aristocracy, and...

Trends in catch rates of sea turtles in North Carolina, USA

Sea turtles captured in pound nets during the autumn and early winter in the Pamlico- Albermarle Estuarine Complex, North Carolina, USA, were sampled 1995-1997 and 2001-2003 to monitor trends in catch rates during their autumn emigration from the temperate sounds. Juvenile loggerhead turtles Caretta caretta were the most frequent species encountered, followed by green turtles Chelonia mydas and Kemp's ridley turtles Lepidochelys kempii. Several different subpopula- tions with origins throughout the western North Atlantic were represented on these foraging grounds. The catch rates of loggerhead turtles increased significantly at a rate of 13% yr -1 . Despite annual increases in the major contributing nesting beach populations in excess of 10% yr -1 , we did not detect a trend in catch rates for either green or Kemp's ridley turtles, perhaps due to low statisti- cal power. There was a significant increase in size of loggerhead turtles over time. We also detected a significant difference in annual size distributions of green and Kemp's ridley sea turtles, but there was no discernable pattern. We conclude that long-term studies on the sea turtles' foraging grounds, at multiple sites, are needed to monitor the status of sea turtle populations.

生物学的同等性試験における信頼区間に基づく例数設計について

In the guideline for bioequivalence studies published in 1997, the decision for bio equivalence is basically based on the confidence intervals for AUC and Cmax.This decision is equivalent to rejecting two one-sided hypotheses by the two one-sided tests procedure. For the sample size determination, we must consider the statistical power, i. e., the probability of correctly accepting bioequivalence. This paper describes the sample size determination for bioequivalence studies giving consideration to the statisti cal power.

Nichiren's View of Nation and Religion

A concern with “peace of the nation ” was an integral part of Nichiren， s religious vision. This paper examines Nichiren’s understanding' of the term “nation” (kokka), which for him pertained not so much to the politi­ cal power structure, as much as to the land and the people who lived there­ in. His view of the Tenno and of earthly political power can then be seen in this light, as instruments toward establishing peace in the land and among the people. For Nichiren the highest value is the Transcendent Power who is none other than Sakyamuni Buddha, before whom all human beings stand on an equal plane. Failure on the part of political rulers to achieve the goal for which they are in power, that is, “peace of the nation, ” results in their fall from power, and even death, or punishment in hell. This paper also surveys how tms revolutionary message of Nichiren was modified by his followers in the course of Japanese history.

Critical power test for ramp exercise

Accepted: 23 March 1995 Sirs: Hugh Morton has recently proposed a critical power test for ramp exercise on a cycle ergometer (Morton 1994). This new test was assumed to be more reliable than the usual critical power test the protocol of which consists in performing several periods of constant-load exercise up to exhaustion. Indeed, it was postulated that the reliability of exhaustion time of long lasting exercise was low in comparison with the reliability of the duration of a ramp test which was assumed to depend less on motivation. According to Morton's model, the duration (T) of ramp test depends on criti- cal power (CP), ramp slope (S) and anaerobic work capacity (AWC), only: T = CP/S + 2 AWC (1) However, the validity of this procedure is question- able. Although T depends on CP and AWC, maximal aerobic power (Pmax) is probably the main physiolo- gical factor determining ramp exercise duration. In fact, the model proposed by Morton implicitly assumed that CP was equal to Pm~x" Indeed, as shown in Fig. 1 of Morton's paper, all the energy was assumed to be supplied by the anaerobic metabolism beyond CP and consequently CP corresponded to

Current Bibliography in the History of Technology (1988)

Current Bibliography in the History of Technology (1988) The following compilation is the twenty-seventh annual bibliogra­ phy of current publications in the history of technology. Previous bibliographies in this series have appeared in Technology and Culture since 1964. The reader is also referred to the fifth publication of the SHOT monograph series, Eugene S. Ferguson’s Bibliography of the History ofTechnology (Cambridge, Mass.: SHOT and MIT Press, 1968). This year’s bibliography is the first compiled under my direction. I am pleased to record here my debt to Stephen Cutcliffe, Christine Roysdon, and Judith Adams for making the transition so easy and to Jane Morley and David Toliver for their work in helping to bring about the computer-aided production of the bibliography. I would also like to thank Ian Winship for remaining a member of the team of contributors to the bibliography, along with Stephen, Christine, Judith, and Jane. As the bibliography has grown to some 2,000 citations, the amount of work required to produce it has increased apace. Indeed, there is room for additional contributors who may be willing to scan a selected set ofjournals or keep track of publications in one of the subfields of the history of technology. I encourage anyone who wishes to contribute on a regular basis to contact me. I also thank those who have sent me individual publica­ tions, offprints, journal issues, or citations. Please continue to send such grist for the bibliographer’s mill to me at the Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, California 94305. I also owe thanks to a few people who have contributed behind the scenes. Heidi Clark assisted with data entry, thanks to the Ellen Poyet Endowment at Stanford University, which supports an undergradu­ ate library assistantship in the history of science and technology. Louis Rodriquez of Lehigh University’s Science, Technology and Society Program helped with data entry. I am also grateful to the University of Chicago Journals Division staff for their work in copyediting and producing the bibliography. Robert Post and Joan Mentzer have made me feel very welcome as a usurper of some 150 pages of this journal, and I look forward to continued direction, support, and collaboration© 1990 by the Society for the History of Technology. All rights reserved. 0040-165X/90/3103-0008$01.00 561 562 Henry Lowood with them both. Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to the users of this bibliography, particularly those who have made the effort to come forward with comments, criticisms, and compliments. Stanford University Libraries Stanford University Henry Lowood With the collaboration of: Lockwood Memorial Library University at Buffalo State University ofNew York Science, Technology and Society Program Lehigh University American Society of Civil Engineers Washington, D.C. Judith A. Adams Stephen H. Cutcliffe Jane Morley Fairchild-Martindale Library Information Services Lehigh University Polytechnic Library Newcastle Upon Tyne Polytechnic Christine M. Roysdon Ian Winship Bibliography (1988) 563 CHRONOLOGICAL DIVISIONS I.The 20th Century and Works Covering More than One of Divisions II-V II. Prehistory, Antiquity, and Traditional Societies III. The Middle Ages IV. From the Renaissance through the 17th Century V. The 18th and 19th Centuries CLASSIFICATIONS 1. General and Collected Works (including works covering two or more categories 7-17) 2. Historiography and Documentation (bibliographies, guides, and indexes; problems of libraries and archives) 3. Biography 4. Technical Societies, Technical Education (including museums and exhibitions) 5. Economic, Political, and Social History (including urban and regional development) 6. General Relationships between Technology and Culture; the Philosophy of Technology 7. Civil Engineering — General and Comprehensive Works 7.1. Architecture and Building Construction 7.2. Bridges; Harbors; Tunnels; Dams (see also Transportation) 7.3. Surveying: Instruments and Maps; Cartography; Urban Engi­ neering; Water Supply and Sewerage 8. Transportation—General and Comprehensive Works 8.1. Land Transportation (roads and vehicles; railroads) 8.2. Marine Transportation (ships; navigation and charting; ca­ nals and boats) 8.3. Air and Space Transportation (aircraft and spacecraft) 9. Energy Conversion (hydraulic engineering; internal combustion engines; steam engines; steam-electrical central stations; electri­ cal power transmission; lighting; heating and ventilation; refrig­ eration; nuclear, solar, and direct-conversion power plants) 564 Henry Lowood 10. Materials and Processing—General and Comprehensive Works 10...