This research article provides a detailed analysis of the punishments for alcohol consumption, adultery, and slander (Qazf) during the era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs and examines them in a comparative framework with the interpretations and ijtihad of contemporary Islamic jurists. During the period of the Rightly Guided Caliphs, the limits prescribed by Shariah were not only clear and strict but were also intended to ensure social discipline, moral training, judicial transparency, and the protection of human dignity. The prohibition of alcohol, the punishments for adultery, and the strict evidentiary requirements in cases of slander formed the foundation of judicial and social policies of that era. Their enforcement promoted fear of God, justice, and moral upbringing in society.The study also highlights that contemporary jurists, while preserving the spirit of classical limits, have provided ijtihadi interpretations suitable for addressing complex social, legal, and ethical issues of the present era. Modern scholars suggest that in the implementation of punishments for alcohol, adultery, and slander, flexibility, consideration of social conditions, and respect for human rights should be taken into account. In this way, Islamic limits can be harmonized with contemporary judicial systems, international laws, and human rights standards, ensuring justice, morality, and peace in society.The comparative analysis of classical policies and contemporary jurisprudence indicates that while the principled stability of Islamic law is maintained, practical implementation is possible through ijtihad. This review also shows that Shariah is not merely a legal code but a practical and flexible system that promotes social balance, moral development, and judicial justice. Furthermore, ijtihadi interpretations have the capacity to implement Islamic limits effectively, ethically, and practically in accordance with contemporary global challenges, international laws, and social circumstances.This study critically examines historical and contemporary jurisprudential sources, including Hadith, Quranic verses, classical fatwas, and modern fiqh literature, providing an academic foundation for understanding how the limits on alcohol, adultery, and slander in Islamic law remain effective in promoting social justice, judicial transparency, and ethical conduct across eras.

ABSTRACT We analyzed physical properties, diatoms, and geochemistry in a 1500-year sediment profile from a small, mid-elevation lake in west central Costa Rica formed by a landslide. Laguna Arancibia occupies an area long affected by landslides, including large debris avalanches; in 2000 CE one of the largest debris avalanches recorded in Costa Rica passed within 300 m of the lake. A systematic archaeological survey provides context for the paleolimnological study, showing sparse human settlement during the Pavas archaeological phase (2250–1650 cal yr BP), a hiatus during the Curridabat phase (1650–950 cal yr BP), and repopulation during the Cartago phase (950–400 cal yr BP). Our record begins during the hiatus, when diatoms indicate a shallow lake. A major shift in diatoms followed by increased inorganic sedimentation suggests humans returned about 880 cal yr BP. Peaks in inorganic sediment influx during the Cartago phase document erosion from agricultural fields or landslides possibly triggered by forest clearance. However, stable carbon isotopes in n-alkanes of terrestrial leaf waxes indicate extensive C3 forest since reoccupation, suggesting only moderate deforestation for agriculture by a small population. The Spanish Conquest may have further reduced, or completely destroyed, this population, but evidence in the sediment record is inconclusive.

In the present digital era, online portfolios have become an important medium for showcasing skills, academic achievements, and professional experience. However, creating a portfolio website often requires technical knowledge and design skills, which many students and professionals do not possess. To overcome this challenge, the MakeFolio project proposes a simple web-based portfolio management system that allows users to create, customize, and download professional portfolios with ease. The system provides secure user authentication, dynamic portfolio generation, customization options, and PDF download functionality, making it an efficient and user-friendly solution for digital portfolio creation

Ayurveda is an ancient science rooted in various schools of Indian philosophy. Being an applied science, it possesses a strong scientific foundation. The fundamental principles of Ayurveda were established through continuous observation and experimentation over time. This is why these principles remain relevant and applicable even in the present era. One such essential principle is Karya–Karaṇa Vada (the theory of cause and effect). Karya–Karaṇa Vada is based on two major philosophical doctrines: Satkaryavada (the theory of pre-existence of effect in the cause) and Asatkaryavada (the theory of non-existence of effect prior to its production). The principles of diagnosis and management of diseases in Ayurveda are founded upon this Karya–Karaṇa Siddhanta. Its further aids in understanding the concepts of Prakṛti Sama Samaveta and Vikṛti Viṣama Samaveta, which are fundamental to comprehending diagnosis, treatment, and health management in Ayurveda

Health of college students has become an important concern in present era. Irregular and unhealthy eating habits are the reason for ill health of students. Food chemistry provides a basic knowledge to the students which help them to understand the composition and nutritional value of food. This survey was conducted through a structured questionnaire to assess the level of knowledge of food chemistry among college students. One hundred and twenty students of under graduate and post graduate classes of arts, commerce and science stream participated in this survey. The survey questionnaire designed to assess their knowledge about awareness of food chemistry concepts, cooking and nutritional knowledge, food additives & preservatives awareness and food packet label reading behaviour. The survey data were analysed using frequency distribution, percentage analysis, and graphical representation. Chi-Square test was performed to determine the association between stream and knowledge of food chemistry. The findings indicate that science students had a higher level of awareness then compare to non-science students and the difference is statistically significant

Forests in eastern North American did not achieve a stable composition during the Holocene. Both prolonged and abrupt shifts in the distributions of tree species were common. Studying the dynamics involved can help anticipate the responsiveness of forest biogeography to climate change today. Here, we evaluate changes in two > 12,000-year fossil pollen stratigraphies from the Appalachian Plateaus Province, Pennsylvania. They show repeated episodes of forest turnover following the widespread collapse of hemlock ( Tsuga canadensis ) populations at ca. 5000 years before present (YBP), which locally coincided with severe drought and rapid warming of 1.1 °C (0.9–1.3 °C) indicated by lake-level changes and geochemical proxies. The subsequent vegetation changes from 5000-2500 YBP included abrupt declines in birch ( Betula spp.) and beech ( Fagus grandifolia ) and a series of unique forest phases each lasting 300–500 years in association with unique combinations of temperature and moisture. Emergent communities included the resurgence of oak ( Quercus spp.) and white pine ( Pinus strobus ), which had been important several thousand years earlier. Two oak maxima at 4800-4250 YBP and 3800-3200 YBP mark northward shifts in the northern-temperate forest ecotone known as the “Tension Zone” during the warm-dry phase that coincided with low hemlock abundance. The changes, like those elsewhere along the ecotone from Ontario to Massachusetts, differ from successional or stochastic dynamics that might have been expected after the hemlock decline. Instead, the forest histories included abrupt changes, short-lived communities and asynchronous changes across sites consistent with the interaction of: a) individualistic species’ climate niches and b) multiple scales of climate variation. Repeated episodes of abrupt change reveal the sensitivity of Appalachian forests to climate change during the past > 11,000 years. Two fossil pollen records from Pennsylvania show that the abrupt changes produced distinctive phases of forest composition lasting 300–500 years. An abrupt range-wide decline in hemlock ( Tsuga canadensis ) about 5000 years before present coincided locally with drought and rapid warming of ~ 1 °C. Additional abrupt declines in beech ( Fagus grandifolia ) and birch ( Betula spp.) followed the hemlock decline and were followed, in turn, by increases in taxa like oak ( Quercus spp.) and white pine ( Pinus strobus ) consistent with shifts in regional vegetation gradients and ecotones. The patterns of forest turnover differ from examples of post-disturbance succession, but conform with simulated interactions of climate change and species’ climate niches.

ABSTRACT The Tonica Depression (TD), a late Quaternary sediment‐filled basin in northeastern Illinois, formed as a thermokarst lake as evidenced by a basal trash layer, its depositional history, and its occurrence on a late‐Pleistocene permafrost landscape. Stratigraphy and radiocarbon ages reveal that a multiproxy paleoenvironmental record extends throughout the late Wisconsin. Burning of organically enriched sediments has abbreviated the Holocene sequence. The lowest stratum is a glacial diamicton that forms the basin's floor, and at a slightly higher elevation, the rim. Lithofacies 1, supraglacial and debris flow deposits, are draped by undated Peoria Silt (PS). PS yielded molluscs and Coleoptera indicative of spruce forest ( Picea ) in a cold and harsh climate. Lithofacies 2 (ca. 17 500–18 500 cal yr BP) is a “trash zone” with white spruce ( Picea glauca ) wood, cones and needles with pollen, Coleoptera, molluscs, and vertebrates, including an elk‐moose. A “marl,” Lithofacies 3 (ca. 14 600–17 400 cal yr BP), attests to the deepening of the lake (>2 m) as also reflected by the molluscs, coleoptera, and pollen. The environment was an open spruce forest, but the climate was warmer than the previous ones. The top of this zone is composed of a brick‐red deposit with burned organic matter. Lithofacies 4 (ca. 14 600 cal yr BP) is composed of organic silt and lacustrine organic silt: a peaty silt loam. Finally, Middle Archaic artifacts on the rim of TD document human settlement around the depression during the dry and warm Middle Holocene (ca. 6747 cal BP). Tonica is the first well‐studied thermokarst lake from temperate latitudes in the United States, and it provides an excellent paleoenvironmental record of the late Pleistocene of north central Illinois.

Abstract Holocene relative sea level (RSL) changes were reconstructed from four sites along the less‐studied southern Solway Firth. A multiproxy approach, including lithostratigraphical and biostratigraphical analyses, combined with radiocarbon dating, produced ten sea level index points (SLIPs). These SLIPs constrained Holocene RSL changes in the region between ~8300 cal BP and ~6018 cal BP and captured the Main Postglacial Transgression. These ten new points are combined with the ten pre‐existing SLIPS from the southern Solway Firth to greatly refine the trend of Holocene RSL changes across this region. The Main Postglacial Transgression was shown to occur between ~8320 and 7500 cal BP, reaching a highstand of 3.26 ± 0.56 mOD. The new data were combined with 73 existing SLIPS from two sites around the northern Solway Firth and compared to RSL predictions from glacial isostatic modelling. Comparison between the corrected SLIPs and RSL predictions using British and Irish ice sheet reconstructions showed that the timing of the Main Postglacial Transgression is best captured with a hybrid model for the presence of thick and thin ice sheets. Pollen analysis at Cowgate Farm and Herd Hill provided a record of vegetation and coastal changes, acting as a chronostratigraphic marker when compared to published pollen records of the region. The records show a general transition from saltmarsh to reed swamp, then peat bog as RSL declined through the mid to late Holocene, with some indications of human clearance in the Bronze Age.

Abstract. Long-term reconstructions provide critical insights into the interplay between large-scale climatic systems and snow avalanche frequency over millennial timescales. This study presents a ∼ 10 000-year-long snow avalanche record reconstructed from a continuous sediment sequence in a lake in western Norway. A multi-proxy approach, combining bulk sediment analysis (LOI, DBD, and grain size) with high-resolution scanning techniques (MS, XRF, CT scanning), was used to characterise the sediments. The avalanche layers consist of a sand-rich base, dispersed organic fragments, and a fining-upward sequence of silt and clay. We applied two independent, semi-automatic detection methods to quantify event frequency and sediment influx over time: the rate of change (RoC) of Ti and interactive thresholding of CT greyscale data. Sedimentation in the early Holocene (> 10 100 cal yr BP) was dominated by glacial and periglacial processes linked to the study area's deglaciation. A period of low avalanche activity followed during the Holocene Thermal Maximum (> 6500 cal yr BP). The avalanche frequency increased during the mid-Holocene (6500–5000 cal yr BP) and intensified further in the late Holocene, with peak activity from 2300 cal yr BP to the present, a period characterised by large inter-centennial fluctuations and abrupt shifts in avalanche frequency. Comparison with regional palaeoclimatic and palaeo-environmental records suggests that the snow avalanche frequency is primarily controlled by large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns, particularly the intensity of the predominant westerly winds and humidity along the western coast of Norway. These fluctuations are closely linked to North Atlantic Sea surface temperature variability, shifts in the North Atlantic Oscillation, and broader synoptic climate dynamics.

The main aim of this article is to reveal the view of the ancient Indian tradition- bearer Manusmṛti towards the environment. By investigating one of the main causes of the current environmental crisis, it is shown how the Vedic tradition- following Manusmṛti which is one of the religious scriptures, has advised to adopt a conservative and respectful attitude towards various elements of nature. This Indian philosophical tradition has always given due value to all natural things and has always strived to make people respectful towards nature by attributing divinity to many things in the natural world in order to convey their importance to the common man. But being obsessed with western ideology and scientific progress, the people of India have also forgotten the rules and restrictions prescribed by their ancient tradition and have considered nature only as one of the subjects of their aggressive policy. As a result, in the present era the natural environment, is so excessively polluted, damaged and devastated that it is gradually carrying the message of existential crisis for all living beings. In this extremely adverse situation worldwide, this article is based on Indian traditional thoughts. One of the nineteenth saṃhitā is the Vedas-based Manusmṛti which is ancient India provided advice on the restrictions of behavior of people living in society and set the criteria for judging them. With the aim of finding a way to solve the current stage of the environmental crisis, the world has begun to search for a way out, and the teachings advice on behavior towards the environment in the ancient Indian memoir Manusmṛti will be discussed.

The initial dispersal routes and subsequent exchange networks of Austronesian speaking populations in Island Southeast Asia (ISEA) and Near Oceania continue to be debated. Accurate and precise chronologies on pottery assemblages are key in clarifying these population movements and dynamics. Previous scholars have suggested red-slipped pottery may be a proxy for Malayo-Polynesian speakers’ presence, and Lapita pottery may be a proxy for Proto-Oceanic speakers. Under this premise, pottery assemblages found between eastern Indonesia and the Bismarck Archipelago have the potential to inform us about the arrivals and movements of new Austronesian languages to the region and their possible connections with Lapita peoples that voyaged into the Pacific. The generally poor resolution of the archaeological and radiocarbon record from this part of the Pacific calls for more research to settle the debate. Mololo Cave is a site in the Raja Ampat Islands off the western coast of New Guinea, containing the earliest reported pottery assemblages in the area, including red-slipped and plainware Lapitoid pottery. This paper presents 11 new radiocarbon dates and Mololo’s first two Bayesian age models to increase the robusticity of the date estimates at the site and enable chronological comparisons with similar pottery assemblages from the region. Most of the pottery sherds, including both red-slipped and Lapitoid pottery, emerge after 3090–2258 cal BP, potentially being as early as 3903–3420 cal BP. This chronological model provides critical information about the dispersal of pottery-making groups around the far western Pacific during the initial expansion of Austronesian languages into the region.

Landscape geomorphic instability is common in tectonically active regions, but the ecological consequences of mass wasting are rarely considered. The Late-Holocene sediment from Lake Crescent (USA) exhibits a remarkable record of repeated catastrophic mass wasting events, each of which led to deposition of meter-scale mass transport deposits on the lake floor. We used high temporal resolution diatom analysis of selected intervals of a 14 C-dated sediment core to assess the effect of two disturbance events on the lake at different period in its development state. The two disturbance events produced mass transport deposit I (MTD-I) and mass transport deposit II (MTD-II) at 3100 ± 100 and 4000 ± 100 cal year BP, respectively. The MTD-II event dammed the lake and increased water levels, but also blocked the migration of spawning salmon, reducing marine-derived nutrient inputs. These changes resulted in a more oligotrophic lake environment. Following the MTD-II event, diatom assemblages were dominated by benthic species and exhibited low rates of compositional change. In contrast, the MTD-I event favored nutrient-demanding planktonic diatoms (e. g. Fragilaria crotonensis ) and was characterized by a more rapid turnover of community composition. In both cases, the diatom assemblages demonstrated weak resistance to these mega-disturbance events, and it took approximately 30 years for the communities to reach a new ecological equilibrium. Investigating the impacts of these catastrophic events in Lake Crescent provides an opportunity to assess their effects on ecosystem dynamics and recovery rates in the absence of human disturbance.

The exploration of Doggerland, the prehistoric landscape that once connected Britain to the continent, remains one of Europe’s most significant archeological challenges. This paper presents a study into the palaeolandscape and the paleoenvironmental development of Doggerland, through the geochemical analyses of a core (ELF019) taken from the southern North Sea. The thermal properties divided the core into three sedimentary zones based on the variations in organic matter and carbonate content. Organic biomarkers were used to distinguish between terrestrial and aquatic vegetation inputs, revealing alternating freshwater, terrestrial, and marine input influences. Chemostratigraphy defined six depositional zones that corresponded with the identified thermal and biomarker data. Radiocarbon dating of peat-derived humic fractions anchored the key environmental transition between freshwater and saline deposition to the Greenlandian period of the Lower Holocene (10,243–10,199 Cal BP). The integrated geochemical evidence suggests a transformation from freshwater silts, low organic content, and sandy clay deposit to saline clay marine deposit. The progressive transformation may reflect the inundation sequence that led to the final submergence of Doggerland.

In the present era, environmental attitudes and awareness, along with digital behavior among the youth, play a crucial role in ensuring the sustainability of natural resources and societal well-being. This study examined the digital behavior, mental health, and environmental attitudes among the undergraduate students at Krishnagar Government College, West Bengal, India. A structured questionnaire-based survey was conducted using a ‘Google Form’ to collect the responses anonymously. A total of 398 responses were received from the surveyed students, which is approximately 16 to 18% of the enrolled college student population. Key findings suggest that excessive screen time was associated with poorer sleep, increased academic stress, and concentration difficulties. Students who seldom sought support were significantly more likely to report severe stress, while eco-conscious behaviors, such as using reusable drinking water bottles, were associated with more positive overall well‑being. Clustering of the responses revealed distinct student profiles based on usage and stress metrics, suggesting targeted interventions. This study provided a comprehensive statistical overview of college students’ well‑being in the digital age and offered evidence-based recommendations for college campus policies and support programs.

ABSTRACT Sea‐level and coastal changes are reconstructed on the Isle of Mull, western Scotland, from 10 988 to 10 507 cal BP to the present. This research has produced the first SLIP for the Isle of Mull. A multiproxy approach including pollen, spore, foraminifera and diatom analyses reveals palaeoenvironmental changes from two coastal sites. Marine phases are recorded from 10 988 to 10 507 cal BP in eastern Mull, when the relative sea level (RSL) was higher at 1.98 ± 0.15 mOD, and coinciding with the end of the Loch Lomond Stadial. The sea‐level record for north‐west Mull commences from 7570 to 7431 cal BP (285 cm [4.56 mOD]), showing higher RSL at 4.69 ± 0.14 mOD and approximately corresponding with the timing of the highstand recorded at nearby Arisaig. RSL is higher than present levels following marine transgression at 2273–1926 cal BP (153 cm [6.47 mOD], RSL: 3.78 ± 0.13 mOD) in north‐west Mull and at 3460‐2469 cal BP (317 cm [7.31 mOD, RSL: 2.39 ± 0.14 mOD]) in eastern Mull. Sea‐level index points generally align well with RSL changes recorded regionally, though there is some indication that RSL was higher in north‐west Mull. The data point at 10 988‐10 507 cal BP can contribute to constraining the thickness of the British and Irish ice sheet as the thickest central dome of the ice sheet extended along this area of the British Isles. Coastal vegetation changes show little variation from grass‐, sedge‐ and heather‐dominated heathlands, with oak and birch shrublands throughout the Holocene. Following marine regression, there is indication of arboreal expansion in eastern areas, whilst a progressively more open environment is evident in north‐west Mull. Corresponding changes in the herb pollen mosaic, NPPs and microcharcoal levels indicate a long‐term anthropogenic presence on the island.

This research paper intends to investigate and trace the historical progression and transformations of the city of Bijapur (present-day Vijayapura) located in Karnataka between 1889 and 2024. It will specifically highlight the historical development of Bijapur with regard to its social constructs and culture, Urban Development, Urbanization of Build-up Areas; Architectural Construction Milestones throughout the course of the historical period as Listed. Within its context, Bijapur has been characterized as a City with a Significant Cultural Heritage (Architectural Heritage), Most Linked To The Adil Shahi emperors. During the Early Years of the British Raj, Post Independence(1947) and present era (2021), the city underwent extensive development through a wide range of building practices that have resulted in a variety of building styles across multiple architectural traditions. The research will document milestones relating to the historical development of the city of Bijapur in terms of its Building Milestones, along with related Urban Development Infrastructure.

Reconstructing population history is harder in South Asia than in many other world regions due to a paucity of ancient DNA. We report genome-wide data for ten individuals from Old Lady Spider Cave, which lies 4000 meters above sea level in the Himalayan region of Ladakh, and dates to around 1500 years before present (BP). These individuals were genetically homogeneous and had an ancestry signature rare in South Asians today: admixed in roughly 50-50% proportions between a population well-proxied by present-day North Indians, and another genetically similar to ancient Tibetans. By analyzing the typical sizes of segments of DNA inherited from each of these ancestral populations, we find that mixture of these groups began at least fifty generation before the date of the individuals, that is, by around 2800 BP.TeaserDiscovery of a previously unknown population that lived 2800-1500 years ago in the Himalayan region of Ladakh.

The Milna deposit (54°37’ S, 67°33’ W) is situated near Lago Fagnano, in the south-central part of Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego. The presence in the deposit of laminations, dropstones, and convoluted structures, as well as a low organic matter content, suggest a lacustrine origin under relatively cold conditions, likely in direct contact with glacial ice. Radiocarbon ages obtained in this study define a depositional period from ca. 31.5 to ca. 11.5 ka cal BP, or even older. This new evidence points towards a glacial environment for the study area well prior to the Last Glacial Maximum; that is, older than ca. 25 ka cal BP.

Szekszárd-Palánk, located in South Transdanubia (Hungary), was discovered in the late 1950s and has yielded several hundred archaeological finds, including lithics and faunal remains. Initially, the site was regarded as ‘the latest Palaeolithic’ site in Hungary; later, it was reclassified as an Early Mesolithic industry bridging the Palaeolithic–Mesolithic transition. More recently, the site was proposed to be evidence for the continuity of Epigravettian hunter-gatherers from the Late Glacial to the Early Holocene. However, recent findings regarding the Late Epigravettian in the Pannonian Basin suggest that these populations vanished with the onset of Greenland Interstadial 1. To address this discrepancy, the authors reassessed the lithic assemblage and archaeozoological remains, obtained new radiocarbon dates, and conducted a new excavation to re-evaluate the stratigraphy and geomorphological processes of the site. Our new absolute dates place the site firmly between 11.6–10.4 ka cal BP, and techno-typological analysis attributes it to the Early Holocene Final Epigravettian. These results indicate that hunter-gatherers largely abandoned the Pannonian Basin during Greenland Interstadial 1 and Greenland Stadial 1. This population vacuum ended at the onset of the Preboreal with the arrival of hunter-gatherers from the Balkans or Adriatic coastlines. The repopulation process appears to have been influenced by palaeoecological factors, with the establishment of the pioneering Early Holocene Final Epigravettian settlement in South Transdanubia coinciding with global sea-level rise Meltwater Pulse Event 1B.

Combined approaches of techno-functional and use-wear analysis indicated diverse reuse behaviors of polished bevelled stone tools of Zoumaling site (5500–3900 cal BP), central China